Abstract
A new species, Polygala guilanica (Polygalaceae), is described from Kooh-Roubar, Gasht-Roodkhan protected area in W Guilan province, N Iran. The new species is distinguished based on its prostrate stem; small, lanceolate, ovate and rhombic, sessile leaves; tiny pink-white flowers in lax terminal racemes; 6 or 8 stamens with sessile anthers, a filiform style and brownish seed with 3-lobed caruncle. Detailed morphological description of the new species, photographs and distribution map are provided. Polygala guilanica is compared with the morphologically closest species: P. kurdica, P. hohenackeriana and P. anatolica. An updated identification key is provided for the Iranian species.
References
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<p>Castro, S., Silva, S., Stanescu, I., Silveira, P., Navarro, L. & Santos, C. (2009) Pistil anatomy and pollen tube development in <em>Polygala vayredae</em> Costa (Polygalaceae). <em>Plant Biology</em> 11: 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00126.x</p>
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<p>Jalilian, N. (2005) <em>Flora of Iran, No. 49: Polygalaceae</em>. Agriculture Institute of forests and rangelands press. [In Persian]</p>
<p>Jiang, H., Liu, T., Li, L., Zhao, Y., Pei, L. & Zhao, J. (2016) Predicting the potential distribution of <em>Polygala</em> <em>tenuifolia</em> Willd. under climate change in China. <em>PLoS One</em> 11 (9): e0163718. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163718</p>
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<p>Lyskov, D., Pastore, J.F. & Samigullin, T. (2019) One for all: molecular study of <em>Polygala major</em> complex (Polygalaceae) in Southwest Asia. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 305 (10): 975–984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-019-01618-x</p>
<p>Massó, S., López-Pujol, J. & Vilatersana, R. (2018) Reinterpretation of an endangered taxon based on integrative taxonomy: The case of <em>Cynara baetica</em> (Compositae). <em>PLoS ONE</em> 13 (11): e0207094. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207094</p>
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<p>Perrino, E.V., Silletti, G.N., Erben, M. & Wagensommer, R.P. (2018) <em>Viola cassinensis </em>subsp.<em> lucana </em>(Violaceae), a new subspecies from the Lucanian Apennine, southern Italy. <em>Phyton (Horn, Austria)</em> 58 (2): 109–115. https://doi.org/10.12905/0380.phyton58(2)-2018-0109</p>
<p>Persson, C. (2001) Phylogenetic relationship in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the <em>trn</em>L-F region. <em>Taxon</em> 50: 763–779. https://doi.org/10.2307/1223706</p>
<p>Peşmen, H. (1980) Six new species from Anatolia. <em>Notes Royal Botanical Garden of Edinburgh </em>38: 435–441.</p>
<p>Raabe, U., Tan, K., Iatroú, G., Vold, G. & Parolly, G. (2009) <em>Polygala</em> <em>rausiana</em> (Polygalaceae), a new species from the northern Peloponnese, Greece. <em>Willdenowia</em> 39: 69–75. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.39.39107</p>
<p>Rebelo, T.G., Freitag, S., Cheney, C. & McGeoch, M.A. (2011) Prioritising species of special concern for monitoring in Table Mountain National Park: The challenge of a species-rich, threatened ecosystem. <em>Koedoe</em> 53 (2): 1019. https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v53i2.1019</p>
<p>Sarvi, A., Beygom Faghir, M. & Shahi Shavoon, R. (2020) <em>Polygala mazandaranica </em>(Polygalaceae), a new species from Mazandaran province, North Iran. <em>Phytologia Balcanica</em> 26 (3): 461–469.</p>
<p>Shishkin, B.K. (1964) <em>Flora of the U.S.S.R. series initiated by Komarov</em> 1: pp. 188–204.</p>
<p>Siebert, S.J., Retief, E., Van Wyk, A.E. & Struwig, M. (2010) A new species of <em>Polygala</em> (Polygalaceae) from ultramafic soils in Sekhukhuneland, South Africa, with notes on its ecology. <em>South African Journal of Botany</em> 76 (2): 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.01.003</p>
