Abstract
This paper describes five sarcosomataceous samples collected from southwestern China and provides an updated two locus phylogeny of Sarcosomataceae. Two new species, Donadinia echinacea and Plectania sichuanensis, are described based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Donadinia echinacea is a dematiaceous hyphomycete with pleurogenous, guttulate conidia. Plectania sichuanensis is a cup-fungus distinguished by its ochre hymenium and ellipsoid ascospores with small multiple oil droplets. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU sequence data using broad taxon sampling supports establishment of the new species along with eight distinct clades within Sarcosomataceae.
References
Bellemère, A., Malherbe, M.C., Chacun, H. & Meléndez-Howell, L.M. (1990) L’étude ultrastructurale des asques et des ascospores de l’Urnula helvelloides Donadini, Berthet et Astier et les concepts d’asque suboperculé et de Sarcosomataceae. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 11 (3): 203–238.
Blanchette, R.A., Held, B.W., Hellmann, L., Millman, L. & Büntgen, U. (2016) Arctic driftwood reveals unexpectedly rich fungal diversity. Fungal Ecology 23: 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.06.001
Cabello, M.N. (1988) Estudio sistemático del suborden Sarcoscyphineae (Pezizales, Ascomycotina) empleando técnicas numéricas. Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 25: 395–413.
Cai, L., Jeewon, R. & Hyde, K.D. (2005) Phylogenetic evaluation and taxonomic revision of Schizothecium based on ribosomal DNA and protein coding genes. Fungal Diversity 19: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2005.09.014
Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Silla-Martínez, J.M. & Gabaldón, T. (2009) TrimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. Bioinformatics 25: 1972–1973. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp348
Carbone, M. & Agnello, C. (2013) Notes on Urnula campylospora (Pezizales). Ascomycete.org 5 (1): 25–32.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C. & Alvarado, P. (2013a) Phylogenetic studies in the family Sarcosomataceae (Ascomycota, Pezizales). Ascomycete.org 5 (1): 1–12.
Carbone, M.,Wang, Y.Z. & Huang, C.L. (2013b) Studies in Trichaleurina (Pezizales). Type studies of Trichaleurina polytricha and Urnula philippinarum. The status of Sarcosoma javanicum, Bulgaria celebica, and Trichaleurina tenuispora sp. nov., with notes on the anamorphic genus Kumanasamuha. Ascomycete.org 5 (5): 137–153.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C. & Alvarado, P. (2014a) Phylogenetic and morphological studies in the genus Pseudoplectania (Ascomycota, Pezizales). Ascomycete.org 6 (1): 17–33.
Carbone, M., Loizides, M. & Alvarado, P. (2015) Preliminary phylogenetic and morphological studies in the Plectania melastoma lineage (Ascomycota, Pezizales). Ascomycete.org 7 (1): 23–29.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C., Alvarado, P. & Krom, I. (2014b) Donadinia sibirica (Ascomycota, Pezizales) a new species from Russia. Mycologia Montenegrina 17: 53–64.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C., Baglivo, A., Perić, B. & De Giorgi, D. (2011a) Studio comparato delle specie lungamente stipitate del genere Plectania. Mycologia Montenegrina 14: 7–38.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C. & Harnisch, J. (2011b) Contribution to the knowledge of Plectania milleri (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a Northwestern American species. Ascomycete.org 3 (3): 47–54.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C. & Konstantinidis, G. (2011c) Plectania megalocrater comb. nov., rinvenuta in Grecia. Bollettino della associazione micologica ed ecologica romana 84 (3): 3–14.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C. & LaGreca, S. (2012) Plectania seaveri (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new discomycete from Bermuda. Mycotaxon 120: 317–329. https://doi.org/10.5248/120.317
Carmichael, J.W., Kendrick, W.B., Conners, I.L. & Sigler, L. (1980) Genera of Hyphomycetes. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alta.
Clements, F.C. & Shear, C.L. (1931) The genera of fungi. Hafner, New York.
Davidson, R.W. (1950) Urnula craterium is possibly the perfect stage of Strumella coryneoidea. Mycologia 42 (6): 735–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1950.12017876
Díaz, J.A. (2018) Aportaciones al conocimiento de la micobiota de la Sierra de O Courel (Lugo, España): Donadinia helvelloides. Micolucus 5: 9–18.
Donadini, J.C., Berthet, P. & Astier, J. (1973) Un Urnula nouveau: Urnula helvelloides (Discomycètes operculés). Bulletin mensuel de la Socieìteì linneìenne de Lyon 42 (3): 37–40. https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1973.10051
Eckblad, F.E. (1968) The genera of the operculate Discomycetes. A re-evaluation of their taxonomy, phylogeny and nomenclature. Nordic Journal of Botany 15: 1–191.
Ekanayaka, A.H., Hyde, K.D., Jones, E.B.G. & Zhao, Q. (2018) Taxonomy and phylogeny of operculate discomycetes: Pezizomycetes. Fungal Diversity 90 (1): 161–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0402-z
Ellis, M.B. (1971) Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, UK, pp. 1–608.
Evangelisti, E. (2019) A French collection of Pseudoplectania nigrella (Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales) is closely related to endophytic fungi. Ascomycete.org 11 (6): 285–290.
Fan, L.L., Guo, S.Y. & Han, L.F. (2018) Diversity of endolichenic fungi associated with some species of Cladonia from the Greater Khingan Mountains of Northeast China. Mycosystema 37 (7): 896–906. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.180071
Fries, E.M. (1825) Systema orbis vegetabilis. Primas lineas novae constructionis periclitatur. Pars 1. Plantae homonemae. Lund.
Fries, E.M. (1849) Summa vegetabilium scandinaviae. Vol. 2. A. Bonnier, Stokholm pp 259–572.
