Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 695 No. 2: 27 Mar. 2025
Type: Article
Published: 2025-03-27
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.695.2.2
Page range: 150-206
Abstract views: 154
PDF downloaded: 6

A checklist of diatoms with four endemic records and phytogeographical distribution from water habitats of Iran

Department of Environment, Environment Organization, Alborz Province, Iran
Department of Biotechnology, University of Alzahra, Tehran, Iran
Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, España. Current address: Laboratorio de diatomología. La Serna 58, 24007, León, España
Phytogeography Diatoms checklist Iran Marine Freshwater Brackish Bacillariophyceae Algae

Abstract

This paper presents the first comprehensive checklist of diatoms in Iran, spanning the period from 1842 to 2024. The checklist encompasses 1,073 diatom species, representing 3 phyla, 61 families, 163 genera, and several infraspecific taxa and four endemic species. Records derive from a diverse range of habitats including freshwater, brackish, marine, and saline environments across Iran.

Bacillariophyceae show the highest frequency among the diatom taxa, accounting for 87% of the species with 36 families, 119 genera, and 932 species. Mediophyceae ranked second with 8% of the records, represented by 13 families, 25 genera, and 87 species. Coscinodiscophyceae accounted for 5% of the diatom taxa, comprising 12 families, 19 genera, and 54 species.

Bacillariaceae were the most diverse family, with 162 species. Furthermore, 17 families were represented by a single genus and species.

Phytogeographically, the dominant species were observed in the Hyrcanian and freshwater regions. The highest similarity (87%) was found between the Irano-Torrany and Hyrcanian areas in terms of shared species.

