Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 721 No. 1: 3 Oct. 2025
Type: Article
Published: 2025-10-03
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.721.1.1
Page range: 1-49
Abstract views: 458
PDF downloaded: 251

A taxonomic treatment of Alismataceae (Alismatales) in the Brazilian Pantanal

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Department of Green Services, Paraisten kaupunki, Finland
Laboratório de Sementes Nativas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
Museu da Biodiversidade (MUBIO), Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil; Museu da Biodiversidade (MUBIO), Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
Alismatidae aquatic plants herbarium records Monocots Tropical wetlands Taxonomy

Abstract

This study provides a taxonomic treatment of Alismataceae species occurring in the Brazilian Pantanal. Field collections were carried out and analysis of sheets housed in the most representative herbaria of Pantanal were consulted. A total of five genera and 19 species were confirmed in the Brazilian Pantanal. Echinodorus was the most representative genus, with nine species, followed by Sagittaria with four. Taxonomic analyses exclude E. cylindricus and E. lanceolatus, which were reassigned as E. glaucus. Echinodorus grandiflorus was identified as E. longiscapus, and specimens previously identified as E. macrophyllus were mostly updated as E. scaber, with a few reassigned as E. floribundus. New records in E. longiscapus, E. grisebachii and S. planitiana were also documented. Additionally, Aquarius is here proposed as a synonym of Echinodorus, as its segregation is considered unjustified. This study also provides the lectotypification of Sagittaria montevidensis, based on study of original material preserved at G and HAL herbaria. The taxonomic treatment includes identification keys, morphological descriptions, diagnostic and comparative notes for morphologically related taxa, discussions on previously reported taxa, photographic plates, illustrations, and species distribution maps.

References

  1. Agostini, G. (1970) Notes on Alismataceae. Phytologia 20: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.7125
  2. Alho, C.J. & Silva, J.S. (2012) Effects of severe floods and droughts on wildlife of the Pantanal wetland (Brazil)—a review. Animals 2: 591–610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani2040591
  3. Alvares, C.A., Stape, J.L., Sentelhas, P.C., Gonçalves, J.D.M. & Sparovek, G. (2013) Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22: 711–728. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507
  4. APG IV (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
  5. Arechavaleta, J. (1903) Contribución al conocimiento de la flora de la república Uruguay. Varias especies nuevas y otras poco conocidas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Montevideo 4: 61–86.
  6. Assine, M.L. (2015) Brazilian Pantanal: a large pristine tropical wetland. In: Vieira, B.C., Salgado, A.A.R. & Santos, L.J.C. (Eds.) Landscapes and landforms of Brazil. Springer, Berlin, pp. 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8023-0_12
  7. Beentje, H. (2016) The Kew plant glossary. 2nd ed. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, 192 pp.
  8. Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (1883) Genera Plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis Kewensibus servata definita, Vol. 3 (2). L. Reeve & Co., London, 1258 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.105370
  9. Biodiversity Heritage Library (2025) Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ (accessed 30 January 2025)
  10. Bogin, C. (1955) Revision of the genus Sagittaria (Alismataceae). Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 9: 179–233.
  11. Bonpland, A.J.A. (1807) Plantae Aequinoctiales, vol. 1. pl. 36, pp. 116.
  12. Boulange, J., Hanasaki, N., Yamazaki, D. & Pokhrel, Y. (2021) Role of dams in reducing global flood exposure under climate change. Nature Communications 12: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20704-0
  13. Britton, N.L. (1905) Alismaceae. In: Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada, 2nd ed. Henry Holt & Company, New York, pp. 53–56. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.102149
  14. Buchenau, F. (1868) Index criticus Butomacearum Alismatacearumque huscusque desciptarum. In: Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine zu Bremen v. 2. C.E.D Muller, Bremen, pp. 2–49.
  15. Buchenau, F. (1903) Alismataceae. In: Engler, A. (Ed.) Das Pflanzenreich. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 23–35.