Fuckel, L. (1870) Symbolae mycologicae. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Rheinischen Pilze. Jahrbücher des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde 23–24:1–459. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.47117
Hansen, K., Weber, N.S. & Landvik, S. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of Karstenella (Pezizomycetes). Karstenia 48 (1): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.2008.424
Hansen, K., Perry, B.A., Dranginis, A.W. & Pfister, D.H. (2013) A phylogeny of the highly diverse cup-fungus family Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes, Ascomycota) clarifies relationships and evolution of selected life history traits. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 67 (2): 311–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.014
Harrington, F.A., Pfister, D.H., Potter, D. & Donoghue, M.J. (1999) Phylogenetic studies within the Pezizales. I. 18S rRNA sequence data and classification. Mycologia 91 (1): 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1999.12060992
Hennebert, G.L. (1998) New species of the aeroaquatic hyphomycete genus Clathrosporium and their relationship with Strumella Sacc. Canadian Journal of Botany 76: 1596–1607. https://doi.org/10.1139/b98-112
Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754–755. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754
Hughes, S.J. (1958) Revisiones Hyphomycetum aliquot cum appendice de nominibus rejiciendis. Canadian Journal of Botany 36: 727–836. https://doi.org/10.1139/b58-067
Jayasiri, S.C., Hyde, K.D., Ariyawansa, H.A., Bhat, J., Buyck, B., Cai, L., Dai, Y.C., Abd-Elsalam, K.A., Ertz, D., Hidayat, I., Jeewon, R., Jones, E.B.G., Bahkali, A.H., Karunarathna, S.C., Liu, J.K., Luangsa-ard, J.J., Lumbsch, H.T., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., McKenzie, E.H.C., Moncalvo, J.M., Ghobad-Nejhad, M., Nilsson, H., Pang, K.L., Pereira, O.L., Phillips, A.J.L., Raspé, O., Rollins, A.W., Romero, A.I., Etayo, J., Selçuk, F., Stephenson, S.L., Suetrong, S., Taylor, J.E., Tsui, C.K.M., Vizzini, A., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Wen, T.C., Boonmee, S., Dai, D.Q., Daranagama, D.A., Dissanayake, A.J., Ekanayaka, A.H., Fryar, S.C., Hongsanan, S., Jayawardena, R.S., Li, W.J., Perera, R.H., Phookamsak, R., de Silva, N.I., Thambugala, K.M., Tian, Q., Wijayawardene, N.N., Zhao, R.L., Zhao, Q., Kang, J.C. & Promputtha, I. (2015) The Faces of Fungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts. Fungal Diversity 74: 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0351-8
Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30 (4): 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. & Stalpers, J.A. (2008) Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th Edition edition. CAB International, Wallingford, UK https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851998268.0000
Kobayasi, Y. (1937) On the gelatinous cup fungi, Bulgaria-group. Journal of Japanese Botany 13: 511–520.
Korf, R.P. (1957) Two Bulgarioid Genera: Galiella and Plectania. Mycologia 49 (1): 107–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1957.12024617
Korf, R.P. (1970) Nomenclatural notes. VII. Family and tribe names in the Sarcoscyphineae (Discomycetes) and a new taxonomic disposition of the genera. Taxon 19: 782–786. https://doi.org/10.2307/1219292
Korf, R.P. (1972) Synoptic key to the genera of the Pezizales. Mycologia 64 (5): 937–994. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1972.12019349
Köpcke, B., Weber, R.W.S. & Anke, H. (2002) Galiellalactone and its biogenetic precursors as chemotaxonomic markers of the Sarcosomataceae (Ascomycota). Phytochemistry 60 (7): 709–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00193-0
Lagarde, A., Jargeat, P., Roy, M., Girardot, M., Imbert, C., Millot, M. & Mambu, L. (2018) Fungal communities associated with Evernia prunastri, Ramalina fastigiata and Pleurosticta acetabulum: Three epiphytic lichens potentially active against Candida biofilms. Microbiological Research 211: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2018.03.006
Larsson, A. (2014) AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets. Bioinformatics 30: 3276–3278. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531
Le Gal, M. (1946) Les Discomycètes suboperculés. Bulletin trimestriel de la Société mycologique de France 62: 218–240.
Li, L.T. & Kimbrough, J.W. (1995) Septal structures in the Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarcosomataceae (Pezizales). International Journal of Plant Sciences 156 (6): 841–848. https://doi.org/10.1086/297308
Li, J.L., Sun, X., Chen, L. & Guo, L.D. (2016) Community structure of endophytic fungi of four mangrove species in Southern China. Mycology 7 (4): 180–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2016.1258439
Liu, Y.J., Whelen, S. & Hall, B.D. (1999) Phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerase II subunit. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 1799–1808. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026092
Lumbsch, H.T. & Huhndorf, S.M. (2007) Outline of Ascomycota – 2007. Myconet 13: 1–58.
Mapperson, R.R. (2014) Diversity of fungal endophytes in the semi evergreen vine thickets of the southern Brigalow Belt bioregion and their production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. Thesis (PhD Research).
Marincowitz, S., Crous, P.W., Groenewald, J.Z. &Wingfield, M.J. (2008) Microfungi occurring on Proteaceae in the fynbos. (CBS biodiversity series; No. 7). CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre.
Marziani, R., Caroti, V. & Carbone, M. (2016) Urnula mediterranea in Toscana. Annali Micologici A.G.M.T. 9: 75–84.