References

  1. Abal, E.G., Greenfield, P.F., Bunn, S.E. & Tarte, D.M. (2006) Healthy waterways: Healthy catchments—An integrated research/management program to understand and reduce impacts of sediments and nutrients on waterways in Queensland, Australia. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 3841: 1126–1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/11610113_120
  2. Ahmadi-Musaabad, L., Panahy-Mirzahasanlou, J.G., Mahmoodlu, M. & Bahlakeh, A. (2019) Diatom flora in three Springs of Golestan Province. Journal of Phycological Research 3 (2): 432–442. https://doi.org/10.29252/JPR.3.2.432
  3. Atazadeh, I., Sharifi, M. & Kelly, M.G. (2007) Evaluation of the Trophic Diatom Index for assessing water quality in River Gharasou, western Iran. Hydrobiologia 589 (1): 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0736-0
  4. Atici, T. & Shams, M. (2017) Most Abundance Diatom taxa of Rivers in Turkey and Iran. International Journal of Botany and Research 7 (5): 9–14. https://doi.org/10.24247/ijbrdec20176
  5. Bagheri, S. & Fallahi, M. (2014) Checklist of Phytoplankton Taxa in the Iranian Waters of the Caspian Sea. Caspian Journal of Environmental Scinces (CJES) 12 (1008): 81–97.
  6. Barbour, M.T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B.D. & Stribling, J.B. (1999) Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers. USEPA, Washington. Available from: http://www.epa.gov (accessed 26 March 2025)
  7. Bate, G., Smailes, P. & Adams, J. (2004) A water quality index for use with diatoms in the assessment of rivers. Water SA 30 (4): 493–498. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v30i4.5101
  8. Chessman, B.C., Bate, N., Gell, P.A. & Newall, P. (2007) A diatom species index for bioassessment of Australian rivers. Marine and Freshwater Research 58 (6): 542–557. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF06220
  9. Chessman, B., Growns, I., Currey, J. & Plunkett-Cole, N. (1999) Predicting diatom communities at the genus level for the rapid biological assessment of rivers. Freshwater Biology 41 (2): 317–331. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00433.x
  10. Chkhaidze, R.I. (1987) Material k analizu algoflory Gruzii (Material to analyze of algal flora of Georgia). In: Aktualnie Problem Sovremennoy Algologii. Nauk. Dumaka, Kiev, 32 pp. [In Russian]
  11. Compère, P. (1981) Algues des deserts d’Iran. Bulletin Du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique / Bulletin van de National Plantentuin van België 51 (1/2): 3–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/3667734
  12. Corliss, J.O., Bold, H.C. & Wynne, M.J. (1979) Introduction to the Algae: Structure and Reproduction. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 98 (2): 307. https://doi.org/10.2307/3226060
  13. Daily, G.C. & Matson, P.A. (2008) Ecosystem services: From theory to implementation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (28): 9455–9456. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804960105
  14. Dezhman, M., Dehghan, S. & Hassan, F.M. (2021) A study of diatoms (Bacillariophyra) in Hoor-Al-Azim Wetland, south-west Iran, and their seasonal changes. Iraqi Journal of agricultural sci of sciences 52 (5): 1163–1170.
  15. Dogadina, T., Zarei-Darki, B. & Gorbulin, O. (2003) Euglenophyta of water bodies of Iran. In: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference on The Rational Use and Conservation of Water Resources in Changing Environment. pp. 86–91.
  16. Eugene, F.S., Russell, G., Kreis, Jr. & Norman, A.A. (1999) Checklist of Diatoms from the Laurentian Great Lakes. II. Great Lakes Res 25 (3): 515–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70759-8
  17. Ehrenberg, C.G. (1854) Mikrogeologie, Texte. E. Kummer, Leipzig.
  18. Fallahi, M. (1993) Plankton survey in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 2 (3): 19–38.
  19. FAO. (2025) Iran at a glance. Available from: https://www.fao.org/iran/fao-in-iran/iran-at-a-glance/en/ (accessed 26 March 2025)
  20. Farhadian, O., Pouladi, M., Vazirizadeh, A. & Sedaghat, R. (2015) A study of diatoms seasonal distribution and biodiversity in Helleh River Estuary, Persian Gulf. Environmental Studies of the Persian Gulf 2 (1): 32–44.
  21. Feizizadeh, B., Omarzadeh, D., Mohammadzadeh Alajujeh, K., Blaschke, T. & Makki, M. (2022) Impacts of the Urmia Lake Drought on Soil Salinity and Degradation Risk: An Integrated Geoinformatics Analysis and Monitoring Approach. Remote Sensing 14 (14). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143407
  22. Etesami, E., Saba, F., Noroozi, M., Amoozegar, M.A., Khaniki, G.B. & Fazeli, S.A.S. (2017) Caspian Sea’s Navicula salinicola Hustedt 1939 and effect of the prolonged culture on its fatty acid profile. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 5 (4): 268–274.
