Abstract
We recognize four genera and six species of Splachnaceae in Brazil. Tetraplodon itatiaiae Müll.Hal. is proposed as a new synonym of Tetraplodon mnioides (Hedw) Bruch & Schimp., and Tetraplodon tomentosus Sehnem new synonym of Leptodontium capituligerum Müll.Hal. Three species are recognized as endemic: Moseniella ulei (Müll.Hal. ex Broth.) A. Kop., M. brasiliensis Broth., and Tayloria arenaria (Müll.Hal.) Broth. The species Tayloria scabriseta (Hook.) Mitt. is a new record for the country. We provide identification keys, comments, and diagnostic illustrations, as well as comments on their conservation status.