Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 644 No. 3: 16 Apr. 2024
Type: Article
Published: 2024-04-16
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.644.3.1
Page range: 177-189
Abstract views: 180
PDF downloaded: 3

Phaeoacremonium philippinense (Togniniales, Sordariomycetes), a novel freshwater fungus from the Philippines

Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines 5023
Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines 5023
Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines 5023
Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines 5023
Institute of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines, Philippine Genome Center Visayas, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines 5023, Regional Research Center, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines 5023
Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines 5023
Philippine Genome Center Visayas, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines 5023
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Fungi 1 new taxon aquatic fungi fungal systematics Philippine mycology tropical mycology

Abstract

An investigation of freshwater fungi in the Philippines resulted in the collection and isolation of a new species of Phaeoacremonium (Togniniaceae) from unidentified decayed submerged wood. The novel hyphomycetous species, Phaeoacremonium philippinense, shares the same morphology with other members of the genus, such as having short, usually unbranched conidiophores, the presence of three types of phialides, and oblong-ellipsoidal to oblong conidia. A multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of the combined ITS-tub2-act-tef1-α-LSU dataset placed P. philippinense as a sister taxon to P. thailandense and indicated a shared clade with P. sicilianum. Detailed descriptions and photographic illustrations of P. philippinense are provided.