  16. Canalli, Y.D.M. & Bove, C.P. (2017) Flora do Rio de Janeiro: Alismataceae. Rodriguésia 68: 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201768103
  17. Chamisso, L.K.A. & Schlechtendal, D.F.L. (1827) Alismaceae verae. Linnaea 2: 152–157.
  18. Chamisso, L.K.A. (1835) Alismaceae verae. Linnaea 10: 119–220.
  19. Chen, L.Y., Lu, B., Morales-Briones, D.F., Moody, M.L., Liu, F. & Hu, G.W. (2022) Phylogenomic analyses of Alismatales shed light into adaptations to aquatic environments. Molecular Biology and Evolution 39: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac079
  20. Christenhusz, M.J.M., Fay, M.F. & Byng, J.W. (2018) The Global Flora, Special Edition, GLOVAP Nomenclature Part 1, vol. 4. Plant Gateway Ltd., Bradford, 160 pp.
  21. Cook, C.D.K. (1996) Aquatic Plant Book. 2nd ed. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam/New York, 228 pp.
  22. CRIA—Centro de Referência em Informação Ambiental. (2023) speciesLink Home Page. Available from: http://www.splink.org.br (accessed 15 Nov. 2023)
  23. Fassett, N.C. (1955) Echinodorus in the American tropics. Rhodora 57: 133–156. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1955.57.1.02a00180
  24. Freitas, A.C., Trevelin, C.C., Almeida, L.F.R., Manoel, P.S., Damasceno Júnior, G.A. & Guimarães, E. (2014) Clima. In: Guimarães, E., Trevelin, C.C. & Manoel, P.S. (Eds.) Pantanal: paisagens, flora e fauna. Editora UNESP, São Paulo, pp. 16–19.
  25. Gituru, R.W., Wang, Q.-F., Wang, Y. & Guo, Y.-H. (2002) (1546) Proposal to conserve the name Sagittaria guayanensis (Alismataceae) with that spelling. Taxon 51 (3): 575–576. https://doi.org/10.2307/1554882
  26. Gomez, B.M., Reale, M., El Kassisse, Y., Mujica, C., Gómez, C., de Cabo, L. & Rodríguez Salemi, V. (2020) Metals uptake by Sagittaria montevidensis in contaminated riparian area of Matanza Riachuelo River (Argentina). SN Applied Sciences 2: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03816-6
  27. Graebner, P. (1911) Alismatacea uruguayensis. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 45: 433–434.
  28. Gray, A. (1848) A manual of the botany of the northern United States. J. Munroe, Boston, 710 pp.
  29. Grisebach, A. (1857) Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. In der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, Göttingen, 148 pp.
  30. Grisebach, A. (1858) Alismaceae. Bonplandia 6: 11.
  31. Grisebach, A. (1866) Alismaceae. In: Grisebach, A. (Ed.) Catalogus plantarum cubensium exhibens collectionem Wrightianam aliasque minores. Apud Gulielmum Engelmann, Lipsae, pp. 218–218.
  32. Guimarães, E.S. (1999) Alismataceae da região Sul do Pantanal Mato-Grossense. MsC thesis. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
  33. Hall, C.F. & Gil, A.D.S.B. (2016) Flora das cangas da Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brasil: Alismataceae. Rodriguésia 67: 1195–1199.
  34. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201667517
  35. Haynes, R.R. & Hellquist, C.B. (2000) Alismataceae in Flora of North America. Available from: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10025 (accessed 25 September 2023)
  36. Haynes, R.R. & Holm-Nielsen, L.B. (1986) Notes on Echinodorus (Alismataceae). Brittonia 38: 325–332. https://doi.org/10.2307/2807073
  37. Haynes, R.R. & Holm-Nielsen, L.B. (1994) The Alismataceae. Flora Neotropica 64: 1–112.
  38. Haynes, R.R. (1984) Techniques for collecting aquatic and marsh plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71: 229–231.
  39. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399065
  40. Haynes, R.R., Les, D.H. & Holm-Nielsen, L.B. (1998a) Limnocharitaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer, Berlin, pp. 271–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_29
  41. Haynes, R.R., Les, D.H. & Holm-Nielsen, L.B. (1998b) Alismataceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer, Berlin, pp. 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_4
  42. Heuchert, B., Braun, U., Tkach, N., Marx, D. & Röser, M. (2017) Biography of DFL von Schlechtendal and type material of his new taxa preserved in the herbarium of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (HAL) and other botanical collections. Schlechtendalia 31: 1–143.
