Abstract
Coelogyne has been shown in analyses of molecular data to be polyphyletic with 14 other genera of Coelogyninae (Arethuseae) embedded. Three possible solutions to establish an alternative classification are considered: lumping all of these in the oldest genus, in this case Coelogyne, distinguishing two genera corresponding to the two main clades in the alliance or recognition of many new genera to accommodate the groups of Coelogyne that are more closely related to some of these other genera. The second and third alternatives are considered non-viable because there are no reliable morphological characters that can be used to identify these taxa. Here, we make the necessary combinations and new names to make the first option possible.
References
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<p>Aiton, W.T. (1813) <em>Hortus Kewensis</em>, second edition. Longman, London, 532 pp.</p>
<p>Blume, C.L. (1825) <em>Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië</em>, 8. Lands Drukkerij, Batavia, 636 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6656</p>
<p>Cameron, K.M., Chase, M.W., Whitten, W.M., Kores, P.J., Jarrell, D.C., Albert, V.A., Yukawa, T., Hills, H.G. & Goldman, D.H. (1999) A phylogenetic analysis of the Orchidaceae: evidence from <em>rbcL</em> nucleotide sequences. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 86: 208–224. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656938</p>
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<p>Chase, M.W., Cameron, K.M., Freudenstein,J.V., Pridgeon, A.M., Salazar, G., van den Berg, C. & Schuiteman, A. (2015) An updated classification of Orchidaceae. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society </em>177: 151–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12234</p>
<p>Chase, M.W., Christenhusz, M.J.M. & Schuiteman, A. (2020) Expansion of <em>Calanthe</em> to include the species of <em>Cephalantheropsis</em>, <em>Gastrorchis</em> and <em>Phaius</em> (Collabieae; Orchidaceae). <em>Phytotaxa </em>472: 159–168. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.472.2.6</p>
<p>Chase, M.W., Schuiteman, A. & Kumar, P. (2021) Expansion of the orchid genus <em>Eulophia</em> (Eulophiinae; Epidendroideae) to include <em>Acrolophia</em>, <em>Cymbidiella</em>, <em>Eulophiella</em>, <em>Geodorum</em>, <em>Oeceoclades</em> and <em>Paralophia</em>. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 91: 47–56. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.5</p>
<p>Clayton, D. (2002) <em>The genus </em>Coelogyne<em>: a synopsis.</em> Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, 316 pp.</p>
<p>De Vogel, E.F. (1984) Precursor to a revision of the genera <em>Entomophobia</em> (<em>gen. nov</em>.), <em>Geesinkorchis</em> (<em>gen. nov</em>.), <em>Nabaluia</em> and <em>Chelonistele</em> (Orchidaceae—Coelogyninae). <em>Blumea</em> 31: 197–205.</p>
<p>De Vogel, E.F. (1986) Revisions in Coelogyninae (Orchidaceae) II. The genera <em>Bracisepalum</em>, <em>Chelonistele</em>, <em>Entomophobia</em>, <em>Geesinkorchis </em>and <em>Nabaluia</em>. <em>Orchid Monographs</em> 1: 17–86.</p>
<p>De Vogel, E.F. (1988) Revisions in Coelogyninae (Orchidaceae) III. The genus <em>Pholidota</em>. <em>Orchid Monographs</em> 3: 1–118.</p>
<p>Don, D. (1825) <em>Prodromus florae Nepalensis</em>. Gale, London, 256 pp.</p>
<p>George, É. & George, J.C. (2011) <em>Les coelogynes</em>. Belin, Paris, 608 pp.</p>
<p>Gravendeel, B., Chase, M.W., de Vogel, E.F., Roos, M.C., Mes, T.H.M. & Bachmann, K. (2001) Molecular phylogeny of <em>Coelogyne</em> (Epidendroideae: Orchidaceae) based on plastid RFLPs, <em>matK</em> and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences: evidence for polyphyly. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 88: 1915–1927. https://doi.org/10.2307/3558367</p>
<p>Gravendeel, B., Eurlings, M.C.M., van den Berg, C. & Cribb, P.J. (2004) Phylogeny of <em>Pleione </em>(Orchidaceae) and parentage analysis of its wild hybrids based on plastid and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences and morphological data. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 29: 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404772973988</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. (1825) <em>Exotic flora</em>, vol. 2. Blackwood, Edinburgh, 150 pp.</p>