References

  1. Arzanlou, M., Narmani, A., Khodaei, S. & Moshari, S. (2014) Pome and stone fruit trees as possible reservoir hosts for Phaeoacremonium spp., the causal agents of grapevine esca disease, in Iran. Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 47: 717–727. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2013.820387
  2. Baloyi, M.A., Mostert, L. & Halleen, F. (2018) Pathogenicity of ten Phaeoacremonium species associated with esca and Petri disease of grapevine. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 57 (3). https://doi.org/10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediterr-23940
  3. Bao, D.-F., Hyde, K.D., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Perera, R.H., Thiyagaraja, V., Hongsanan, S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Shen, H.-W., Tian, X.-G., Yang, L.-Q., Nalumpang, S. & Luo, Z.-L. (2023) Taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of freshwater Hypocreomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). Fungal Diversity 121: 1–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-023-00521-8
  4. Bao, D.F., McKenzie, E.H.C., Bhat, D.J., Hyde, K.D., Luo, Z.L., Shen, H.W. & Su, H.Y. (2020) Acrogenospora (Acrogenosporaceae, Minutisphaerales) appears to be a very diverse genus. Frontiers in Microbiology: 1606. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01606
  5. Belkin, A., Summerbell, R.C., Krajden, S. & Scott, J. (2020) The type isolate of a rare Phaeoacremonium species as a cause of human eumycetoma. Medical Mycology Case Reports 30: 5–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mmcr.2020.08.002
  6. Cabanela, M. V., Jeewon, R. & Hyde, K.D. (2007) Morphotaxonomy and phylogeny of Paoayensis lignicola gen. et sp. nov. (ascomycetes) from submerged wood in Paoay Lake, Ilocos Norte, the Philippines. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 28: 301–310.
  7. Cai, L., Lumyong, P., Zhang, K. & Hyde, K.D. (2002) New species of Annulatascus and Saccardoella from the Philippines. Mycotaxon 84: 255–263.
  8. Cai, L., Zhang, K., McKenzie, E.H.C. & Hyde, K.D. (2003) Freshwater fungi from bamboo and wood submerged in the Liput River in the Philippines. Fungal Diversity 13: 1–12.
  9. Calabon, M.S., Hyde, K.D., Jones, E.B.G., Chandrasiri, S.K.U., Dong, W., Fryar, S.C., Yang, J., Luo, Z.L., Lu, Y.Z., Bao, D.F. & Boonmee, S. (2020) www.freshwaterfungi.org, an online platform for the taxonomic classification of freshwater fungi. Asian Journal of Mycology 3: 419–445. https://doi.org/10.5943/ajom/3/1/14
  10. Calabon, M.S., Hyde, K.D., Jones, E.B.G., Luo, Z.-L., Dong, W., Hurdeal, V.G., Gentekaki, E., Rossi, W., Leonardi, M., Thiyagaraja, V., Lestari, A.S., Shen, H.-W., Bao, D.-F., Boonyuen, N. & Zeng, M. (2022) Freshwater fungal numbers. Fungal Diversity 114: 3–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-022-00503-2
  11. Calabon, M.S., Jones, E.B.G., Boonmee, S., Doilom, M., Lumyong, S. & Hyde, K.D. (2021) Five novel freshwater ascomycetes indicate high undiscovered diversity in lotic habitats in Thailand. Journal of Fungi 7: 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7020117
  12. Carbone, I. & Kohn, L.M. (1999) A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. Mycologia 91: 553–556. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761358
  13. Crous, P.W., Gams, W., Wingfield, M.J. & Van Wyk, P.S. (1996) Phaeoacremonium gen. nov. associated with with and decline diseases of woody hosts and human infections. Mycologia 88: 786–796. https://doi.org/10.2307/3760973
  14. Damm, U., Mostert, L., Crous, P.W. & Fourie, P.H. (2008) Novel Phaeoacremonium species associated with necrotic wood of Prunus trees. Persoonia—Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 20: 87–102. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158508X324227
  15. Daroy, M.L.G., Lopez, J.S., Torres, B.C.L., Loy, M.J., Tuaño, P.M.C. & Matias, R.R. (2011) Identification of unknown ocular pathogens in clinically suspected eye infections using ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 17: 776–779. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03369.x
  16. Dissanayake, A.J., Bhunjun, C.S., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N. & Liu, J.K. (2020) Applied aspects of methods to infer phylogenetic relationships amongst fungi. Mycosphere 11: 2652–2676. https://doi.org/10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/11/1/18
  17. Dong, W., Hyde, K.D., Jeewon, R., Doilom, M., Yu, X.D., Gn, W., Liu, N.G., Hu, D.M., Nalumpang, S. & Zhang, H. (2021) Towards a natural classification of Annulatascaceae- like taxa Ⅱ: Introducing five new genera and eighteen new species from freshwater. Mycosphere 12: 1–88. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/12/1/1
