Abstract
Sphaerosporella microspora is described as a new species to science based on morphological and molecular data. It is characterized by its sessile apothecia, smooth hymenial surface, ectal excipulum composed of cylindrical and angular cells, subglobose to globose and smooth ascospores, and paraphyses without granules. A detailed description, color photographs of the fruiting bodies, line drawings of microstructures and a phylogenetic tree to show the placement of the new species are provided.
References
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<p>Boudier, E. (1885) Nouvelle classification naturelle des Discomycetes charnus. <em>Bulletin de la Société mycologique de France</em> 1: 91–120.</p>
<p>Chen, Y.L., Su, M.S., Zhang, L.P., Zou, Q., Wu, F., Zeng, N.K. & Liu, M. (2020) <em>Pseudohydnum brunneiceps</em> (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota), a new species from Central China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 441: 087–094. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.441.1.8</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95−98.</p>
<p>Hansen, K., Perry, B.A., Dranginis, A.W., Pfister, D.H. (2013) A phylogeny of the highly diverse cup-fungus family Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes, Ascomycota) clarifies relationships and evolution of selected life history traits. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 67: 311–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.014</p>
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<p>James, T.Y., Kauff, F., Schoch, C., Matheny, P.B., Hofstetter, V., Cox, C., Celio, G., Gueidan, C., Fraker, E., Miadlikowska, J., Lumbsch, H.T., Rauhut, A., Reeb, V., Arnold, A.E., Amtoft, A., Stajich, J.E., Hosaka, K., Sung, G.H., Johnson, D., O’Rourke, B., Crockett, M., Binder, M., Curtis, J.M., Slot, J.C., Wang, Z., Wilson, A.W., Schüßler, A., Longcore, J.E., O’Donnell, K., Mozley-Standridge, S., Porter, D., Letcher, P.M., Powell, M.J., Taylor, J.W., White, M.M., Griffith, G.W., Davies, D.R., Humber, R.A., Morton, J.B., Sugiyama, J., Rossman, A.Y., Rogers, J.D., Pfister, D.H., Hewitt, D., Hansen, K., Hambleton, S., Shoemaker, R.A., Kohlmeyer, J., Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B., Spotts, R.A., Serdani, M., Crous, P.W., Hughes, K.W., Matsuura, K., Langer, E., Langer, G., Untereiner, W.A., Lücking, R., Büdel, B., Geiser, D.M., Aptroot, A., Diederich, P., Schmitt, I., Schultz, M., Yahr, R., Hibbett, D., Lutzoni, F., McLaughlin, D., Spatafora, J. & Vilgalys, R. (2006) Reconstructing the early evolution of the fungi using a six gene phylogeny. <em>Nature</em> 443: 818–822. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05110</p>
<p>Kanouse, B.B. (1958) Some Species of the genus <em>Trichophaea</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 50: 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1958.12024717</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Toh, H. (2008) Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. <em>Briefings in Bioinformatics</em> 9: 286–298. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbn013</p>
<p>Kirk, P.M., Canon, P.F., Minter, D.W. & Stalpers, J.A. (2008)<em> Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi (Ed. 10)</em>. CABI Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851998268.0000</p>
<p>Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1981) <em>Taschenlexikon der Farben. 3</em>. <em>Aufl.</em> Muster-Schmidt Verlag, Göttingen, 242 pp.</p>
<p>Lusk, D.E. (1987) <em>Pseudaleuria quinaultiana</em>, a new genus and species of operculate ascomycete from the Olympic peninsula. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 30: 417–431.</p>
<p>Molina, L., Rajchenberg, M., de Errasti, A., Aime, M.C. & Pildain, M.B. (2020) Sapwood-inhabiting mycobiota and <em>Nothofagus</em> tree mortality in Patagonia: Diversity patterns according to tree species, plant compartment and health condition. <em>Forest Ecology and Management</em> 462: 117997. https://doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.117997</p>
<p>Morave, C.J. (2003) A taxonomic revision of the genus <em>Cheilymenia</em> Boud. 9. The sections <em>Villosae</em> and <em>Obtusipilosae</em>, and a revision ofthe genus <em>Pseudoaleuria</em> Lusk (Pezizales, Pyronemataceae).<em> Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae</em> 88: 37–73.</p>
<p>Mrak, T., Štraus, I., Grebenc, T., Gričar, J., Hoshika, Y., Carriero, G., Paoletti, E. & Kraigher, H. (2019) Different belowground responses to elevated ozone and soil water deficit in three European oak species (<em>Quercus ilex</em>, <em>Q. pubescens</em> and <em>Q. robur</em>). <em>Science of The Total Environment</em> 651: 1310–1320. https://doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.246</p>