<p>Li, L., Ye, D.P., Niu, M., Yan, H.F., Wen, T.L. & Li, S.J. (2015) <em>Thuniopsis</em>: a new orchid genus and phylogeny of the tribe Arethuseae (Orchidaceae). <em>PLoS ONE </em>10: e0132777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132777</p>
<p>Lindley, J. (1821) <em>Collectanea botanica</em>. Taylor, London, 41 plates and text.</p>
<p>Lindley, J. (1830) <em>Genera and species of orchidaceous plants</em>. Ridgeways, London, 553 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.120492</p>
<p>Lindley, J. (1854) <em>Panisea</em>. <em>Folia orchidacea</em>, 5. Mathews, London, 2 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>. Salvius, Stockholm. 1189 pp.</p>
<p>Lund, I.D. (1987) The genus <em>Panisea</em> (Orchidaceae)—A taxonomic revision. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 7: 511–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1987.tb02018.x</p>
<p>Pedersen, H.Æ. (1995) Thirteen new species of <em>Dendrochilum</em> (Orchidaceae), a new record from Burma, and a checklist of the genus in East Malesia. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany </em>15: 381–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1995.tb00168.x</p>
<p>Pedersen, H.Æ. (1997) The genus <em>Dendrochilum </em>(Orchidaceae) in the Philippines—A taxonomic revision. <em>Opera Botanica</em> 131: 1–205.</p>
<p>Pedersen, H.AE., Petersen, G., Gravendeel, B., Barkman, T.J., de Boer, H., Sulistyo, B. & Seberg, O. (2020) Phylogenetics of <em>Dendrochilum</em> (Orchidaceae): evidence of pronounced morphological homoplasy and predominantly eccentric endemism. <em>Taxon </em>68: 1173–1188. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12184</p>
<p>Pfitzer, E.H.H. & Kraenzlin, F.W.L. (1907) Orchidaceae-Monandrae 11.B.7. Tribus Coelogyninae.<em> In: </em>Engler, H.G.A., <em>Das Pflanzenreich</em>, Englemann, Berlin, 169 pp.</p>
<p>Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2005) <em>Genera orchidacearum</em>, volume 4, Epidendroideae (part one). Oxford University Press, Oxford, 672 pp.</p>
<p>Reichenbach, H.G. (1852a) Gartenorchideen. III. <em>Botanische Zeitung</em> 10: 761–776.</p>
<p>Reichenbach, H.G. (1852b) Gartenorchideen. V. <em>Botanische Zeitung</em> 10: 927–938.</p>
<p>Reichenbach, H.G. (1853) 840. <em>Sobralia macrantha</em>. <em>Flore des Serres</em> 8: 245–247.</p>
<p>Schlechter, R. (1905) Familie Orchidaceae.<em> In: </em>Schumann, K.M. & Lauterbach, C.A.G. (Eds.) <em>Die Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee</em>, Borntraeger, Leipzig, pp. 239–253.</p>
<p>Schlechter, R. (1906) XX. Orchidaceae novae et criticae. <em>Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis</em> 12: 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120407</p>
<p>Schlechter, R. (1912) Plantae Chinenses Forrestianae: enumeration and description of species of Orchidaceae. <em>Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh</em> 5: 93–113.</p>
<p>Schuiteman, A. & Chase, M.W. (2015) A reappraisal of <em>Maxillaria</em> (Orchidaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 255: 1–78. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.225.1.1</p>
<p>Smidt, E.C., Salazar Chávez, G.A., Mauad, A.V.S.R., Engels, M.E., Viruel, J. & Chase, M.W. (2021) The origin of jewel orchids (Goodyerinae: Orchidoideae) in the Americas. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> boab028. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boab028</p>
<p>Smith, J.J. (1904) <em>Gynoglottis</em>, eine neue Orchideengattung. <em>Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais</em> 1: 49–51.</p>
<p>Sosa, V. & Chase, M.W. (2020) New combinations and a new name in <em>Bletia</em> (Bletiinae; Orchidaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 456: 296–298. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.456.3.6</p>
<p>Wati, R.K., de Graaf, E., Bogarin, D., Heijungs, R., van Vugt, R., Smets, E.F. & Gravendeel, B. (2020) Antimicrobial activity of necklace orchids is phylogenetically clustered and can be predicted with a biological response method. <em>Frontiers in Pharmacology</em> 11: 586435. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.586345</p>