  43. Holm-Nielsen, L.B. (1979) The identity of Alisma boliviana Rusby (Alismataceae). Brittonia 31: 276–278. https://doi.org/10.2307/2806189
  44. International Plant Names Index (2025) Available from: http://www.ipni.org (accessed 30 January 2025)
  45. Ito, Y., Tanaka, N., Keener, B.R. & Lehtonen, S. (2020) Phylogeny and biogeography of Sagittaria (Alismataceae) revisited: evidence for cryptic diversity and colonization out of South America. Journal of Plant Research 133: 827–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-020-01229-5
  46. JBRJ—Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. JABOT—Banco de Dados da Flora Brasileira. Available from: https://jabot.jbrj.gov.br (accessed 28 April 2024)
  47. Jérémie, J., Lobreau-Callen, D., Couderc, H. & Jossang, A. (2001) Une nouvelle espèce d’Echinodorus (Alismataceae) de Guadeloupe (Petites Antilles). Observation palynologiques, cytogénétiques et chimiques. Adansonia 23 (2): 191–203.
  48. JSTOR Global Plants (2025) JSTOR Global Plants. Available from: http://plants.jstor.org/ (accessed 30 January 2025)
  49. Junk, W.J. & Nunes da Cunha, C. (2016) The Pantanal: a brief review of its ecology, biodiversity, and protection status. In: Finlayson, C.M., Milton, G.R., Prentice, R.C. & Davidson, N.C. (Eds.) The Wetland Book: II: Distribution, Description and Conservation. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_129-1
  50. Junk, W.J., Bergier, I., Assine, M.L., Pott, V.J., Pott, A. & Tomas, W.M. (2011) The Pantanal: A large South American wetland and its position in limnological theory. In: Junk, W.L. (Ed.) The Pantanal: Ecology, biodiversity and sustainable management of a large neotropical seasonal wetland. Pensoft, Sofia, pp. 23–44.
  51. Junk, W.J., Nunes da Cunha, C., Wantzen, K.M., Petermann, P., Strüssmann, C., Marques, M.I., Adis, J., Silva, J.D.S.V. & Abdon, M.M. (2006) Biodiversity and its conservation in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Aquatic Sciences 68: 278–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-006-0851-4
  52. Keener, B.R. (2005) Molecular systematics and revision of the aquatic monocot genus Sagittaria (Alismataceae). Master dissertation, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA, 168 pp.
  53. Kinupp, V.F. & Lorenzi, H. (2014) Plantas alimentícias não convencionais (PANC) no Brasil: guia de identificação, aspectos nutricionais e receitas ilustradas. Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora, Nova Odessa, 382 pp.
  54. Kunth, C.S. (1816) Sagittaria Rich. In: Humboldt, A., Bonpland, A. & Kunth, K.S. Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 250. P. Didot, Paris, pp. 250–250.
  55. Kunth, C.S. (1837) Enumeratio Plantarum. Vol. 2. Stuttgartiae et Tubingae: Sumptibus J.G. Cottae, 591 pp.
  56. Kunth, C.S. (1841) Alismaceae Richard. Enumeratio Plantarum 3. J. G. Collae, Stuttgart & Tübingen, pp. 147–162.
  57. Lázaro, W.L., Oliveira-Júnior, E.S., Silva, C.J.D., Castrillon, S.K.I. & Muniz, C.C. (2020) Climate change reflected in one of the largest wetlands in the world: an overview of the Northern Pantanal water regime. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 32: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x7619
  58. Lehtonen, S. & Falck, D. (2011) Watery varieties: aquarium plant diversity from aesthetic, commercial, and systematic perspectives. In: Aquino, J.C. (Ed.) Ornamental plants: types, cultivation, and nutrition. Nova Science Pub Inc, Hauppauge, New York, pp. 1–46.
