Abstract
A new species of Magnolia from the southern Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico, is described and illustrated, providing information about its habitat distribution, ecology, biogeography and conservation status. After 12 fieldwork expeditions near the border of the states of Hidalgo and Puebla, we have developed morphological, ecological and biogeographic data to support recognition of populations from Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo and Pahuatlán, Puebla as a distinct species of Magnolia sect. Macrophylla. A key to species of this section and a distribution map for Mexican taxa are provided. The species was assessed as critically endangered (CR).
References
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<p>Chávez-Cortázar, A., Oyama, K., Ochoa-Zavala, M., Mata-Rosas, M., Veltjen, E., Samain, M.S. & Quesada, M. (2021) Conservation genetics of relict tropical species of <em>Magnolia</em> (section <em>Macrophylla</em>). <em>Conservation Genetics</em> 22: 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01334-5</p>
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<p>de Queiroz, K. (2007) Species concepts and species delimitation. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 56: 879–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701701083</p>
<p>Dodd, T. (1980) Paying a call on Dealbata. <em>Magnolia</em> 16: 29–32.</p>
<p>Domínguez-Yescas, R., Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.Á., Hernández-Vera, G., Salcedo-Pérez, E., Rodríguez-Pérez, C. & Gallardo-Yobal, S.I. (2020) Small-scale environmental drivers of plant community structure and diversity in Neotropical montane cloud forests harboring threatened <em>Magnolia dealbata</em> in southern Mexico. <em>Diversity</em> 12: 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12120444</p>
<p>Doyle, A.M. (1989) <em>Magnolia macrophylla</em>: <em>population structure</em>,<em> reproductive strategies and the disturbance regime of Mill Creek Forest.</em> Thesis, Tulane University, Louisiana, USA, 69 pp.</p>
<p>Figlar, R.B. & Nooteboom, H.P. (2004) Notes on Magnoliaceae IV. <em>Blumea</em> 49: 87–100. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651904X486214</p>
<p>García-Morales, L.J., Iamonico, D. & Garcia Jimenez, J. (2017) Nomenclatural remarks on <em>Magnolia</em> sect. <em>Macrophylla </em>(Magnoliaceae), with description of a new species from North America (Tamaulipas, Mexico). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 309: 238–244. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.309.3.4</p>
<p>GBIF.org (2020) GBIF Occurrence. Available from GBIF.org (accessed 13 August 2020) https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.2z3k3x</p>
<p>Gutiérrez-Carvajal, L. (1993) <em>Estudio biológico de una especie forestal endémica (</em>Magnolia dealbata<em> Zucc.</em>). Thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 92 pp.</p>
<p>Gutiérrez, L. & Vovides, A. (1997) An <em>in-situ</em> study of <em>Magnolia dealbata</em> Zucc. in Veracruz State: an endangered endemic tree of Mexico. <em>Biodiversity & Conservation</em>, 6:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018327700030</p>
<p>Ibarra-Martínez, M.V. (2020) <em>Relaciones filogenéticas y filogeografía de </em>Magnolia<em> sect. </em>Macrophylla<em> en México</em>. M.Sc. Thesis, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan. Mexico, 70 pp.</p>
<p>INEGI (2005) <em>Prontuario de información geográfica municipal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos</em>. <em>San Juan Juquila Vijanos</em>. INEGI, Oaxaca, México, 8 pp.</p>
<p>IUCN (2019) <em>Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and criteria, version 14. </em>Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Available from https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines.pdf (accessed 27 April 2021)</p>
<p>Kim, S. & Suh, Y. (2013) Phylogeny of Magnoliaceae based on ten chloroplast DNA regions. <em>Journal of Plant Biology</em> 56: 290–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-013-0111-9</p>
<p>Kunth, K.S. (1817) <em>Nova genera et species plantarum</em> 2. Librariae Graeco-Latino-Germanico, Paris, 509 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>. Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Morrone, J.J., Escalante, T. & Rodriguez-Tapia, G. (2017) Mexican biogeographic provinces: map and shapefiles. <em>Zootaxa </em>4277: 277–279. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4277.2.8</p>
<p>Pfaffman, G.A. (1975) A trip to see the rare Mexican magnolia tree species <em>Magnolia dealbata</em>. <em>News of American Magnolia Society</em> 11: 9-14.</p>
<p>Sánchez-Velásquez, L.R., Pineda-López, M.R., Vásquez-Morales, S.G. & Avendaño-Yáñez, M.L. (2016) Ecology and conservation of endangered species: the case of magnolias. <em>In</em>: Quinn, M. (Ed.) <em>Endangered species: threats, conservation and future research.</em> Nova Science, New York, pp. 63–84.</p>