  23. Fatemi, M., Vosoghi, G., Nikoeian, A. & Fallahi, M. (2005) Diatoms diversity and abundance in Iranian waters of the Persian Gulf, Basin Bushehr area. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 13 (4): 111–124. [https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=25243]
  24. Fore, L.S. & Grafe, C. (2002) Using diatoms to assess the biological condition of large rivers in Idaho (U.S.A.). Freshwater Biology 47 (10): 2015–2037. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00948.x
  25. Gordon, R., Losic, D., Tiffany, M.A., Nagy, S.S. & Sterrenburg, F.A.S. (2009) The Glass Menagerie: diatoms for novel applications in nanotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology 27 (2): 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.11.003
  26. Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2021) AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland. Galway. Available from: https://www.algaebase.org (accessed 26 March 2025)
  27. Gómez, N. & Licursi, M. (2001) The Pampean Diatom Index (IDP) for assessment of rivers and streams in Argentina. Aquatic Ecology 35 (2): 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011415209445
  28. Hill, B.H., Herlihy, A.T., Kaufmann, P.R., Stevenson, R.J., McCormick, F.H. & Burch Johnson, C. (2000) Use of periphyton assemblage data as an index of biotic integrity. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 19 (1): 50–67. https://doi.org/10.2307/1468281
  29. Hirano, M. (1973) Freshwater algae from Mesopotamia. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University 24 (2): 105–119.
  30. Hirano, M. (1973) Freshwater algae from Mesopotamia. Contrbution from the biological Laboratory, Kyoto University 24: 105–139.
  31. Hustedt, F. (1937) Systematische und okologische Untersuchungen uber die Diatomeen-Flora von Java, Bali und Sumatra nach dem Material der Deutschen Limnologischen Suda-Expedition. Archiv Fur Hydrobiology 15: pls–13.
  32. Hürlimann, J., Jarlman, A., Kawecka, B., Kelly, M.G., Cazaubon, A., Coring, E., Dell’Uomo, A., Ector, L., Goldsmith, B. & Guasch, H. (1998) Recommendations for the routine sampling of diatoms for water quality assessments in Europe. Journal of Applied Phycology 10 (2): 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008033201227
  33. Joshi, A.M., Desai, A.Y., Bhatt, A.J., Yusufzai, S.I. & Kardani, H.K. (2019) Checklist of diatoms species available along the Narara and Poshitra Island, Marine National Park, Jamnagar, Gujarat. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies 6 (2): 17–20.
  34. John, J. (1993) The use of diatoms in monitoring the development of created wetlands at a sandmining site in Western Australia. Hydrobiologia 269 (1): 427–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00028040
  35. John, J. (2000) A Diatom Prediction Model and Classification for Urban Streams from Perth, Western Australia. Available from: https://www.nhbs.com/a-diatom-prediction-model-and-classification-for-urban-streams-from-perth-western-australia-book (accessed 26 March 2025)
  36. John, J. (2003) Bioassessment of Health of Aquatic Systems by the Use of Diatoms. In: Modern Trends in Applied Aquatic Ecology. Springer US, pp. 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0221-0_1
  37. Kelly, M.G. & Whitton, B.A. (1995) The Trophic Diatom Index: a new index for monitoring eutrophication in rivers. Journal of Applied Phycology 7 (4): 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00003802
  38. Kelly, M.G. (1998) Use of the trophic diatom index to monitor eutrophication in rivers. Water Research 32 (1): 236–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00157-7
  39. Kelly, M.G. & Whitton, B.A. (1998) Biological monitoring of eutrophication in rivers. Hydrobiologia 384 (1–3): 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1003400910730
  40. Kelly, M.G., Adams, C., Graves, A.C., Jamieson, J., Krokowski, J., Lycett, E.B., Murray-Bligh, J., Pritchard, S. & Wilkins, C. (2001) The Trophic Diatom Index: A User’s Manual.
  41. Kheiri, S., Nejadsattari, T., Asri, Y., Hamdi, S.M.M. & Edlund, M.B. (2013) Cyclotella iranica sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Coscinodiscophyceae), a new diatom from the Karaj River, Iran. Phytotaxa 104 (1): 35–42. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.104.1.5
  42. Kheiri, S., Solak, C.N., Edlund, M.B., Spaulding, S., Nejadsattari, T., Asri, Y. & Hamdi, S.M.M. (2018a) Biodiversity of diatoms in the Karaj River in the Central Alborz, Iran. Diatom Research 33 (3): 355–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2018.1557747
  43. Kheiri, S., Tavakoli, M. & Oraghi Ardebili, Z. (2018b) Diatom flora of Marbareh River, Dez catchment, Lorestan, Iran. Journal of Plant Research 31 (3): 516–528. [In Persian]