  59. Lehtonen, S. (2008) An integrative approach to species delimitation in Echinodorus (Alismataceae) and the description of two new species. Kew Bulletin 63: 525–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-008-9068-0
  60. Lehtonen, S. (2009) Systematics of the Alismataceae—A morphological evaluation. Aquatic Botany 91: 279–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2009.08.002
  61. Lehtonen, S. (2017) Splitting Caldesia in favour of Albidella (Alismatacaeae). Australian Systematic Botany 30: 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1071/SB16050
  62. Lehtonen, S. & Myllys, L. (2008) Cladistic analysis of Echinodorus (Alismataceae): simultaneous analysis of molecular and morphological data. Cladistics 24: 218–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00177.x
  63. Leme, F.M., Bento, J.P.S.P., Fabiano, V.S., González, J.D.V., Pott, V.J. & Arruda, R.C.O. (2021) New Aspects of Secretory Structures in Five Alismataceae Species: Laticifers or Ducts?. Plants 10: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122694
  64. Les, D.H. & Tippery, N.P. (2013) In time and with water: the systematics of alismatid monocotyledons. In: Wilkin, P. & Mayo, S.J. (Eds.) Early events in monocot evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 118–164. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139002950.007
  65. Li, Z.-Z., Lehtonen, S., Martins, K., Wang, Q.-F. & Chen, J.-M. (2022) Complete genus-level plastid phylogenomics of Alismataceae with revisited historical biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 166: 107334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107334
  66. Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum 1. Imprensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 560 pp.
  67. Lot, A. & Novelo, A. (1994) Alismataceae. In: Davidse, G., Sousa, M. & Chater, A.O. (Eds.) Flora Mesoamericana vol. 6. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, pp. 3–8.
  68. Marengo, J.A., Oliveira, G.S. & Alves, L.M. (2015) Climate change scenarios in the Pantanal. In: Bergier, I. & Assine, M. (Eds.) Dynamics of the Pantanal wetland in South America. The handbook of environmental chemistry. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2015_357
  69. Martius, C.F.P. (1830) Alisma. In: Schultes, J.A. & Schultes, J.H. (Eds.) Systema Vegetabilium 7. J.G. Cottae, Stuttgart, pp. 1609–1610.
  70. Matias, L.Q. & Nascimento, H.P.D. (2022) Flora of Espírito Santo, Brazil: Alismataceae. Rodriguésia 73: e00422020. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202273003
  71. Matias, L.Q. & Pestana, M.C.A. (2025) Alismataceae in Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: https://floradobrasil2020.jbrj.gov.br (accessed 6 January 2025)
  72. Matias, L.Q. & Sousa, D.J.L.D. (2011) Alismataceae no estado do Ceará, Brasil. Rodriguésia 62: 887–900. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-78602011000400014
  73. Matias, L.Q. (2007) O gênero Echinodorus (Alismataceae) do domínio da Caatinga brasileira. Rodriguésia 58: 743–774. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860200758403
  74. Matias, L.Q. (2010) A synopsis of Alismataceae from the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. Revista Caatinga 23: 46–53.
  75. Matias, L.Q. (2020) Alismataceae in Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: https://monografiasfloradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/alismataceae.pdf (accessed 3 June 2024)
  76. Matias, L.Q., Soares, A. & Scatena, V.L. (2008) Anatomy of Echinodorus (Alismataceae) scapes from Northeastern Brazil as applied to taxonomy. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 65: 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428608004794
  77. Micheli, M. (1881) Alismaceae. In: De Candolle, A. & De Candolle, C. (Eds.) Monographiæ phanerogamarum 3. Masson, Paris, pp. 29–83.
  78. Novelo, A. (1987) Lectotipificación de Limnocharis laforestii Duchass. ex Grieseb., (Limnocharitaceae). Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México 47: 92–93.
  79. Nuttall, T. (1835) Collections towards a flora of the Territory of Arkansas. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Series 2, 5: 159. https://doi.org/10.2307/1004943
  80. Pansarin, E.R. & Amaral, M.C.E. (2004) Limnocharitaceae. In: Wanderley, M.G.L., Shepherd, G.J., Giulietti, A.M. & Melhem, T.S. (Eds.) Flora fanerogâmica do estado de São Paulo. Rima, São Paulo, pp. 155–157.