<p>Satyajit, D.S. & Maruyama, Y. (2002) Magnolia<em>: the genus </em>Magnolia, <em>medicinal and aromatic plants – industrial profiles</em>, Taylor & Francis, London, 187 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2020) <em>Index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 27 April 2020)</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A. (1990) <em>Taxonomy of the genus </em>Magnolia<em> (Magnoliaceae) in Mexico and Central America</em>. M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 224 pp. https://doi.org/10.2307/2807454</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A. (1994) <em>Magnolia</em> (Magnoliaceae) in Mexico and Central America: a synopsis. <em>Brittonia</em> 46: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/2807454</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.Á., Arroyo, F., Pérez, Á.J., Serna, M. & De Castro Arce, E. (2013) Novelties of conservation concern in Neotropical <em>Magnolia</em> and a proposed addendum to the IUCN Red List of Magnoliaceae. <em>In</em>: Salcedo-Pérez, E. Hernández-Álvarez, E., Vázquez-García, J.A., Escoto-García, T. & Díaz-Echavarría, N. (Eds.) <em>Recursos forestales en el occidente de México</em>, Universidad de Guadalajara CUCEI-CUCBA, Mexico, pp. 461–496.</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Domínguez-Yescas, R., Pedraza-Ruiz, R., Sánchez-González, A. & Muñiz-Castro, M.Á. (2015) <em>Magnolia rzedowskiana</em> (Magnoliaceae), una especie nueva de la sección <em>Macrophylla</em> de la parte central de la Sierra Madre Oriental, México. <em>Acta Botánica Mexicana </em>112: 19–36. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm112.2015.1086</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Domínguez-Yescas, R., Velazco-Macías, C., Shalisko, V. & Merino-Santi, R.E. (2016) <em>Magnolia nuevoleonensis</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> (Magnoliaceae) from northeastern Mexico and a key to species of section <em>Macrophylla</em>. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 34: 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.00800</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.A., Dahua-Machoa, A., Osorio-Muñoz, E.A., Hernández-Vera, G., Ortega-Peña, A.S., Romo-Campos, R.L., Jacobo-Pereira, C., Álvarez-Román, N. & Shalisko, V. (2021) How to save endangered magnolias? From population biology to conservation action: the case of allopatric radiation in western Mexico. In <em>Endangered Plants</em>. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94346</p>
<p>Wang, Y.B., Liu, B.B., Nie, Z.L., Chen, H.F., Chen, F.J., Figlar, R.B. & Wen, J. (2020) Major clades and a revised classification of <em>Magnolia</em> and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequences via genome skimming. <em>Journal Systematics and Evolution</em> 58: 673‒695. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12588</p>
<p>Weaver, P.L. (1987) Ecological observations on <em>Magnolia splendens</em> Urban in the Luquillo mountains of Puerto Rico. <em>Caribbean Journal of Science</em> 23: 340–351.</p>
<p>Chávez-Cortázar, A., Oyama, K., Ochoa-Zavala, M., Mata-Rosas, M., Veltjen, E., Samain, M.S. & Quesada, M. (2021) Conservation genetics of relict tropical species of <em>Magnolia</em> (section <em>Macrophylla</em>). <em>Conservation Genetics</em> 22: 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01334-5</p>
<p>de Queiroz, K. (1998) The general lineage concept of species, species criteria, and the process of speciation: a conceptual unification and terminological recommendations. <em>In</em>: de Queiroz, K., Howard, D.J. & Berlocher, S.H. (Eds.) <em>Endless forms: species and speciation</em>. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 57–75.</p>
<p>de Queiroz, K. (2007) Species concepts and species delimitation. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 56: 879–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701701083</p>
<p>Dodd, T. (1980) Paying a call on Dealbata. <em>Magnolia</em> 16: 29–32.</p>
<p>Domínguez-Yescas, R., Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.Á., Hernández-Vera, G., Salcedo-Pérez, E., Rodríguez-Pérez, C. & Gallardo-Yobal, S.I. (2020) Small-scale environmental drivers of plant community structure and diversity in Neotropical montane cloud forests harboring threatened <em>Magnolia dealbata</em> in southern Mexico. <em>Diversity</em> 12: 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12120444</p>
<p>Doyle, A.M. (1989) <em>Magnolia macrophylla</em>: <em>population structure</em>,<em> reproductive strategies and the disturbance regime of Mill Creek Forest.</em> Thesis, Tulane University, Louisiana, USA, 69 pp.</p>
<p>Figlar, R.B. & Nooteboom, H.P. (2004) Notes on Magnoliaceae IV. <em>Blumea</em> 49: 87–100. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651904X486214</p>
<p>García-Morales, L.J., Iamonico, D. & Garcia Jimenez, J. (2017) Nomenclatural remarks on <em>Magnolia</em> sect. <em>Macrophylla </em>(Magnoliaceae), with description of a new species from North America (Tamaulipas, Mexico). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 309: 238–244. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.309.3.4</p>
<p>GBIF.org (2020) GBIF Occurrence. Available from GBIF.org (accessed 13 August 2020) https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.2z3k3x</p>