<p>Williams, L.O. (1941) Orchid studies, XIV. A new genus of the Orchidaceae from Burma. <em>Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University</em> 9: 37–41.</p>
<p>Wood, J.J. (2001) Dendrochilum <em>of Borneo</em>. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 388 pp.</p>
<p>Aiton, W.T. (1813) <em>Hortus Kewensis</em>, second edition. Longman, London, 532 pp.</p>
<p>Blume, C.L. (1825) <em>Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië</em>, 8. Lands Drukkerij, Batavia, 636 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6656</p>
<p>Cameron, K.M., Chase, M.W., Whitten, W.M., Kores, P.J., Jarrell, D.C., Albert, V.A., Yukawa, T., Hills, H.G. & Goldman, D.H. (1999) A phylogenetic analysis of the Orchidaceae: evidence from <em>rbcL</em> nucleotide sequences. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 86: 208–224. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656938</p>
<p>Chase, M.W., Cameron, K.M., Barrett, R.L. & Freudenstein, J.V. (2003) DNA data and Orchidaceae systematics: a new phylogenetic classification.<em> In: </em>Dixon, K.M., Kell, S.P., Barrett, R.L. & Cribb, P.J. (Eds.) <em>Orchid conservation</em>. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, pp. 69–89.</p>
<p>Chase, M.W., Cameron, K.M., Freudenstein,J.V., Pridgeon, A.M., Salazar, G., van den Berg, C. & Schuiteman, A. (2015) An updated classification of Orchidaceae. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society </em>177: 151–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12234</p>
<p>Chase, M.W., Christenhusz, M.J.M. & Schuiteman, A. (2020) Expansion of <em>Calanthe</em> to include the species of <em>Cephalantheropsis</em>, <em>Gastrorchis</em> and <em>Phaius</em> (Collabieae; Orchidaceae). <em>Phytotaxa </em>472: 159–168. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.472.2.6</p>
<p>Chase, M.W., Schuiteman, A. & Kumar, P. (2021) Expansion of the orchid genus <em>Eulophia</em> (Eulophiinae; Epidendroideae) to include <em>Acrolophia</em>, <em>Cymbidiella</em>, <em>Eulophiella</em>, <em>Geodorum</em>, <em>Oeceoclades</em> and <em>Paralophia</em>. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 91: 47–56. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.5</p>
<p>Clayton, D. (2002) <em>The genus </em>Coelogyne<em>: a synopsis.</em> Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, 316 pp.</p>
<p>De Vogel, E.F. (1984) Precursor to a revision of the genera <em>Entomophobia</em> (<em>gen. nov</em>.), <em>Geesinkorchis</em> (<em>gen. nov</em>.), <em>Nabaluia</em> and <em>Chelonistele</em> (Orchidaceae—Coelogyninae). <em>Blumea</em> 31: 197–205.</p>
<p>De Vogel, E.F. (1986) Revisions in Coelogyninae (Orchidaceae) II. The genera <em>Bracisepalum</em>, <em>Chelonistele</em>, <em>Entomophobia</em>, <em>Geesinkorchis </em>and <em>Nabaluia</em>. <em>Orchid Monographs</em> 1: 17–86.</p>
<p>De Vogel, E.F. (1988) Revisions in Coelogyninae (Orchidaceae) III. The genus <em>Pholidota</em>. <em>Orchid Monographs</em> 3: 1–118.</p>
<p>Don, D. (1825) <em>Prodromus florae Nepalensis</em>. Gale, London, 256 pp.</p>
<p>George, É. & George, J.C. (2011) <em>Les coelogynes</em>. Belin, Paris, 608 pp.</p>
<p>Gravendeel, B., Chase, M.W., de Vogel, E.F., Roos, M.C., Mes, T.H.M. & Bachmann, K. (2001) Molecular phylogeny of <em>Coelogyne</em> (Epidendroideae: Orchidaceae) based on plastid RFLPs, <em>matK</em> and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences: evidence for polyphyly. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 88: 1915–1927. https://doi.org/10.2307/3558367</p>
<p>Gravendeel, B., Eurlings, M.C.M., van den Berg, C. & Cribb, P.J. (2004) Phylogeny of <em>Pleione </em>(Orchidaceae) and parentage analysis of its wild hybrids based on plastid and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences and morphological data. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 29: 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404772973988</p>
<p>Hooker, W.J. (1825) <em>Exotic flora</em>, vol. 2. Blackwood, Edinburgh, 150 pp.</p>
<p>Li, L., Ye, D.P., Niu, M., Yan, H.F., Wen, T.L. & Li, S.J. (2015) <em>Thuniopsis</em>: a new orchid genus and phylogeny of the tribe Arethuseae (Orchidaceae). <em>PLoS ONE </em>10: e0132777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132777</p>