<p>Townsend, C.C. (1969) Contributions to the flora of Iraq. IX. a new species of <em>Polygala</em> from Kurdistan. <em>Kew Royal Botanical Garden Kew Bull</em> 23: pp. 531. https://doi.org/10.2307/4117208</p>
<p>Townsend, C.C. (1980) <em>Polygala</em>. <em>In</em>: Townsend, C.C. & Evan, G. (Eds.) <em>Flora of Iraq</em>, 4. Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, pp. 182–185.</p>
<p>Uðurlu Aydin, Z. (2020) Comparative capsule and seed morphology of <em>Polygala</em> L. (Polygalaceae) species in Turkey with implications for taxonomy. <em>Plant Biosystems</em> 154 (2): 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2019.1588177</p>
<p>Wagensommer, R.P., Bartolucci, F., Fiorentino, M., Licht, W., Peccenini, S., Perrino, E.V. & Venanzoni, R. (2017) First record for the flora of Italy and lectotypification of the name <em>Linum elegans</em> (Linaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 296 (2): 161–170. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.296.2.5.</p>
<p>Wagensommer, R.P., Medagli, P., Turco, A. & Perrino, E.V. (2020) IUCN Red List evaluation of the Orchidaceae endemic to Apulia (Italy) and conservations on the application of the IUCN protocol to rare species. <em>Nature Conservation Research</em> 5 (suppl. 1): 90–101. https://doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.033</p>
<p>Wagensommer, R.P., Perrino, E.V. & Silletti, G.N. (2014) <em>Carex phyllostachys </em>C.A. Mey. (Cyperaceae) new for Italy and phytogeographical considerations. <em>Phyton (Horn, Austria)</em> 54 (2): 215–222. https://doi.org/10.12905/0380.phyton54(2)2014-0215</p>
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<p>Bartolucci, F., Peruzzi, L., Galasso, G., Albano, A., Alessandrini, A., Ardenghi, N.M.G., Astuti, G., Bacchetta, G., Ballelli, S., Banfi, E., Barberis, G., Bernardo, L., Bouvet, D., Bovio, M., Cecchi, L., Di Pietro, R., Domina, G., Fascetti, S., Fenu, G., Festi, F., Foggi, B., Gallo, L., Gottschlich, G., Gubellini, L., Iamonico, D., Iberite, M., Jiménez-Mejías, P., Lattanzi, E., Marchetti, D., Martinetto, E., Masin, R.R., Medagli, P., Passalacqua, N.G., Peccenini, S., Pennesi, R., Pierini, B., Poldini, L., Prosser, F., Raimondo, F.M., Roma-Marzio, F., Rosati, L., Santangelo, A., Scoppola, A., Scortegagna, S., Selvaggi, A., Selvi, F., Soldano, A., Stinca, A., Wagensommer, R.P., Wilhalm, T. & Conti, F. (2018) An updated checklist of the vascular flora native to Italy. <em>Plant Biosystems</em> 152 (2): 179–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2017.1419996</p>
<p>Boissier, E. (1846) <em>Diagnoses Plantarum Orientalium Novarum, </em>ser. 1, 1 (7). B. Herrmann, Lipsiae, 130 pp.</p>
<p>Boissier, E. (1867) <em>Flora Orientalis</em>, <em>sive Enumeratio plantarum in Oriente a Graecia et Aegypto and Indiae fines hucusque observatarum</em>. Auctore Edmond Boissier, pp. 74–76. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.20323</p>
<p>Boissier, E. & Heldreich, T. (1853) <em>Diagnoses Plantarum Orientalium novarum </em>ser. 2, 1. Apud B. Herrmann, Lipsiae, 57 pp.</p>
<p>Castro, S., Silva, S., Stanescu, I., Silveira, P., Navarro, L. & Santos, C. (2009) Pistil anatomy and pollen tube development in <em>Polygala vayredae</em> Costa (Polygalaceae). <em>Plant Biology</em> 11: 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00126.x</p>
<p>Chodat, R. (1891) <em>Monographia Polygalacearum</em>. Premiere partie. Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 7: pp. 1–143.</p>
<p>Chodat, R. (1893) <em>Monographia polygalacearum</em> Vol. 31. Impr. Aubert-Schuchardt.</p>
<p>Chrtek, J. & Krisa, B. (1977) <em>Flora Iranica, Family Polygalaceae</em>, No. 124. Graz: Akademische Druckund, pp. 1–11.</p>
<p>Cullen, J. (1965) <em>Polygala </em>L. <em>In</em>: Davis, P.H. (Ed.) <em>Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands </em>1. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 533–539.</p>