<p>Perry, B.A., Hansen, K. & Pfister, D.H. (2007) A phylogenetic overview of the family Pyronemataceae (Ascomycota, Pezizales). <em>Mycological Research</em> 111: 549–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.015</p>
<p>Rifai, M.A. (1968) The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, <em>Kew. Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk</em>. Tweede, Sect., 57: 1–295.</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 19: 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</p>
<p>Rubini, A., Belfiori, B., Passeri, V., Falini, L.B., Arcioni, S., Riccioni, C. & Paolocci, F. (2011) The AD-type ectomycorrhizas, one of the most common morphotypes present in truffle fields, result from fungi belonging to the <em>Trichophaea woolhopeia</em> species complex. <em>Mycorrhiza</em> 21: 17–25. https://doi:10.1007/s00572-010-0308-4</p>
<p>Sánchez, S., Gómez, E., Martín, M., De Miguel, A.M., Urban, A. & Barriuso, J. (2014) Experiments on the life cycle and factors affecting reproduction of <em>Sphaerosporella brunnea</em> provide evidence for rapid asexual propagation by conidiospores and for homothallism in an ectomycorrhizal competitor of cultivated truffle species. <em>Fungal Ecology</em> 8: 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2013.12.003</p>
<p>Smith, G.R., Steidinger, B.S., Bruns, T.D. & Peay, K.G. (2018) Competition–colonization tradeoffs structure fungal diversity. <em>The ISME Journal</em> 12: 1758–1767. https://doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0086-0</p>
<p>Song, J, Chen, B, Liang, J.F., Li, H.J., Wang, S.K. & Lu, J.K. (2020) Morphology and phylogeny reveal <em>Russula subpunctipes</em> <em>sp. nov.</em>, from southern China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 459: 16–24. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.459.1.2</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 22: 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446</p>
<p>Svrček, M. & Kubička, J. (1961) Operkulátní diskomycety od rybníka Dvořiště v jižních Čechách. <em>Česká Mykologie</em> 15: 61–77.</p>
<p>Teng, S.C. (1963) <em>Fungi of China</em>. Science Press, Beijing, 1–808.</p>
<p>Uzun, Y. & Kaya, A. (2019) New Additions to Turkish Pezizales from the Eastern Black Sea Region. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em> 43: 262–270.</p>
<p> https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1802-34</p>
<p>Van Vooren, N., Lindemann, U., Vega, M., Ribes, M.Á., Illescas, T., Matočec, N. & Kušan, I. (2015a) <em>Lachnea poiraultii</em> (Pezizales), rediscovered after more than one hundred years. <em>Ascomycete.org</em> 7: 105–116. https://doi: 10.25664/art-0133</p>
<p>Van Vooren, N., Tello, S. & Vega, M. (2015b) <em>Pseudotricharina intermedia</em> (Pezizales), a new genus and a new species discovered in the Mediterranean area. <em>Ascomycete.org</em> 7: 341–346. https://doi: 10.25664/art-0158</p>
<p>Van Vooren, N., Lindemann, U. & Healy, R. (2017) Emendation of the genus <em>Tricharina</em> (Pezizales) based on phylogenetic, morphological and ecological data. <em>Ascomycete.or</em>g 9: 101–123. https://doi: 10.25664/art-0208</p>
<p>Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology</em> 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.172.8.4238-4246.1990</p>
<p>Wang, Y.Z. (2001) A new species of <em>Sphaerosporella</em> from Taiwan. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 80: 197–199.</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics.<em> In: </em>Innis, M., Gelfand, D., Sninsky, J. & White, T.J. (eds.) <em>PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications</em>. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Wu, C.G. & Kimbrough, J.W. (1994) Ultrastructure of Spore Ontogeny in <em>Trichophaea brunnea</em> (Pezizales). International Journal of Plant Sciences 155: 453–459. https://doi.org/10.1086/297182</p>
<p>Wu, C.G., Kimbrough, J.W. (1996) Ultrastructure of Spore Ontogeny in Species of <em>Trichophaea</em> (Pezizales). <em>International Journal of Plant Sciences</em> 157: 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1086/297380 </p>
<p>Yao, Y.J. & Spooner, B.M. (1996a) Notes on British species of <em>Trichophaea</em>. 100: 798–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(96)80024-4 </p>
<p>Yao, Y.J. & Spooner, B.M. (1996b) Notes on <em>Sphaerosporella</em> (Pezizales), with reference to British records. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 51: 385–391.Zhuang, W.Y. (2014) <em>Flora Fungorum Sinicorum vol. 48 Pyronemataceae</em>. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 192–194.</p>