Matheny, P.B., Liu, Y.J., Ammirati, J.F. & Hall, B.D. (2002) Using RPB1 sequences to improve phylogenetic inference among mushrooms (Inocybe, Agaricales). American Journal of Botany 89 (4): 688–698. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.4.688
Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE). 14 Nov. 2010, New Orleans, LA, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
Nagao, H., Kurogi, S., Kiyota, E. & Sasatomi, K. (2009) Kumanasamuha geaster sp. nov., an anamorph of Chorioactis geaster from Japan. Mycologia 101 (6): 871–877. https://doi.org/10.3852/08-121
Nuin, P.A.S. (2005) MTgui – A Simple Interface to ModelTest. Program distributed by the author. University of Toronto. Available from: http://www.genedrift.org/ (accessed 15 June 2021)
Nylander, J.A., Ronquist, J.P., Huelsenbeck, F. & Nieves-Aldrey, J.L. (2004) Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data. Systematic Biology 53: 47–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490264699
Otani, Y. (1973) On Pseudoplectania and Plectania collected in Japan. Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute 10: 411–419.
Paden, J.W. (1972) Imperfect states and the taxonomy of the Pezizales. Persoonia 6 (4): 405–414.
Paden, J.W. (1983) Sarcosomataceae (Pezizales, Sarcoscyphineae). Flora Neotropica 37: 1–17.
Persoon, C.H. (1797) Tentamen dispositionis methodicae fungorum. Vol. 8. Petrum Philippum Wolf, Leipzig, pp 1–76.
Pfister, D.H. (2015) Chapter 2. Pezizomycotina: Pezizomycetes, Orbiliomycetes. The Mycota VII (B). In: Mclaughlin, D.J. & Spatafora, J.W. (Eds.) Systematics and Evolution. Springer-Verlag, pp. 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46011-5_2
Pfister, D.H. & LoBuglio, K.F. (2018) Lost and found: the Bermudan Donadinia seaveri found in North America, with comments on its juniper associates. Mycologia 110: 215–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1409052
Pfister, D.H., Slater, C. & Hansen, K. (2008) Chorioactidaceae: a new family in the Pezizales (Ascomycota) with four genera. Mycological Research 112: 513–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2007.11.016
Posada, D. & Buckley, T.R. (2004) Model Selection and Model Averaging in Phylogenetics: Advantages of Akaike. Systematic Biology 53 (5): 793–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490522304
Rannala, B. & Yang, Z. (1996) Probability distribution of molecular evolutionary trees: a new method of phylogenetic inference. Journal of Molecular Evolution 43: 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02338839
Rehner, S.A. & Buckley, E. (2005) A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-α sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia 97: 84–98. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.97.1.84
Rivera-Orduña, F.N., Suarez-Sanchez, R.A., Flores-Bustamante, Z.R., Gracida-Rodriguez, J.N. & Flores-Cotera, L.B. (2011) Diversity of endophytic fungi of Taxus globosa (Mexican yew). Fungal Diversity 47: 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0045-1
Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van Der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Saccardo, P.A. (1880) Conspectus generum fungorum Italiae inferiorum. Michelia 2 (6): 1–38.
Saccardo, P.A. (1886) Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum IV. Padova.
Saccardo, P.A. & Saccardo, D. (1906) Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum XVIII. Padova.
Saccardo, P.A. & Sydow, P. (1899) Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum XIV. Padova.
Samuelson, D.A., Benny, G.L. & Kimbrough, J.W. (1980) Asci of the Pezizales. VII. The apical apparatus of Galiella rufa and Sarcosoma globosum: reevaluation of the suboperculate ascus. Canadian Journal of Botany 58 (11): 1235–1243. https://doi.org/10.1139/b80-153
Sanz-Ros, A.V., Müller, M.M., San Martín, R. & Diez, J.J. (2015) Fungal endophytic communities on twigs of fast and slow growing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in northern Spain. Fungal Biology 119 (10): 870–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2015.06.008
Seifert, K.A., Morgan-Jones, G., Gams, W. & Kendrick, B. (2011) The Genera of Hyphomycetes. CBS Biodiversity Ser 9: 1–997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0056-0
Soca-Chafre, G., Rivera-Orduña, F.N., Hidalgo-Lara, M.E., Hernandez-Rodriguez, C., Marsch, R. & Flores-Cotera, L.B. (2011) Molecular phylogeny and paclitaxel screening of fungal endophytes from Taxus globosa. Fungal Biology 115 (2): 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2010.11.004
Sowerby, J. (1799) Coloured Figures of English Fungi. Vol 2. J. Davis, London.
Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Strobel, G., Ericksen, A., Sears, J., Xie, J., Geary, B. & Blatt, B. (2017) Urnula sp., an Endophyte of Dicksonia antarctica, Making a Fragrant Mixture of Biologically Active Volatile Organic Compounds. Microbial Ecology 74 (2): 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-017-0947-5
Vaidya, G., Lohman, D.J. & Meier, R. (2011) SequenceMatrix: concatenation software for the fast assembly of multi-gene datasets with character set and codon information. Cladistics 27: 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00329.x
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172 (8): 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.172.8.4238-4246.1990
von Höhnel, F. (1903) Mykologische Fragmente. XXVIII–XLI. Annales Mycologici 1: 522–534.