<p>Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R. & Tan, K. (1988) <em>Polygala </em>L. <em>In</em>: Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R. & Tan, K. (Eds.) <em>Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands </em>10. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 64–65.</p>
<p>Dönmez, A.A. & Uðurlu Aydin, Z. (2018) <em>Polygala azizsancarii</em> (Polygalaceae), a new species from Mardin Province, SE Turkey. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 340: 255–262. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.340.3.5</p>
<p>Dönmez, A.A., Uðurlu Aydin, Z. & Iþýk, S. (2015) <em>Polygala turcica </em>(Polygalaceae), a new species from E Turkey, and a new identification key to Turkish <em>Polygala</em>. <em>Willdenowia </em>45 (3): 429–434. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45309</p>
<p>Eren, Ö., Parolly, G., Raus, T. & Kürschner, H. (2008) A new species of <em>Polygala </em>L. (<em>Polygalaceae</em>) from south-west Anatolia. <em>Botanical Journal of Linnean Society </em>158: 82–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00842.x</p>
<p>Eriksen, B. (1993) Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and its taxonomic implications. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 186: 33–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00937712</p>
<p>Fischer, F.E.L., Meyer, C.A. & Trautvettler, E.R. (1838) <em>Index quartum seminum, quae Hortus Botanicus Imperialis Petropolitanus promutua commutatione offert. Accedunt animadversiones botanicae nonnullae</em>. St. Petersburg, 42 pp.</p>
<p>Gharaman, A. & Attar, F. (1993) <em>Biodiversity of Iranian plant species</em>. Tehran University press, Iran, 320 pp. [In Persian]</p>
<p>Houttuyn, M. (1779) <em>Handleiding tot de plant - en kuridkunde. </em>L. van Es, Amsterdam [Nederlands] 10: 89 pp. [In Dutch]</p>
<p>IUCN (2019) <em>Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 14</em>. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee, Cambridge U.K. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines (accessed 18 June 2021)</p>
<p>Jalilian, N. (2005) <em>Flora of Iran, No. 49: Polygalaceae</em>. Agriculture Institute of forests and rangelands press. [In Persian]</p>
<p>Jiang, H., Liu, T., Li, L., Zhao, Y., Pei, L. & Zhao, J. (2016) Predicting the potential distribution of <em>Polygala</em> <em>tenuifolia</em> Willd. under climate change in China. <em>PLoS One</em> 11 (9): e0163718. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163718</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>. L. Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], pp. 701–704.</p>
<p>Lyskov, D., Pastore, J.F. & Samigullin, T. (2019) One for all: molecular study of <em>Polygala major</em> complex (Polygalaceae) in Southwest Asia. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 305 (10): 975–984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-019-01618-x</p>
<p>Massó, S., López-Pujol, J. & Vilatersana, R. (2018) Reinterpretation of an endangered taxon based on integrative taxonomy: The case of <em>Cynara baetica</em> (Compositae). <em>PLoS ONE</em> 13 (11): e0207094. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207094</p>
<p>Paiva, J.A.R. & De Cuba, A.D.C. (1998) <em>Polygalarum africanarum et madagascariensium prodromus atque gerontogaei generis’ Heterosamara’Kuntze, a genere’Polygala’L. segregati et a nobis denuo recepti, synopsis monographica.</em> <em>Cyanus</em> 1: 346.</p>
<p>Paiva, J.A. & Dias, J.D.S. (1989) The pollen grain of <em>Polygala fruticosa</em> Berg. (Polygalaceae). <em>Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid</em> 47 (2): 377–385.</p>