<p>Boudier, E. (1885) Nouvelle classification naturelle des Discomycetes charnus. <em>Bulletin de la Société mycologique de France</em> 1: 91–120.</p>
<p>Chen, Y.L., Su, M.S., Zhang, L.P., Zou, Q., Wu, F., Zeng, N.K. & Liu, M. (2020) <em>Pseudohydnum brunneiceps</em> (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota), a new species from Central China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 441: 087–094. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.441.1.8</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95−98.</p>
<p>Hansen, K., Perry, B.A., Dranginis, A.W., Pfister, D.H. (2013) A phylogeny of the highly diverse cup-fungus family Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes, Ascomycota) clarifies relationships and evolution of selected life history traits. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 67: 311–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.014</p>
<p>Hughes, K.W., Case, A., Matheny, P.B., Kivlin, S., Petersen, R.H., Miller, A.N. & Iturriaga, T. (2020) Secret lifestyles of pyrophilous fungi in the genus <em>Sphaerosporella</em>. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 107: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1482</p>
<p>James, T.Y., Kauff, F., Schoch, C., Matheny, P.B., Hofstetter, V., Cox, C., Celio, G., Gueidan, C., Fraker, E., Miadlikowska, J., Lumbsch, H.T., Rauhut, A., Reeb, V., Arnold, A.E., Amtoft, A., Stajich, J.E., Hosaka, K., Sung, G.H., Johnson, D., O’Rourke, B., Crockett, M., Binder, M., Curtis, J.M., Slot, J.C., Wang, Z., Wilson, A.W., Schüßler, A., Longcore, J.E., O’Donnell, K., Mozley-Standridge, S., Porter, D., Letcher, P.M., Powell, M.J., Taylor, J.W., White, M.M., Griffith, G.W., Davies, D.R., Humber, R.A., Morton, J.B., Sugiyama, J., Rossman, A.Y., Rogers, J.D., Pfister, D.H., Hewitt, D., Hansen, K., Hambleton, S., Shoemaker, R.A., Kohlmeyer, J., Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B., Spotts, R.A., Serdani, M., Crous, P.W., Hughes, K.W., Matsuura, K., Langer, E., Langer, G., Untereiner, W.A., Lücking, R., Büdel, B., Geiser, D.M., Aptroot, A., Diederich, P., Schmitt, I., Schultz, M., Yahr, R., Hibbett, D., Lutzoni, F., McLaughlin, D., Spatafora, J. & Vilgalys, R. (2006) Reconstructing the early evolution of the fungi using a six gene phylogeny. <em>Nature</em> 443: 818–822. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05110</p>
<p>Kanouse, B.B. (1958) Some Species of the genus <em>Trichophaea</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 50: 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1958.12024717</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Toh, H. (2008) Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. <em>Briefings in Bioinformatics</em> 9: 286–298. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbn013</p>
<p>Kirk, P.M., Canon, P.F., Minter, D.W. & Stalpers, J.A. (2008)<em> Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi (Ed. 10)</em>. CABI Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851998268.0000</p>
<p>Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1981) <em>Taschenlexikon der Farben. 3</em>. <em>Aufl.</em> Muster-Schmidt Verlag, Göttingen, 242 pp.</p>
<p>Lusk, D.E. (1987) <em>Pseudaleuria quinaultiana</em>, a new genus and species of operculate ascomycete from the Olympic peninsula. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 30: 417–431.</p>
<p>Molina, L., Rajchenberg, M., de Errasti, A., Aime, M.C. & Pildain, M.B. (2020) Sapwood-inhabiting mycobiota and <em>Nothofagus</em> tree mortality in Patagonia: Diversity patterns according to tree species, plant compartment and health condition. <em>Forest Ecology and Management</em> 462: 117997. https://doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.117997</p>
<p>Morave, C.J. (2003) A taxonomic revision of the genus <em>Cheilymenia</em> Boud. 9. The sections <em>Villosae</em> and <em>Obtusipilosae</em>, and a revision ofthe genus <em>Pseudoaleuria</em> Lusk (Pezizales, Pyronemataceae).<em> Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae</em> 88: 37–73.</p>
<p>Mrak, T., Štraus, I., Grebenc, T., Gričar, J., Hoshika, Y., Carriero, G., Paoletti, E. & Kraigher, H. (2019) Different belowground responses to elevated ozone and soil water deficit in three European oak species (<em>Quercus ilex</em>, <em>Q. pubescens</em> and <em>Q. robur</em>). <em>Science of The Total Environment</em> 651: 1310–1320. https://doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.246</p>