  81. Pansarin, E.R. & Amaral, M.C.E. (2005) Alismataceae. In: Wanderley, M.G.L., Shepherd, G.J., Giulietti, A.M. & Melhem, T.S. (Eds.) Flora fanerogâmica do estado de São Paulo. Rima, São Paulo, pp. 1–9.
  82. Pedralli, G. (1992) Macrófitos aquáticos: centros de diversidade. Ciência Hoje 14: 56–57.
  83. Pestana, M.C.A., Paiva, M.J.S., Ottoni, F.P. & Guarçoni, E.A.E. (2024) First record of the aquatic plant Echinodorus scaber Rataj (Alismataceae) for the State of Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 84: e280876. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.280876
  84. Pichon, M. (1946) Sur les Alismatacées et les Butomacées. Notulae Systematicae (Paris) 12: 170–183.
  85. Pott, A. & Silva, J.S.V. (2015) Terrestrial and aquatic vegetation diversity of the Pantanal wetland. In: Bergier, I. & Assine, M.L. (Eds.) Dynamics of the Pantanal Wetland in South America. Springer, Berlin, pp. 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2015_352
  86. Pott, V.J. & Pott, A. (2021) Aquatic Plants. In: Damasceno-Junior, G.A. & Pott, A. (Eds.) Flora and Vegetation of the Pantanal wetland. Springer Cham, Berlin, pp. 229–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83375-6_4
  87. Pott, V.J. & Pott, A. (2000) Plantas Aquáticas do Pantanal. Embrapa, Brasília, 404 pp.
  88. Pott, V.J., Bueno, N.C., Pereira, R.A., Salis, S.M.D. & Vieira, N.L. (1997) Checklist das macrófitas aquáticas do Pantanal, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 11: 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33061997000200010
  89. Pott, V.J., Pott, A., Bergier, I. & Silva, J.D.S.V. (1989) Distribuição de macrófitas aquáticas numa lagoa na fazenda Nhumirim, Nhecolândia, Pantanal, MS. Acta Botanica Brasilica 3: 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33061989000300015
  90. POWO (2025) Plants of the World Online. Available from: http://powo.science.kew.org (accessed 5 January 2025)
  91. Prado, A.L., Heckman, C.W. & Martins, F.R. (1994) The seasonal succession of biotic communities in wetlands of the tropical wet-and-dry climatic zone: II. The aquatic macrophyte vegetation in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie 79: 569–589. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19940790407
  92. QGIS Development Team. (2023) QGIS Geographic Information System. Open-Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available from: http://qgis.osgeo.org (accessed 18 February 2024)
  93. R Core Team (2020) R: A language and Environment For Statistical computing. R Foundation For Statistical Computing. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/ (accessed 28 April 2024)
  94. Rataj, K. (1967) Echinodorus intermedius (Martius) Grisebach und verwandte arten des tropischen Amerika. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 6: 613–619.
  95. Rataj, K. (1968) Echinodorus paniculatus Micheli and its ally E. lanceolatus Rataj sp. nov. (American Alismataceae). Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique 38: 401–408. https://doi.org/10.2307/3667706
  96. Rataj, K. (1969) Echinodorus longipetalus Mich. and other species with reticulate markings in the blades from Central and South America. Folia geobotanica & phytotaxonomica 4 (3): 331–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02854752
  97. Rataj, K. (1972) Revision of the genus Sagittaria Part II. The species of West Indies, Central and South America. Annotationes Zoologicae et Botanicae 78: 1–61.
  98. Rataj, K. (1975) Revizion (sic!) of the Genus Echinodorus Rich. Academia, Praha, 156 pp.
  99. Rataj, K. (1978) Alismataceae of Brazil. Acta Amazonica 8: 5–53. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921978081s005
  100. Rataj, K. (2004) A new revision of the swordplant genus Echinodorus Richard, 1848 (Alismataceae). Aqua, Special Publication No. I. 14: 1–141.