Vu, D., Groenewald, M., de Vries, M., Gehrmann, T., Stielow, B., Eberhardt, U., Al-Hatmi, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Cardinali, G., Houbraken, J., Boekhout, T., Crous, P.W., Robert, V. & Verkley, G.J.M. (2019) Large-scale generation and analysis of filamentous fungal DNA barcodes boosts coverage for kingdom fungi and reveals thresholds for fungal species and higher taxon delimitation. Studies in Mycology 92:135–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2018.05.001
Wang, Y.Z. & Huang, C.L. (2015) A new species of Urnula (Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales) from Taiwan. Nova Hedwigia 101: 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2014/0233
Wang, X.H., Das, K., Horman, J., Antonin, V., Baghela, A., Chakraborty, D., Hembrom, ME., Nakasone, K.K., Ortiz-Santana, B., Vizzini, A., Hofstetter, V. & Buyck, B. (2018) Fungal biodiversity profiles 51–60. Cryptogamie Mycologie 39 (2): 211–257. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym/v39.iss2.2018.211
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J.L. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications 18 (1): 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Whitton, S.R., Mckenzie, E.H.C. & Hyde, K.D. (2012) Fungi Associated with Pandanaceae. Fungal Diversity Research Series 21: 1–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4447-9_1
Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Al-Ani, L.K.T., Tedersoo, L., Haelewaters, D., Rajeshkumar, K.C., Zhao, R.L., Aptroot, A., Leontyev, D.V., Saxena, R.K., Tokarev, Y.S., Dai, D.Q., Letcher, P.M., Stephenson, S.L., Ertz, D., Lumbsch, H.T., Kukwa, M., Issi, I.V., Madrid, H., Phillips, A.J.L., Selbmann, L., Pfliegler, W.P., Horváth, E., Bensch, K., Kirk, P.M., Kolaříková, K., Raja, H.A., Radek, R., Papp, V., Dima, V., Ma, J., Malosso, E., Takamatsu, S., Rambold, G., Gannibal, P.B., Triebel, D., Gautam, A.K., Avasthi, S., Suetrong, S., Timdal, E., Fryar, S.C., Delgado, G., Réblová, M., Doilom, M., Dolatabadi, S., Pawłowska, J.Z., Humber, R.A., Kodsueb, R., Sánchez-Castro, I., Goto, B.T., Silva, D.K.A., de Souza, F.A., Oehl, F., da Silva, G.A., Silva, I.R., Błaszkowski, J., Jobim, K., Maia, L.C., Barbosa, F.R., Fiuza, P.O., Divakar, P.K., Shenoy, B.D., Castañeda-Ruiz, R.F., Somrithipol, S., Lateef, A.A., Karunarathna, S.C., Tibpromma, S., Mortimer, P.E., Wanasinghe, D.N., Phookamsak, R., Xu, J., Wang, Y., Tian, F., Alvarado, P., Li, D.W., Kušan, I., Matočec, N., Mešić, A., Tkalčec, Z., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Papizadeh, M., Heredia, G., Wartchow, F., Bakhshi, M., Boehm, E., Youssef, N., Hustad, V.P., Lawrey, J.D., Santiago, A.L.C.M.A., Bezerra, J.D.P., Souza-Motta, C.M., Firmino, A.L., Tian, Q., Houbraken, J., Hongsanan, S., Tanaka, K., Dissanayake, A.J., Monteiro, J.S., Grossart, H.P., Suija, A., Weerakoon, G., Etayo, J., Tsurykau, A., Vázquez, V., Mungai, P., Damm, U., Li, Q.R., Zhang, H., Boonmee, S., Lu, Y.Z., Becerra, A.G., Kendrick, B., Brearley, F.Q., Motiejűnaitë, J., Sharma, B., Khare, R., Gaikwad, S., Wijesundara, D.S.A., Tang, L.Z., He, M.Q., Flakus, A., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Zhurbenko, M.P., McKenzie, E.H.C., Stadler, M., Bhat, D.J., Liu, J.K., Raza, M., Jeewon, R., Nassonova, E.S., Prieto, M., Jayalal, R.G.U., Erdoðdu, M., Yurkov, A., Schnittler, M., Shchepin, O.N., Novozhilov, Y.K., Silva-Filho, A.G.S., Gentekaki, E., Liu, P., Cavender, J.C., Kang, Y., Mohammad, S., Zhang, L.F., Xu, R.F., Li, Y.M., Dayarathne, M.C., Ekanayaka, A.H., Wen, T.C., Deng, C.Y., Pereira, O.L., Navathe, S., Hawksworth, D.L., Fan, X.L., Dissanayake, L.S., Kuhnert, E., Grossart, H.P. & Thines, M. (2020) Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. Mycosphere 11: 1060–1456. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8
Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Rajeshkumar, K.C., Hawksworth, D.L., Madrid, H., Kirk, P.M., Braun, U., Singh, R.V., Crous, P.W., Kukwa, M., Lücking, R., Kurtzman, C.P., Yurkov, A., Haelewaters, D., Aptroot, A., Lumbsch, H.T., Timdal, E., Ertz, D., Etayo, J., Phillips, A.J.L., Groenewald, J.Z., Papizadeh, M., Selbmann, L., Dayarathne, M.C., Weerakoon, G., Jones, E.B.G., Suetrong, S., Tian, Q., Castañeda-Ruiz, R.F., Bahkali, A.H., Pang, K.L., Tanaka, K., Dai, D.Q., Sakayaroj, J., Hujslová, M., Lombard, L., Shenoy, B.D., Suija, A., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Thambugala, K.M., Wanasinghe, D.N., Sharma, B.O., Gaikwad, S., Pandit, G., Zucconi, L., Onofri, S., Egidi, E., Raja, H.A., Kodsueb, R., Cáceres, M.E.S., Pérez-Ortega, S., Fiuza, P.O., Monteiro, J.S., Vasilyeva, L.N., Shivas, R.G., Prieto, M., Wedin, M., Olariaga, I., Lateef, A.A., Agrawal, Y., Fazeli, S.A.S., Amoozegar, M.A., Zhao, G.Z., Pfliegler, W.P., Sharma, G., Oset, M., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Takamatsu, S., Bensch, K., de Silva, N.I., Kesel, A.D., Karunarathna, A., Boonmee, S., Pfister, D.H., Lu, Y.Z., Luo, Z.L., Boonyuen, N., Daranagama, D.A., Senanayake, I.C., Jayasiri, S.C., Samarakoon, M.C., Zeng, X.Y., Doilom, M., Quijada, L., Rampadarath, S., Heredia, G., Dissanayake, A.J., Jayawardana, R.S., Perera, R.H., Tang, L.Z., Phukhamsakda, C., Hernández-Restrepo, M., Ma, X.Y., Tibpromma, S., Gusmao, L.F.P., Weerahewa, D. & Karunarathna, S.C. (2017) Notes for genera: Ascomycota. Fungal Diversity 86: 1–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0386-0
Wolf, F.A. (1958) Mechanism of apothecial opening and ascospore expulsion by the cup-fungus Urnula craterium. Mycologia 50: 837–843. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1958.12024778
Zhuang, W.Y., Yu, Z.H. & Wang, Z. (2004) Flora fungorum sinicorum. Vol. 21. Hyaloscyphaceae, Sarcoscyphaceae et Sarcosomataceae. Science Press, Beijing.