<p>Pastore, J.F.B., Abbott, J.R., Neubig, K.M., Whitten, W.M., Mascarenhas, R.B., Mota, M.C.A. & Van den Berg, C. (2017) A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in <em>Caamembeca</em> (Polygalaceae). <em>Systematic</em> <em>botany</em> 42: 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X694935</p>
<p>Pastore, J.F.B., Abbott, J.R., Neubig, K.M., Van Den Berg, C., Mota, M.C.D.A., Cabral, A. & Whitten, W.M. (2019) Phylogeny and biogeography of <em>Polygala</em> (Polygalaceae). <em>Taxon</em> 68 (4): 673–691. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12119</p>
<p>Perrino, E.V., Silletti, G.N., Erben, M. & Wagensommer, R.P. (2018) <em>Viola cassinensis </em>subsp.<em> lucana </em>(Violaceae), a new subspecies from the Lucanian Apennine, southern Italy. <em>Phyton (Horn, Austria)</em> 58 (2): 109–115. https://doi.org/10.12905/0380.phyton58(2)-2018-0109</p>
<p>Persson, C. (2001) Phylogenetic relationship in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the <em>trn</em>L-F region. <em>Taxon</em> 50: 763–779. https://doi.org/10.2307/1223706</p>
<p>Peşmen, H. (1980) Six new species from Anatolia. <em>Notes Royal Botanical Garden of Edinburgh </em>38: 435–441.</p>
<p>Raabe, U., Tan, K., Iatroú, G., Vold, G. & Parolly, G. (2009) <em>Polygala</em> <em>rausiana</em> (Polygalaceae), a new species from the northern Peloponnese, Greece. <em>Willdenowia</em> 39: 69–75. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.39.39107</p>
<p>Rebelo, T.G., Freitag, S., Cheney, C. & McGeoch, M.A. (2011) Prioritising species of special concern for monitoring in Table Mountain National Park: The challenge of a species-rich, threatened ecosystem. <em>Koedoe</em> 53 (2): 1019. https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v53i2.1019</p>
<p>Sarvi, A., Beygom Faghir, M. & Shahi Shavoon, R. (2020) <em>Polygala mazandaranica </em>(Polygalaceae), a new species from Mazandaran province, North Iran. <em>Phytologia Balcanica</em> 26 (3): 461–469.</p>
<p>Shishkin, B.K. (1964) <em>Flora of the U.S.S.R. series initiated by Komarov</em> 1: pp. 188–204.</p>
<p>Siebert, S.J., Retief, E., Van Wyk, A.E. & Struwig, M. (2010) A new species of <em>Polygala</em> (Polygalaceae) from ultramafic soils in Sekhukhuneland, South Africa, with notes on its ecology. <em>South African Journal of Botany</em> 76 (2): 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.01.003</p>
<p>Townsend, C.C. (1969) Contributions to the flora of Iraq. IX. a new species of <em>Polygala</em> from Kurdistan. <em>Kew Royal Botanical Garden Kew Bull</em> 23: pp. 531. https://doi.org/10.2307/4117208</p>
<p>Townsend, C.C. (1980) <em>Polygala</em>. <em>In</em>: Townsend, C.C. & Evan, G. (Eds.) <em>Flora of Iraq</em>, 4. Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, pp. 182–185.</p>
<p>Uðurlu Aydin, Z. (2020) Comparative capsule and seed morphology of <em>Polygala</em> L. (Polygalaceae) species in Turkey with implications for taxonomy. <em>Plant Biosystems</em> 154 (2): 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2019.1588177</p>
<p>Wagensommer, R.P., Bartolucci, F., Fiorentino, M., Licht, W., Peccenini, S., Perrino, E.V. & Venanzoni, R. (2017) First record for the flora of Italy and lectotypification of the name <em>Linum elegans</em> (Linaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 296 (2): 161–170. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.296.2.5.</p>
<p>Wagensommer, R.P., Medagli, P., Turco, A. & Perrino, E.V. (2020) IUCN Red List evaluation of the Orchidaceae endemic to Apulia (Italy) and conservations on the application of the IUCN protocol to rare species. <em>Nature Conservation Research</em> 5 (suppl. 1): 90–101. https://doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.033</p>
<p>Wagensommer, R.P., Perrino, E.V. & Silletti, G.N. (2014) <em>Carex phyllostachys </em>C.A. Mey. (Cyperaceae) new for Italy and phytogeographical considerations. <em>Phyton (Horn, Austria)</em> 54 (2): 215–222. https://doi.org/10.12905/0380.phyton54(2)2014-0215</p>
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