  44. Kheiri, S. (2019) Diatom Diversity in the spring and spring-fed River of Tizab Region (Central Alborz), Iran. Journal of Phycological Research 3 (2): 408–420. https://doi.org/10.29252/JPR.3.2.408
  45. Kheiri, S., Edlund, M.B., Spaulding, S., Solak, C.N., Jafar, S., Bahman, E. & Lukasz, P. (2024) Lutophila iranica a new diatom genus from the hottest place on Earth, Lut Desert, Iran. Phytotaxa 641 (2): 99–111. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.641.2.2
  46. Kogan, S.H.I. (1973) Vodorosli vodoemov Turkmenskoi SSR (Algae of the water bodies of Turkmenian SSR). Ylym, Ashhabad, 212 pp. [In Russian]
  47. Koo-Lee, D. & Kleine, M. (2009) Keep Asia Green Volume IV “West and Central Asia”. Vols. 20–IV. 3000 pp. [https://www.iufro.org/science/special/spdc/actpro/keep/ws20-iv/]
  48. Kwandrans, J., Eloranta, P., Kawecka, B. & Wojtan, K. (1998) Use of benthic diatom communities to evaluate water quality in rivers of southern Poland. Journal of Applied Phycology 10 (2): 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008087114256
  49. Lavoie, I., Campeau, S., Grenier, M. & Dillon, P.J. (2006) A diatom-based index for the biological assessment of eastern Canadian rivers: An application of correspondence analysis (CA). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63 (8): 1793–1811. https://doi.org/10.1139/f06-084
  50. Tuttle, E.N., Johnson, J.L. & Willis, N.K.S. (2015) Use of algae to assess the trophic state of a stream in Middle Tennessee. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 30 (3): 349–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2014.951883
  51. Levkov, Z. & David, M.W. (2012) Checklist of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Ohrid and Lake Prespa (Macedonia), and their watersheds. Phytotaxa 45: 1–72. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.45.1.1
  52. Léonard, J. (1981) Contribution à l’étude de la flore et de la végétation des deserts d’Iran: Dasht-e-Kavir, Dasht-e-Lut, Jaz Murian. National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Meise, Belgium.
  53. Löffler, H. (1959) Beitrage zur Kenntnis Der Iranischen Binnengewässer I Der Niriz‐See und Sein Einzugsgebiet. Internationale Revue Der Gesamten Hydrobiologie Und Hydrographie 44 (1–4): 227–276. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19590440112
  54. Lowe, R.L. & LaLiberte, G.D. (2017) Benthic Stream Algae: Distribution and Structure. In: Methods in Stream Ecology: Third Edition, Vol. 1. Elsevier Inc, pp. 193–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416558-8.00011-1
  55. Makhloogh, A., Narollahzadeh-Saravi, H., Eslami, F., Keyhansani, A. & Vahedi, F. (2017) Study on primary production with emphasis on phytoplankton biovolume and chlorophyll-a in the southern Caspian Sea-Goharbaran region. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 26 (2): 121–129
  56. Mehrani-Adl, M., Iranbakhsh, A., Noroozi, M., Asri, Y. & Saadatmand, S. (2020) Epipelic diatoms flora of Kordan River. Modern Phytomorphology 14: 40–48.
  57. Mohebbi, F. (2019) Phytoplankton Population Changes in Lake Urmia during Dry and Wet Periods. Journal of Phycological Research 3 (2): 395–407. https://doi.org/10.29252/JPR.3.2.395
  58. Moghadam, F. (1975) Diatoms as indicator of pollution Zayandeh River, Iran. In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. pp. 281–297.
  59. Muzafarov, A.M. (1965) Flora vodoroslei vodoemov Srednei Azii (Algal flora of the water bodies of Middle Asia). Nauka, Tashkent, 571 pp. [In Russian]
  60. Naseri, A. & Nooorzi, M. (2021a) A comparative study of diatom flora of the Taleghan River in Iran with other studies around the world. Oceanogr Fish Open Access Journal 13 (5): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.19080/OFOAJ.2021.13.555874
  61. Naseri, A. & Nooorzi, M. (2021b) A check list of Pinnulariaceae (Class Bacillariophyceae) in the ecosystems of Iran. Research in Karyotic Cell &Tissue 2 (1): 38–45.
  62. Naseri, A., Nooorzi, M., Asri, Y., Iranbakhsh, A., Saadatmand, S. & Atazadeh, E. (2022) Diatom taxonomy and environmental drivers of biodiversity in the Taleghan River and reservoir in Central Alborz, Iran. Diatom Research 37 (3): 199–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2022.2123049
  63. Nasrollahzadeh-Saravi, H., Makhlough, A., Rahmati, R., Sadat-Tahami, F., Keyhansan, A.I. & Golaghaei, M. (2015) Study on Stable and Disturbance Status of the Caspian Sea Ecosystem (Iranian Coasts) Based on Changes of Phytoplankton Community Structure. Journal of Marine Biology 7 (2): 27–44
  64. Nejadsattari, T. (2005) The diatom flora of Lake Neure, Iran. Diatom Research 20 (2): 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2005.9705640
  65. Nejadsattari, T., Noroozi, M. & Fallahi, M. (2005) The composition and seasonal distribution of epiphytic algae in Anzali lagoon, Iran. Cryptogamie, Algologie 26 (4): 387–398