<p>Perry, B.A., Hansen, K. & Pfister, D.H. (2007) A phylogenetic overview of the family Pyronemataceae (Ascomycota, Pezizales). <em>Mycological Research</em> 111: 549–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.015</p>
<p>Rifai, M.A. (1968) The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, <em>Kew. Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk</em>. Tweede, Sect., 57: 1–295.</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 19: 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</p>
<p>Rubini, A., Belfiori, B., Passeri, V., Falini, L.B., Arcioni, S., Riccioni, C. & Paolocci, F. (2011) The AD-type ectomycorrhizas, one of the most common morphotypes present in truffle fields, result from fungi belonging to the <em>Trichophaea woolhopeia</em> species complex. <em>Mycorrhiza</em> 21: 17–25. https://doi:10.1007/s00572-010-0308-4</p>
<p>Sánchez, S., Gómez, E., Martín, M., De Miguel, A.M., Urban, A. & Barriuso, J. (2014) Experiments on the life cycle and factors affecting reproduction of <em>Sphaerosporella brunnea</em> provide evidence for rapid asexual propagation by conidiospores and for homothallism in an ectomycorrhizal competitor of cultivated truffle species. <em>Fungal Ecology</em> 8: 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2013.12.003</p>
<p>Smith, G.R., Steidinger, B.S., Bruns, T.D. & Peay, K.G. (2018) Competition–colonization tradeoffs structure fungal diversity. <em>The ISME Journal</em> 12: 1758–1767. https://doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0086-0</p>
<p>Song, J, Chen, B, Liang, J.F., Li, H.J., Wang, S.K. & Lu, J.K. (2020) Morphology and phylogeny reveal <em>Russula subpunctipes</em> <em>sp. nov.</em>, from southern China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 459: 16–24. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.459.1.2</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 22: 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446</p>
<p>Svrček, M. & Kubička, J. (1961) Operkulátní diskomycety od rybníka Dvořiště v jižních Čechách. <em>Česká Mykologie</em> 15: 61–77.</p>
<p>Teng, S.C. (1963) <em>Fungi of China</em>. Science Press, Beijing, 1–808.</p>
<p>Uzun, Y. & Kaya, A. (2019) New Additions to Turkish Pezizales from the Eastern Black Sea Region. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em> 43: 262–270.</p>
<p> https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1802-34</p>
<p>Van Vooren, N., Lindemann, U., Vega, M., Ribes, M.Á., Illescas, T., Matočec, N. & Kušan, I. (2015a) <em>Lachnea poiraultii</em> (Pezizales), rediscovered after more than one hundred years. <em>Ascomycete.org</em> 7: 105–116. https://doi: 10.25664/art-0133</p>
<p>Van Vooren, N., Tello, S. & Vega, M. (2015b) <em>Pseudotricharina intermedia</em> (Pezizales), a new genus and a new species discovered in the Mediterranean area. <em>Ascomycete.org</em> 7: 341–346. https://doi: 10.25664/art-0158</p>
<p>Van Vooren, N., Lindemann, U. & Healy, R. (2017) Emendation of the genus <em>Tricharina</em> (Pezizales) based on phylogenetic, morphological and ecological data. <em>Ascomycete.or</em>g 9: 101–123. https://doi: 10.25664/art-0208</p>
<p>Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology</em> 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.172.8.4238-4246.1990</p>
<p>Wang, Y.Z. (2001) A new species of <em>Sphaerosporella</em> from Taiwan. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 80: 197–199.</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics.<em> In: </em>Innis, M., Gelfand, D., Sninsky, J. & White, T.J. (eds.) <em>PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications</em>. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Wu, C.G. & Kimbrough, J.W. (1994) Ultrastructure of Spore Ontogeny in <em>Trichophaea brunnea</em> (Pezizales). International Journal of Plant Sciences 155: 453–459. https://doi.org/10.1086/297182</p>
<p>Wu, C.G., Kimbrough, J.W. (1996) Ultrastructure of Spore Ontogeny in Species of <em>Trichophaea</em> (Pezizales). <em>International Journal of Plant Sciences</em> 157: 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1086/297380 </p>
<p>Yao, Y.J. & Spooner, B.M. (1996a) Notes on British species of <em>Trichophaea</em>. 100: 798–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(96)80024-4 </p>
<p>Yao, Y.J. & Spooner, B.M. (1996b) Notes on <em>Sphaerosporella</em> (Pezizales), with reference to British records. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 51: 385–391.Zhuang, W.Y. (2014) <em>Flora Fungorum Sinicorum vol. 48 Pyronemataceae</em>. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 192–194.</p>