Blanchette, R.A., Held, B.W., Hellmann, L., Millman, L. & Büntgen, U. (2016) Arctic driftwood reveals unexpectedly rich fungal diversity. Fungal Ecology 23: 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.06.001
Cabello, M.N. (1988) Estudio sistemático del suborden Sarcoscyphineae (Pezizales, Ascomycotina) empleando técnicas numéricas. Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 25: 395–413.
Cai, L., Jeewon, R. & Hyde, K.D. (2005) Phylogenetic evaluation and taxonomic revision of Schizothecium based on ribosomal DNA and protein coding genes. Fungal Diversity 19: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2005.09.014
Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Silla-Martínez, J.M. & Gabaldón, T. (2009) TrimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. Bioinformatics 25: 1972–1973. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp348
Carbone, M. & Agnello, C. (2013) Notes on Urnula campylospora (Pezizales). Ascomycete.org 5 (1): 25–32.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C. & Alvarado, P. (2013a) Phylogenetic studies in the family Sarcosomataceae (Ascomycota, Pezizales). Ascomycete.org 5 (1): 1–12.
Carbone, M.,Wang, Y.Z. & Huang, C.L. (2013b) Studies in Trichaleurina (Pezizales). Type studies of Trichaleurina polytricha and Urnula philippinarum. The status of Sarcosoma javanicum, Bulgaria celebica, and Trichaleurina tenuispora sp. nov., with notes on the anamorphic genus Kumanasamuha. Ascomycete.org 5 (5): 137–153.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C. & Alvarado, P. (2014a) Phylogenetic and morphological studies in the genus Pseudoplectania (Ascomycota, Pezizales). Ascomycete.org 6 (1): 17–33.
Carbone, M., Loizides, M. & Alvarado, P. (2015) Preliminary phylogenetic and morphological studies in the Plectania melastoma lineage (Ascomycota, Pezizales). Ascomycete.org 7 (1): 23–29.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C., Alvarado, P. & Krom, I. (2014b) Donadinia sibirica (Ascomycota, Pezizales) a new species from Russia. Mycologia Montenegrina 17: 53–64.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C., Baglivo, A., Perić, B. & De Giorgi, D. (2011a) Studio comparato delle specie lungamente stipitate del genere Plectania. Mycologia Montenegrina 14: 7–38.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C. & Harnisch, J. (2011b) Contribution to the knowledge of Plectania milleri (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a Northwestern American species. Ascomycete.org 3 (3): 47–54.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C. & Konstantinidis, G. (2011c) Plectania megalocrater comb. nov., rinvenuta in Grecia. Bollettino della associazione micologica ed ecologica romana 84 (3): 3–14.
Carbone, M., Agnello, C. & LaGreca, S. (2012) Plectania seaveri (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a new discomycete from Bermuda. Mycotaxon 120: 317–329. https://doi.org/10.5248/120.317
Carmichael, J.W., Kendrick, W.B., Conners, I.L. & Sigler, L. (1980) Genera of Hyphomycetes. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alta.
Clements, F.C. & Shear, C.L. (1931) The genera of fungi. Hafner, New York.
Davidson, R.W. (1950) Urnula craterium is possibly the perfect stage of Strumella coryneoidea. Mycologia 42 (6): 735–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1950.12017876
Díaz, J.A. (2018) Aportaciones al conocimiento de la micobiota de la Sierra de O Courel (Lugo, España): Donadinia helvelloides. Micolucus 5: 9–18.
Donadini, J.C., Berthet, P. & Astier, J. (1973) Un Urnula nouveau: Urnula helvelloides (Discomycètes operculés). Bulletin mensuel de la Socieìteì linneìenne de Lyon 42 (3): 37–40. https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1973.10051
Eckblad, F.E. (1968) The genera of the operculate Discomycetes. A re-evaluation of their taxonomy, phylogeny and nomenclature. Nordic Journal of Botany 15: 1–191.
Ekanayaka, A.H., Hyde, K.D., Jones, E.B.G. & Zhao, Q. (2018) Taxonomy and phylogeny of operculate discomycetes: Pezizomycetes. Fungal Diversity 90 (1): 161–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0402-z
Ellis, M.B. (1971) Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, UK, pp. 1–608.
Evangelisti, E. (2019) A French collection of Pseudoplectania nigrella (Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales) is closely related to endophytic fungi. Ascomycete.org 11 (6): 285–290.
Fan, L.L., Guo, S.Y. & Han, L.F. (2018) Diversity of endolichenic fungi associated with some species of Cladonia from the Greater Khingan Mountains of Northeast China. Mycosystema 37 (7): 896–906. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.180071
Fries, E.M. (1825) Systema orbis vegetabilis. Primas lineas novae constructionis periclitatur. Pars 1. Plantae homonemae. Lund.
Fries, E.M. (1849) Summa vegetabilium scandinaviae. Vol. 2. A. Bonnier, Stokholm pp 259–572.