  66. Newall, P. & Walsh, C.J. (2005) Response of epilithic diatom assemblages to urbanization influences. Hydrobiologia 532 (1): 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-9014-6
  67. Noroozi, M., Elmi-Nia, S., Vaziri, A., Mohammadi, A. & Pakdin parizi, A. (2019) Biodiversity of Cultivable Green Algae Collected from the Coast of Guilan. Journal of Phycological Research 3 (1): 265–274. https://doi.org/10.29252/JPR.3.1.265
  68. Noroozi, M., Naqunezhad, A. & Mehrvarz, S.S. (2009) Algal flora in first Iranian land-marine the Boujagh National Park. International Journal on Algae 11 (3): 276–288. https://doi.org/10.1615/InterJAlgae.v11.i3.70
  69. Omidmoazam, T., Akhundian, M., Fallahi-Kapoorchali, M. & Omid-Zahir, S. (2020) Seasonal Diversity and Frequency of Planktonic Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) in Coastal Waters of the Southern Caspian Sea. Journal of Marine Biology 11 (44): 93–108. [https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=788986]
  70. Panahy-Mirzahasanlou, J., Nejadsattari, T., Ramezanpour, Z., Imanpour-Namin, J. & Asri, Y. (2020) Identification of filamentous algae of the Balikhli River in the Ardabil Province and four new species records for algal flora of Iran. Nova Biologica Reperta 7 (3): 331–345. https://doi.org/10.52547/nbr.7.3.331
  71. Panahy-Mirzahasanlou, J., Nejadsattari, T., Ramezanpour, Z., Namin, J.I. & Asri, Y. (2018) The epilithic and epipelic diatom flora of the Balikhli River, northwest Iran. Turkish Journal of Botany 42 (4): 518–532. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1711-46
  72. Panahy-Mirzahasanlou, J., Qarebesloum, T., Farasti, M. & Bahalkeh, R. (2024) Cymbella golestanica sp. nov a new diatom species from Agh Su Waterfall, Golestan National Park. Phytotaxa 637 (1): 97–105. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.637.1.7
  73. Potapova, M. (2014) Diatoms of Bering Island, Kamchatka, Russia. Nova Hedwigia 143: 63–102. https://doi.org/10.1127/1438-9134/2014/004
  74. Patrick, R. (1973) Use of algae, especially diatoms, in the asscssment of water quality. Biological methods for assessment of water quality. ASTM Special Technical Publications, Testing Mater., pp. 76–95. Available from: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126588763 (accessed 26 March 2025)
  75. Perona, E., Bonilla, I. & Mateo, P. (1998) Epilithic cyanobacterial communities and water quality: An alternative tool for monitoring eutrophication in the Alberche River (Spain). Journal of Applied Phycology 10 (2): 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008051327689
  76. Potapova, M. & Charles, D.F. (2007) Diatom metrics for monitoring eutrophication in rivers of the United States. Ecological Indicators 7 (1): 48–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.10.001
  77. Prygiel, J., Carpentier, P., Almeida, S., Coste, M., Druart, J.C., Ector, L., Guillard, D., Honoré, M.A., Iserentant, R., Ledeganck, P., Lalanne-Cassou, C., Lesniak, C., Mercier, I., Moncaut, P., Nazart, M., Nouchet, N., Peres, F., Peeters, V., Rimet, F. & Zydek, N. (2002) Determination of the biological diatom index (IBD NF T 90-354): Results of an intercomparison exercise. Journal of Applied Phycology 14 (1): 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015277207328
  78. Rabenhorst, L. (1853) Die Süsswasser-Diatomaceen (Bacillarien.): für Freunde der Mikroskopie. Eduard Kummer, Leipzig, I–XIIi, 1–72. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8348
  79. Ramezanpour, Z. (2004) Ecological study of phytoplankton of the Anzali lagoon (N Iran) and its outflow into the Caspian. Czech Phycology, Olomouc 4: 145–154.
  80. Reid, M.A., Tibby, J.C., Penny, D. & Gell, P.A. (1995) The use of diatoms to assess past and present water quality. Australian Journal of Ecology 20 (1): 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1995.tb00522.x
  81. Saba, F., Noroozi, M., Ghahremaninejad, F., Amoozegar, M.A. & Sedghi, M. (2016) Isolation, purification and identification of three diatom species (Bacillariophyceae) from Gomishan wetland (N. Iran) using phylogeny and silica cell wall ultra-structure analysis. Rostaniha 17 (1): 28–39.
  82. Sabeti, H. (2003) Forests, trees and shrubs of Iran. Vol. 3. Yazd University Press, 576 pp.
  83. Saeedi, H. & Ashja-Aradalan, A. (2009) Study on identification and abundance of phytoplankton in coastal waters of Golshahr coast, Bandar Abbas (Persian Gulf). Journal of Animal Environmental 1: 17–25. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258200995 (accessed 26 March 2025)
  84. Safiallah, S., Saadatmand, S., Kheiri, S. & Iranbakhsh, A. (2020) Biodiversity of diatoms in the Kashkan River in the Zagros Mountains, Western Iran. Iranian Journal of Botany 26 (2): 141–161. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijb.2020.351698.1296