<p>Lindley, J. (1821) <em>Collectanea botanica</em>. Taylor, London, 41 plates and text.</p>
<p>Lindley, J. (1830) <em>Genera and species of orchidaceous plants</em>. Ridgeways, London, 553 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.120492</p>
<p>Lindley, J. (1854) <em>Panisea</em>. <em>Folia orchidacea</em>, 5. Mathews, London, 2 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>. Salvius, Stockholm. 1189 pp.</p>
<p>Lund, I.D. (1987) The genus <em>Panisea</em> (Orchidaceae)—A taxonomic revision. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 7: 511–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1987.tb02018.x</p>
<p>Pedersen, H.Æ. (1995) Thirteen new species of <em>Dendrochilum</em> (Orchidaceae), a new record from Burma, and a checklist of the genus in East Malesia. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany </em>15: 381–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1995.tb00168.x</p>
<p>Pedersen, H.Æ. (1997) The genus <em>Dendrochilum </em>(Orchidaceae) in the Philippines—A taxonomic revision. <em>Opera Botanica</em> 131: 1–205.</p>
<p>Pedersen, H.AE., Petersen, G., Gravendeel, B., Barkman, T.J., de Boer, H., Sulistyo, B. & Seberg, O. (2020) Phylogenetics of <em>Dendrochilum</em> (Orchidaceae): evidence of pronounced morphological homoplasy and predominantly eccentric endemism. <em>Taxon </em>68: 1173–1188. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12184</p>
<p>Pfitzer, E.H.H. & Kraenzlin, F.W.L. (1907) Orchidaceae-Monandrae 11.B.7. Tribus Coelogyninae.<em> In: </em>Engler, H.G.A., <em>Das Pflanzenreich</em>, Englemann, Berlin, 169 pp.</p>
<p>Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2005) <em>Genera orchidacearum</em>, volume 4, Epidendroideae (part one). Oxford University Press, Oxford, 672 pp.</p>
<p>Reichenbach, H.G. (1852a) Gartenorchideen. III. <em>Botanische Zeitung</em> 10: 761–776.</p>
<p>Reichenbach, H.G. (1852b) Gartenorchideen. V. <em>Botanische Zeitung</em> 10: 927–938.</p>
<p>Reichenbach, H.G. (1853) 840. <em>Sobralia macrantha</em>. <em>Flore des Serres</em> 8: 245–247.</p>
<p>Schlechter, R. (1905) Familie Orchidaceae.<em> In: </em>Schumann, K.M. & Lauterbach, C.A.G. (Eds.) <em>Die Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee</em>, Borntraeger, Leipzig, pp. 239–253.</p>
<p>Schlechter, R. (1906) XX. Orchidaceae novae et criticae. <em>Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis</em> 12: 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120407</p>
<p>Schlechter, R. (1912) Plantae Chinenses Forrestianae: enumeration and description of species of Orchidaceae. <em>Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh</em> 5: 93–113.</p>
<p>Schuiteman, A. & Chase, M.W. (2015) A reappraisal of <em>Maxillaria</em> (Orchidaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 255: 1–78. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.225.1.1</p>
<p>Smidt, E.C., Salazar Chávez, G.A., Mauad, A.V.S.R., Engels, M.E., Viruel, J. & Chase, M.W. (2021) The origin of jewel orchids (Goodyerinae: Orchidoideae) in the Americas. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> boab028. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boab028</p>
<p>Smith, J.J. (1904) <em>Gynoglottis</em>, eine neue Orchideengattung. <em>Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais</em> 1: 49–51.</p>
<p>Sosa, V. & Chase, M.W. (2020) New combinations and a new name in <em>Bletia</em> (Bletiinae; Orchidaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 456: 296–298. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.456.3.6</p>
<p>Wati, R.K., de Graaf, E., Bogarin, D., Heijungs, R., van Vugt, R., Smets, E.F. & Gravendeel, B. (2020) Antimicrobial activity of necklace orchids is phylogenetically clustered and can be predicted with a biological response method. <em>Frontiers in Pharmacology</em> 11: 586435. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.586345</p>
<p>Williams, L.O. (1941) Orchid studies, XIV. A new genus of the Orchidaceae from Burma. <em>Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University</em> 9: 37–41.</p>
<p>Wood, J.J. (2001) Dendrochilum <em>of Borneo</em>. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 388 pp.</p>