Fuckel, L. (1870) Symbolae mycologicae. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Rheinischen Pilze. Jahrbücher des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde 23–24:1–459. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.47117
Hansen, K., Weber, N.S. & Landvik, S. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of Karstenella (Pezizomycetes). Karstenia 48 (1): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.2008.424
Hansen, K., Perry, B.A., Dranginis, A.W. & Pfister, D.H. (2013) A phylogeny of the highly diverse cup-fungus family Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes, Ascomycota) clarifies relationships and evolution of selected life history traits. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 67 (2): 311–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.014
Harrington, F.A., Pfister, D.H., Potter, D. & Donoghue, M.J. (1999) Phylogenetic studies within the Pezizales. I. 18S rRNA sequence data and classification. Mycologia 91 (1): 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1999.12060992
Hennebert, G.L. (1998) New species of the aeroaquatic hyphomycete genus Clathrosporium and their relationship with Strumella Sacc. Canadian Journal of Botany 76: 1596–1607. https://doi.org/10.1139/b98-112
Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754–755. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754
Hughes, S.J. (1958) Revisiones Hyphomycetum aliquot cum appendice de nominibus rejiciendis. Canadian Journal of Botany 36: 727–836. https://doi.org/10.1139/b58-067
Jayasiri, S.C., Hyde, K.D., Ariyawansa, H.A., Bhat, J., Buyck, B., Cai, L., Dai, Y.C., Abd-Elsalam, K.A., Ertz, D., Hidayat, I., Jeewon, R., Jones, E.B.G., Bahkali, A.H., Karunarathna, S.C., Liu, J.K., Luangsa-ard, J.J., Lumbsch, H.T., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., McKenzie, E.H.C., Moncalvo, J.M., Ghobad-Nejhad, M., Nilsson, H., Pang, K.L., Pereira, O.L., Phillips, A.J.L., Raspé, O., Rollins, A.W., Romero, A.I., Etayo, J., Selçuk, F., Stephenson, S.L., Suetrong, S., Taylor, J.E., Tsui, C.K.M., Vizzini, A., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Wen, T.C., Boonmee, S., Dai, D.Q., Daranagama, D.A., Dissanayake, A.J., Ekanayaka, A.H., Fryar, S.C., Hongsanan, S., Jayawardena, R.S., Li, W.J., Perera, R.H., Phookamsak, R., de Silva, N.I., Thambugala, K.M., Tian, Q., Wijayawardene, N.N., Zhao, R.L., Zhao, Q., Kang, J.C. & Promputtha, I. (2015) The Faces of Fungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts. Fungal Diversity 74: 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0351-8
Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30 (4): 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. & Stalpers, J.A. (2008) Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th Edition edition. CAB International, Wallingford, UK https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851998268.0000
Kobayasi, Y. (1937) On the gelatinous cup fungi, Bulgaria-group. Journal of Japanese Botany 13: 511–520.
Korf, R.P. (1957) Two Bulgarioid Genera: Galiella and Plectania. Mycologia 49 (1): 107–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1957.12024617
Korf, R.P. (1970) Nomenclatural notes. VII. Family and tribe names in the Sarcoscyphineae (Discomycetes) and a new taxonomic disposition of the genera. Taxon 19: 782–786. https://doi.org/10.2307/1219292
Korf, R.P. (1972) Synoptic key to the genera of the Pezizales. Mycologia 64 (5): 937–994. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1972.12019349
Köpcke, B., Weber, R.W.S. & Anke, H. (2002) Galiellalactone and its biogenetic precursors as chemotaxonomic markers of the Sarcosomataceae (Ascomycota). Phytochemistry 60 (7): 709–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00193-0
Lagarde, A., Jargeat, P., Roy, M., Girardot, M., Imbert, C., Millot, M. & Mambu, L. (2018) Fungal communities associated with Evernia prunastri, Ramalina fastigiata and Pleurosticta acetabulum: Three epiphytic lichens potentially active against Candida biofilms. Microbiological Research 211: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2018.03.006
Larsson, A. (2014) AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets. Bioinformatics 30: 3276–3278. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531
Le Gal, M. (1946) Les Discomycètes suboperculés. Bulletin trimestriel de la Société mycologique de France 62: 218–240.
Li, L.T. & Kimbrough, J.W. (1995) Septal structures in the Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarcosomataceae (Pezizales). International Journal of Plant Sciences 156 (6): 841–848. https://doi.org/10.1086/297308
Li, J.L., Sun, X., Chen, L. & Guo, L.D. (2016) Community structure of endophytic fungi of four mangrove species in Southern China. Mycology 7 (4): 180–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2016.1258439
Liu, Y.J., Whelen, S. & Hall, B.D. (1999) Phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerase II subunit. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 1799–1808. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026092
Lumbsch, H.T. & Huhndorf, S.M. (2007) Outline of Ascomycota – 2007. Myconet 13: 1–58.
Mapperson, R.R. (2014) Diversity of fungal endophytes in the semi evergreen vine thickets of the southern Brigalow Belt bioregion and their production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. Thesis (PhD Research).
Marincowitz, S., Crous, P.W., Groenewald, J.Z. &Wingfield, M.J. (2008) Microfungi occurring on Proteaceae in the fynbos. (CBS biodiversity series; No. 7). CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre.
Marziani, R., Caroti, V. & Carbone, M. (2016) Urnula mediterranea in Toscana. Annali Micologici A.G.M.T. 9: 75–84.
Matheny, P.B., Liu, Y.J., Ammirati, J.F. & Hall, B.D. (2002) Using RPB1 sequences to improve phylogenetic inference among mushrooms (Inocybe, Agaricales). American Journal of Botany 89 (4): 688–698. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.4.688
Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE). 14 Nov. 2010, New Orleans, LA, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
Nagao, H., Kurogi, S., Kiyota, E. & Sasatomi, K. (2009) Kumanasamuha geaster sp. nov., an anamorph of Chorioactis geaster from Japan. Mycologia 101 (6): 871–877. https://doi.org/10.3852/08-121
Nuin, P.A.S. (2005) MTgui – A Simple Interface to ModelTest. Program distributed by the author. University of Toronto. Available from: http://www.genedrift.org/ (accessed 15 June 2021)
Nylander, J.A., Ronquist, J.P., Huelsenbeck, F. & Nieves-Aldrey, J.L. (2004) Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data. Systematic Biology 53: 47–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490264699
Otani, Y. (1973) On Pseudoplectania and Plectania collected in Japan. Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute 10: 411–419.