  85. Shams, M., Afsharzadeh, S. & Atici, T. (2012) Seasonal variations in phytoplankton communities in Zayandeh-Rood Dam Lake (Isfahan, Iran). Turkish Journal of Botany 36 (6): 715–726. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1104-19
  86. Shams, M. & Karimian Shamsabadi, S. (2019) Identification of Algae as Pollution Bioindicators in Shakh-Kenar, Gavkhouni Wetland, Isfahan. Journal of Phycological Research 3 (2): 386–394. https://doi.org/10.29252/JPR.3.2.386
  87. Soltanpour-Gargari, A., Lodenius, M. & Hinz, F. (2011) Epilithic diatoms (Bacillariophycae) from streams in Ramsar, Iran. Acta Botanica Croatica 70 (2): 167–190. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10184-010-0006-5
  88. Sonneman, J.A., Walsh, C.J., Breen, P.F. & Sharpe, A.K. (2001) Effects of urbanization on streams of the Melbourne region, Victoria, Australia. II. Benthic diatom communities. Freshwater Biology 46 (4): 553–565. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00689.x
  89. Stevenson, J. (2014) Ecological assessments with algae: a review and synthesis. Journal of Phycology 50 (3): 437–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12189
  90. Subba-Rao, D.V. & Al-Yamani, F. (1998) Phytoplankton ecology in the waters between Shatt Al-Arab and Straits of Hormuz, Arabian Gulf: A review. Plankton Biology and Ecology 45 (2): 101–116.
  91. Tan, X., Ma, P., Bunn, S.E. & Zhang, Q. (2015) Development of a benthic diatom index of biotic integrity (BD-IBI) for ecosystem health assessment of human dominant subtropical rivers, China. Journal of Environmental Management 151: 286–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.12.048
  92. Tan, X., Ma, P., Xia, X. & Zhang, Q. (2014) Spatial Pattern of Benthic Diatoms and Water Quality Assessment Using Diatom Indices in a Subtropical River, China. Clean-Soil, Air, Water 42 (1): 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201200152
  93. Taylor, J.C., Prygiel, J., Vosloo, A., De La Rey, P.A. & Van Rensburg, L. (2007) Can diatom-based pollution indices be used for biomonitoring in South Africa? A case study of the Crocodile West and Marico water management area. Hydrobiologia 592 (1): 455–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0788-1
  94. Van de Vijver, B., Schuster, T.M., Kusber, W-H., Hamilton, P.B., Wetzel, C.E. & Ector, L. (2021) Revision of European Brachysira species (Brachysiraceae, Bacillariophyta): I. The Brachysira microcephala - B. neoexilis enigma. Botany Letters 168 (4): 467–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2021.1909499
  95. Van de Vijver, B., Schuster, T.M., Kusber, W-H., Williams, D.M., Wetzel, C.E. & Ector, L. (2021) Revision of European Brachysira species (Brachysiraceae, Bacillariophyta): II. The Brachysira styriaca and B. zellensis group. Botany Letters 168 (4): 485–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2021.1923062
  96. Van de Vijver, B., Schuster, T.M., Kusber, W.-H., Kennedy, B., Hamilton, P.B., Albert, R.-L. Ballings, P., Wetzel, C.E. & Ector, L. (2021) Revision of European Brachysira species (Brachysiraceae, Bacillariophyta): III. Species formerly included in the Brachysira serianscomplex. Botany Letters 169 (1): 83–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2021.1941250
  97. Watanabe, T., Asai, K. & Houki, A. (1986) Numerical estimation to organic pollution of flowing water by using the epilithic diatom assemblage—diatom assemblage index (DAIpo)—. Science of the Total Environment 55 (C): 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(86)90180-4
  98. Whitton, B.A. & Kelly, M.G. (1995) Use of algae and other plants for monitoring rivers. Australian Journal of Ecology 20 (1): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1995.tb00521.x
  99. Wu, J.T. & Kow, L.T. (2002) Applicability of a generic index for diatom assemblages to monitor pollution in the tropical River Tsanwun, Taiwan. Journal of Applied Phycology 14 (1): 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015277013102
  100. Zarei-Darki, B. (2009) Taxonomic structure of the algal flora of Iran. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 16 (2): 185–194. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v16i2.3933
  101. Zarei-Darki, B. (2011) Algae of aquatic ecosystems of Iran. Payame-Alavi, Negar, 323 pp. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.1615/InterJAlgae.v14.i4.30
  102. Zyong, D.T. (1982) Algae flora of water bodies of Vietnam Abstract. Thesis for a Doctor’s degree. Tashkent, 32 pp.

How to Cite

Ali, N., Mostafa, N. & Blanco, S. (2025) A checklist of diatoms with four endemic records and phytogeographical distribution from water habitats of Iran. Phytotaxa 695: 150–206. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.695.2.2