  101. Reginato, M. (2016) monographaR: an R package to facilitate the production of plant taxonomic monographs. Brittonia 68: 212–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9407-z
  102. Richard, L.C. (1815) Proposition d’une nouvelle famille de Plantes: les Butomées (Butomeae). Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 1: 364–374.
  103. Ross, T.G., Barrett, C.F., Soto Gomez, M., Lam, V.K., Henriquez, C.L., Les, D.H. & Graham, S.W. (2016) Plastid phylogenomics and molecular evolution of Alismatales. Cladistics 32: 160–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12133
  104. Rusby, H.H. (1927) Descriptions of new genera and species of plants coflected on the Mulford biological exploration of the Amazon Valley 1921-22. Memories of the New York Botanical Garden 7: 208–209.
  105. Schneider, C.A., Rasband, W.S. & Eliceiri, K.W. (2012) NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods 9: 671–675. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089
  106. Scremin-Dias, E. (2000) Caracterização morfo-anatômica dos órgãos vegetativos de Echinodorus paniculatus Micheli e Echinodorus tenellus (Mart.) Buchenau (Família Alismataceae), durante os períodos da cheia e da seca no Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense. PhD thesis. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
  107. Seubert, A. (1847) Alismaceae. In: Martius, C.F.P. & Eichler, A.G. (Eds.) Flora Brasiliensis v. 3, part. 1. F. Fleicher, Lipsiae, pp. 101–112.
  108. Seubert, A. (1847) Butomaceae. In: Martius, C.F.P. & Eichler, A.G. (Eds.) Flora Brasiliensis v. 3, part. 1. F. Fleicher, Lipsiae, pp. 114–118.
  109. Seubert, A. (1872) Alismaceae. In: Warming, E. (Ed.) Videnskabelige meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske forening i Kjöbenhavn. Selskabets Bestyrelse, Kjöbenhavn, pp. 112–115.
  110. Signor, C.A., Fernandes, I.M. & Penha, J. (2010) O Pantanal e o sistema de pesquisa. In: Fernandes, I.M., Signor, C.A. & Penha, J. (Eds.) Biodiversidade no Pantanal de Poconé. Attemma, Cuiabá, pp. 13–23.
  111. Silva, J.D.S.V. & Abdon, M.M. (1998) Delimitação do Pantanal brasileiro e suas sub-regiões. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 33: 1703–1711.
  112. Small, J.K. (1909) Alismaceae. In: North American Flora 17. New York Botanical Garden, New York, pp. 43–62.
  113. Sousa, D.J.L., Giulietti, A.M. & de Oliveira, R.P. (2015) Flora da Bahia: Limnocharitaceae. SITIENTIBUS série Ciências Biológicas 15: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.13102/scb858
  114. Sprengel, C.P.J. (1825) Systema Vegetabilium. Vol. II (Classes 6–15). Sumtibus Librariae Dieterichianae, Gottingae, 939 pp.
  115. Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Gandhi, K.N., Gravendyck, J., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Klopper, R.R., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., May, T.W., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J., Smith, G.F. & Zamora Señoret, J.C. (2025) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Madrid Code). Regnum Vegetabile 162. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 288 pp. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226839479.001.0001
  116. Wantzen, K.M., Assine, M.L., Bortolotto, I.M., Calheiros, D.F., Campos, Z., Catella, A.C. & Urbanetz, C. (2024) The end of an entire biome? World’s largest wetland, the Pantanal, is menaced by the Hidrovia project which is uncertain to sustainably support large-scale navigation. Science of The Total Environment 908: 167751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167751
  117. Willdenow, L.C. (1806) Stratiotes Acoroides. Species Plantarum t4. pt. 2: 320–321.
  118. World Wide Fund for Nature—WWF (2018) Relatório anual. Available from: https://d3nehc6yl9qzo4.cloudfront.net/downloads/ra2018_final.pdf (accessed 15 November 2023)

How to Cite

Pestana, M.C.A., Lehtonen, S., Falck, D., Silva, F.H.B., Silva, E.P. & Giaretta, A. (2025) A taxonomic treatment of Alismataceae (Alismatales) in the Brazilian Pantanal. Phytotaxa 721 (1): 1–49. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.721.1.1