Paden, J.W. (1972) Imperfect states and the taxonomy of the Pezizales. Persoonia 6 (4): 405–414.
Paden, J.W. (1983) Sarcosomataceae (Pezizales, Sarcoscyphineae). Flora Neotropica 37: 1–17.
Persoon, C.H. (1797) Tentamen dispositionis methodicae fungorum. Vol. 8. Petrum Philippum Wolf, Leipzig, pp 1–76.
Pfister, D.H. (2015) Chapter 2. Pezizomycotina: Pezizomycetes, Orbiliomycetes. The Mycota VII (B). In: Mclaughlin, D.J. & Spatafora, J.W. (Eds.) Systematics and Evolution. Springer-Verlag, pp. 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46011-5_2
Pfister, D.H. & LoBuglio, K.F. (2018) Lost and found: the Bermudan Donadinia seaveri found in North America, with comments on its juniper associates. Mycologia 110: 215–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1409052
Pfister, D.H., Slater, C. & Hansen, K. (2008) Chorioactidaceae: a new family in the Pezizales (Ascomycota) with four genera. Mycological Research 112: 513–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2007.11.016
Posada, D. & Buckley, T.R. (2004) Model Selection and Model Averaging in Phylogenetics: Advantages of Akaike. Systematic Biology 53 (5): 793–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490522304
Rannala, B. & Yang, Z. (1996) Probability distribution of molecular evolutionary trees: a new method of phylogenetic inference. Journal of Molecular Evolution 43: 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02338839
Rehner, S.A. & Buckley, E. (2005) A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-α sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia 97: 84–98. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.97.1.84
Rivera-Orduña, F.N., Suarez-Sanchez, R.A., Flores-Bustamante, Z.R., Gracida-Rodriguez, J.N. & Flores-Cotera, L.B. (2011) Diversity of endophytic fungi of Taxus globosa (Mexican yew). Fungal Diversity 47: 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0045-1
Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van Der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Saccardo, P.A. (1880) Conspectus generum fungorum Italiae inferiorum. Michelia 2 (6): 1–38.
Saccardo, P.A. (1886) Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum IV. Padova.
Saccardo, P.A. & Saccardo, D. (1906) Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum XVIII. Padova.
Saccardo, P.A. & Sydow, P. (1899) Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum XIV. Padova.
Samuelson, D.A., Benny, G.L. & Kimbrough, J.W. (1980) Asci of the Pezizales. VII. The apical apparatus of Galiella rufa and Sarcosoma globosum: reevaluation of the suboperculate ascus. Canadian Journal of Botany 58 (11): 1235–1243. https://doi.org/10.1139/b80-153
Sanz-Ros, A.V., Müller, M.M., San Martín, R. & Diez, J.J. (2015) Fungal endophytic communities on twigs of fast and slow growing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in northern Spain. Fungal Biology 119 (10): 870–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2015.06.008
Seifert, K.A., Morgan-Jones, G., Gams, W. & Kendrick, B. (2011) The Genera of Hyphomycetes. CBS Biodiversity Ser 9: 1–997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0056-0
Soca-Chafre, G., Rivera-Orduña, F.N., Hidalgo-Lara, M.E., Hernandez-Rodriguez, C., Marsch, R. & Flores-Cotera, L.B. (2011) Molecular phylogeny and paclitaxel screening of fungal endophytes from Taxus globosa. Fungal Biology 115 (2): 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2010.11.004
Sowerby, J. (1799) Coloured Figures of English Fungi. Vol 2. J. Davis, London.
Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Strobel, G., Ericksen, A., Sears, J., Xie, J., Geary, B. & Blatt, B. (2017) Urnula sp., an Endophyte of Dicksonia antarctica, Making a Fragrant Mixture of Biologically Active Volatile Organic Compounds. Microbial Ecology 74 (2): 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-017-0947-5
Vaidya, G., Lohman, D.J. & Meier, R. (2011) SequenceMatrix: concatenation software for the fast assembly of multi-gene datasets with character set and codon information. Cladistics 27: 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00329.x
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172 (8): 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.172.8.4238-4246.1990
von Höhnel, F. (1903) Mykologische Fragmente. XXVIII–XLI. Annales Mycologici 1: 522–534.