<p>Gutiérrez-Carvajal, L. (1993) <em>Estudio biológico de una especie forestal endémica (</em>Magnolia dealbata<em> Zucc.</em>). Thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 92 pp.</p>
<p>Gutiérrez, L. & Vovides, A. (1997) An <em>in-situ</em> study of <em>Magnolia dealbata</em> Zucc. in Veracruz State: an endangered endemic tree of Mexico. <em>Biodiversity & Conservation</em>, 6:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018327700030</p>
<p>Ibarra-Martínez, M.V. (2020) <em>Relaciones filogenéticas y filogeografía de </em>Magnolia<em> sect. </em>Macrophylla<em> en México</em>. M.Sc. Thesis, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan. Mexico, 70 pp.</p>
<p>INEGI (2005) <em>Prontuario de información geográfica municipal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos</em>. <em>San Juan Juquila Vijanos</em>. INEGI, Oaxaca, México, 8 pp.</p>
<p>IUCN (2019) <em>Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and criteria, version 14. </em>Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Available from https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines.pdf (accessed 27 April 2021)</p>
<p>Kim, S. & Suh, Y. (2013) Phylogeny of Magnoliaceae based on ten chloroplast DNA regions. <em>Journal of Plant Biology</em> 56: 290–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-013-0111-9</p>
<p>Kunth, K.S. (1817) <em>Nova genera et species plantarum</em> 2. Librariae Graeco-Latino-Germanico, Paris, 509 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>. Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Morrone, J.J., Escalante, T. & Rodriguez-Tapia, G. (2017) Mexican biogeographic provinces: map and shapefiles. <em>Zootaxa </em>4277: 277–279. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4277.2.8</p>
<p>Pfaffman, G.A. (1975) A trip to see the rare Mexican magnolia tree species <em>Magnolia dealbata</em>. <em>News of American Magnolia Society</em> 11: 9-14.</p>
<p>Sánchez-Velásquez, L.R., Pineda-López, M.R., Vásquez-Morales, S.G. & Avendaño-Yáñez, M.L. (2016) Ecology and conservation of endangered species: the case of magnolias. <em>In</em>: Quinn, M. (Ed.) <em>Endangered species: threats, conservation and future research.</em> Nova Science, New York, pp. 63–84.</p>
<p>Satyajit, D.S. & Maruyama, Y. (2002) Magnolia<em>: the genus </em>Magnolia, <em>medicinal and aromatic plants – industrial profiles</em>, Taylor & Francis, London, 187 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2020) <em>Index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 27 April 2020)</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A. (1990) <em>Taxonomy of the genus </em>Magnolia<em> (Magnoliaceae) in Mexico and Central America</em>. M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 224 pp. https://doi.org/10.2307/2807454</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A. (1994) <em>Magnolia</em> (Magnoliaceae) in Mexico and Central America: a synopsis. <em>Brittonia</em> 46: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/2807454</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.Á., Arroyo, F., Pérez, Á.J., Serna, M. & De Castro Arce, E. (2013) Novelties of conservation concern in Neotropical <em>Magnolia</em> and a proposed addendum to the IUCN Red List of Magnoliaceae. <em>In</em>: Salcedo-Pérez, E. Hernández-Álvarez, E., Vázquez-García, J.A., Escoto-García, T. & Díaz-Echavarría, N. (Eds.) <em>Recursos forestales en el occidente de México</em>, Universidad de Guadalajara CUCEI-CUCBA, Mexico, pp. 461–496.</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Domínguez-Yescas, R., Pedraza-Ruiz, R., Sánchez-González, A. & Muñiz-Castro, M.Á. (2015) <em>Magnolia rzedowskiana</em> (Magnoliaceae), una especie nueva de la sección <em>Macrophylla</em> de la parte central de la Sierra Madre Oriental, México. <em>Acta Botánica Mexicana </em>112: 19–36. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm112.2015.1086</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Domínguez-Yescas, R., Velazco-Macías, C., Shalisko, V. & Merino-Santi, R.E. (2016) <em>Magnolia nuevoleonensis</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> (Magnoliaceae) from northeastern Mexico and a key to species of section <em>Macrophylla</em>. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 34: 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.00800</p>
<p>Vázquez-García, J.A., Muñiz-Castro, M.A., Dahua-Machoa, A., Osorio-Muñoz, E.A., Hernández-Vera, G., Ortega-Peña, A.S., Romo-Campos, R.L., Jacobo-Pereira, C., Álvarez-Román, N. & Shalisko, V. (2021) How to save endangered magnolias? From population biology to conservation action: the case of allopatric radiation in western Mexico. In <em>Endangered Plants</em>. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94346</p>
<p>Wang, Y.B., Liu, B.B., Nie, Z.L., Chen, H.F., Chen, F.J., Figlar, R.B. & Wen, J. (2020) Major clades and a revised classification of <em>Magnolia</em> and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequences via genome skimming. <em>Journal Systematics and Evolution</em> 58: 673‒695. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12588</p>
<p>Weaver, P.L. (1987) Ecological observations on <em>Magnolia splendens</em> Urban in the Luquillo mountains of Puerto Rico. <em>Caribbean Journal of Science</em> 23: 340–351.</p>