Vu, D., Groenewald, M., de Vries, M., Gehrmann, T., Stielow, B., Eberhardt, U., Al-Hatmi, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Cardinali, G., Houbraken, J., Boekhout, T., Crous, P.W., Robert, V. & Verkley, G.J.M. (2019) Large-scale generation and analysis of filamentous fungal DNA barcodes boosts coverage for kingdom fungi and reveals thresholds for fungal species and higher taxon delimitation. Studies in Mycology 92:135–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2018.05.001
Wang, Y.Z. & Huang, C.L. (2015) A new species of Urnula (Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales) from Taiwan. Nova Hedwigia 101: 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2014/0233
Wang, X.H., Das, K., Horman, J., Antonin, V., Baghela, A., Chakraborty, D., Hembrom, ME., Nakasone, K.K., Ortiz-Santana, B., Vizzini, A., Hofstetter, V. & Buyck, B. (2018) Fungal biodiversity profiles 51–60. Cryptogamie Mycologie 39 (2): 211–257. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym/v39.iss2.2018.211
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J.L. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications 18 (1): 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Whitton, S.R., Mckenzie, E.H.C. & Hyde, K.D. (2012) Fungi Associated with Pandanaceae. Fungal Diversity Research Series 21: 1–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4447-9_1
Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Al-Ani, L.K.T., Tedersoo, L., Haelewaters, D., Rajeshkumar, K.C., Zhao, R.L., Aptroot, A., Leontyev, D.V., Saxena, R.K., Tokarev, Y.S., Dai, D.Q., Letcher, P.M., Stephenson, S.L., Ertz, D., Lumbsch, H.T., Kukwa, M., Issi, I.V., Madrid, H., Phillips, A.J.L., Selbmann, L., Pfliegler, W.P., Horváth, E., Bensch, K., Kirk, P.M., Kolaříková, K., Raja, H.A., Radek, R., Papp, V., Dima, V., Ma, J., Malosso, E., Takamatsu, S., Rambold, G., Gannibal, P.B., Triebel, D., Gautam, A.K., Avasthi, S., Suetrong, S., Timdal, E., Fryar, S.C., Delgado, G., Réblová, M., Doilom, M., Dolatabadi, S., Pawłowska, J.Z., Humber, R.A., Kodsueb, R., Sánchez-Castro, I., Goto, B.T., Silva, D.K.A., de Souza, F.A., Oehl, F., da Silva, G.A., Silva, I.R., Błaszkowski, J., Jobim, K., Maia, L.C., Barbosa, F.R., Fiuza, P.O., Divakar, P.K., Shenoy, B.D., Castañeda-Ruiz, R.F., Somrithipol, S., Lateef, A.A., Karunarathna, S.C., Tibpromma, S., Mortimer, P.E., Wanasinghe, D.N., Phookamsak, R., Xu, J., Wang, Y., Tian, F., Alvarado, P., Li, D.W., Kušan, I., Matočec, N., Mešić, A., Tkalčec, Z., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Papizadeh, M., Heredia, G., Wartchow, F., Bakhshi, M., Boehm, E., Youssef, N., Hustad, V.P., Lawrey, J.D., Santiago, A.L.C.M.A., Bezerra, J.D.P., Souza-Motta, C.M., Firmino, A.L., Tian, Q., Houbraken, J., Hongsanan, S., Tanaka, K., Dissanayake, A.J., Monteiro, J.S., Grossart, H.P., Suija, A., Weerakoon, G., Etayo, J., Tsurykau, A., Vázquez, V., Mungai, P., Damm, U., Li, Q.R., Zhang, H., Boonmee, S., Lu, Y.Z., Becerra, A.G., Kendrick, B., Brearley, F.Q., Motiejűnaitë, J., Sharma, B., Khare, R., Gaikwad, S., Wijesundara, D.S.A., Tang, L.Z., He, M.Q., Flakus, A., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Zhurbenko, M.P., McKenzie, E.H.C., Stadler, M., Bhat, D.J., Liu, J.K., Raza, M., Jeewon, R., Nassonova, E.S., Prieto, M., Jayalal, R.G.U., Erdoðdu, M., Yurkov, A., Schnittler, M., Shchepin, O.N., Novozhilov, Y.K., Silva-Filho, A.G.S., Gentekaki, E., Liu, P., Cavender, J.C., Kang, Y., Mohammad, S., Zhang, L.F., Xu, R.F., Li, Y.M., Dayarathne, M.C., Ekanayaka, A.H., Wen, T.C., Deng, C.Y., Pereira, O.L., Navathe, S., Hawksworth, D.L., Fan, X.L., Dissanayake, L.S., Kuhnert, E., Grossart, H.P. & Thines, M. (2020) Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. Mycosphere 11: 1060–1456. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8
Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Rajeshkumar, K.C., Hawksworth, D.L., Madrid, H., Kirk, P.M., Braun, U., Singh, R.V., Crous, P.W., Kukwa, M., Lücking, R., Kurtzman, C.P., Yurkov, A., Haelewaters, D., Aptroot, A., Lumbsch, H.T., Timdal, E., Ertz, D., Etayo, J., Phillips, A.J.L., Groenewald, J.Z., Papizadeh, M., Selbmann, L., Dayarathne, M.C., Weerakoon, G., Jones, E.B.G., Suetrong, S., Tian, Q., Castañeda-Ruiz, R.F., Bahkali, A.H., Pang, K.L., Tanaka, K., Dai, D.Q., Sakayaroj, J., Hujslová, M., Lombard, L., Shenoy, B.D., Suija, A., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Thambugala, K.M., Wanasinghe, D.N., Sharma, B.O., Gaikwad, S., Pandit, G., Zucconi, L., Onofri, S., Egidi, E., Raja, H.A., Kodsueb, R., Cáceres, M.E.S., Pérez-Ortega, S., Fiuza, P.O., Monteiro, J.S., Vasilyeva, L.N., Shivas, R.G., Prieto, M., Wedin, M., Olariaga, I., Lateef, A.A., Agrawal, Y., Fazeli, S.A.S., Amoozegar, M.A., Zhao, G.Z., Pfliegler, W.P., Sharma, G., Oset, M., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Takamatsu, S., Bensch, K., de Silva, N.I., Kesel, A.D., Karunarathna, A., Boonmee, S., Pfister, D.H., Lu, Y.Z., Luo, Z.L., Boonyuen, N., Daranagama, D.A., Senanayake, I.C., Jayasiri, S.C., Samarakoon, M.C., Zeng, X.Y., Doilom, M., Quijada, L., Rampadarath, S., Heredia, G., Dissanayake, A.J., Jayawardana, R.S., Perera, R.H., Tang, L.Z., Phukhamsakda, C., Hernández-Restrepo, M., Ma, X.Y., Tibpromma, S., Gusmao, L.F.P., Weerahewa, D. & Karunarathna, S.C. (2017) Notes for genera: Ascomycota. Fungal Diversity 86: 1–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0386-0
Wolf, F.A. (1958) Mechanism of apothecial opening and ascospore expulsion by the cup-fungus Urnula craterium. Mycologia 50: 837–843. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1958.12024778
Zhuang, W.Y., Yu, Z.H. & Wang, Z. (2004) Flora fungorum sinicorum. Vol. 21. Hyaloscyphaceae, Sarcoscyphaceae et Sarcosomataceae. Science Press, Beijing.