  18. Dong, W., Wang, B., Hyde, K.D., McKenzie, E.H.C., Raja, H.A., Tanaka, K., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Abdel-Aziz, F.A., Doilom, M., Phookamsak, R., Hongsanan, S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Yu, X.-D., Wang, G.-N., Yang, H., Yang, J., Thambugala, K.M., Tian, Q., Luo, Z.-L., Yang, J.-B., Miller, A.N., Fournier, J., Boonmee, S., Hu, D.-M., Nalumpang, S. & Zhang, H. (2020) Freshwater Dothideomycetes. Fungal Diversity 105: 319–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00463-5
  19. Eriksson, O. & Yue, J.Z. (1990) Notes on bambusicolous pyrenomycetes. Nos. 1–10. Mycotaxon 38: 201–220.
  20. Goh, T.K., Ho, W.H., Hyde, K.D. & Umali, T.E. (1997) New records and species of Sporoschisma and Sporoschismopsis from submerged wood in the tropics. Mycological Research 101: 1295–1307. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756297003973
  21. Gramaje, D., Mostert, L., Groenewald, J.Z. & Crous, P.W. (2015) Phaeoacremonium: From esca disease to phaeohyphomycosis. Fungal Biology 119: 759–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2015.06.004
  22. Guarro, J., Alves, S.H., Gené, J., Grazziotin, N.A., Mazzuco, R., Dalmagro, C., Capilla, J., Zaror, L. & Mayayo, E. (2003) Two Cases of subcutaneous infection due to Phaeoacremonium spp. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41: 1332–1336. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.3.1332-1336.2003
  23. Hemashettar, B.M., Siddaramappa, B., Munjunathaswamy, B.S., Pangi, A.S., Pattan, J., Andrade, A.T., Padhye, A.A., Mostert, L. & Summerbell, R.C. (2006) Phaeoacremonium krajdenii , a cause of white grain eumycetoma. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44: 4619–4622. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01019-06
  24. Ho, W.H., Hyde, K.D. & Hodgkiss, I.J. (1997) Ascomycetes from tropical freshwater habitats: The genus Savoryella, with two new species. Mycological Research 101: 803–809. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756296003310
  25. Hu, D.M., Cai, L. & Hyde, K.D. (2012) Three new ascomycetes from freshwater in China. Mycologia 104: 1478–1489. https://doi.org/10.3852/11-430
  26. Huang, S.K., Jeewon, R., Hyde, K.D., Jayarama Bhat, D., Chomnunti, P. & Wen, T.C. (2018) Beta-tubulin and Actin gene phylogeny supports Phaeoacremonium ovale as a new species from freshwater habitats in China. MycoKeys 41: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.41.27536
  27. Hyde, K.D., Bao, D.F., Hongsanan, S., Chethana, K.W.T., Yang, J. & Suwannarach, N. (2021) Evolution of freshwater Diaporthomycetidae (Sordariomycetes) provides evidence for five new orders and six new families. Fungal Diversity 107: 71–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-021-00469-7
  28. Hyde, K.D., Ho, W.H. & Tsui, C.K.M. (1999) The genera Aniptodera, Halosarpheia, Nais and Phaeonectriella from freshwater habitats. Mycoscience 40: 165–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02464295
  29. Hyde, K.D., Norphanphoun, C., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Bhat, D.J., Jones, E.B.G., Bundhun, D., Chen, Y.-J., Bao, D.-F., Boonmee, S., Calabon, M.S., Chaiwan, N., Chethana, K., Dai, D., Dayarathne, M., Devadatha, B., Dissanayake, A., Dissanayake, L., Doilom, M., Dong, W., Fan, X., Goonasekara, I., Hongsanan, S., Huang, S., Jayawardena, R., Jeewon, R., Karunarathna, A., Konta, S., Kumar, V., Lin, C., Liu, J., Liu, N., Luangsa-ard, J., Lumyong, S., Luo, Z., Marasinghe, D., McKenzie, E., Niego, A., Niranjan, M., Perera, R., Phukhamsakda, C., Rathnayaka, A., Samarakoon, M., Samarakoon, S., Sarma, V., Senanayake, I., Shang, Q., Stadler, M., Tibpromma, S., Wanasinghe, D., Wei, D., Wijayawardene, N., Xiao, Y., Yang, J., Zeng, X., Zhang, S. & Xiang, M. (2020) Refined families of Sordariomycetes. Mycosphere 11: 305–1059. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/7
  30. Hyde, K.D. & Wong, S.W. (2000) Annulatascus fusiformis sp. nov., a new freshwater ascomycete from the Philippines. Mycologia 92: 553–557. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761515
  31. Jayasiri, S.C., Hyde, K.D., Ariyawansa, H.A., Bhat, J., Buyck, B., Cai, L., Dai, Y.-C., Abd-Elsalam, K.A., Ertz, D., Hidayat, I., Jeewon, R., Jones, E.B.G., Bahkali, A.H., Karunarathna, S.C., Liu, J.-K., Luangsa-ard, J.J., Lumbsch, H.T., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., McKenzie, E.H.C., Moncalvo, J.-M., Ghobad-Nejhad, M., Nilsson, H., Pang, K.-L., Pereira, O.L., Phillips, A.J.L., Raspé, O., Rollins, A.W., Romero, A.I., Etayo, J., Selçuk, F., Stephenson, S.L., Suetrong, S., Taylor, J.E., Tsui, C.K.M., Vizzini, A., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Wen, T.-C., Boonmee, S., Dai, D.Q., Daranagama, D.A., Dissanayake, A.J., Ekanayaka, A.H., Fryar, S.C., Hongsanan, S., Jayawardena, R.S., Li, W.-J., Perera, R.H., Phookamsak, R., de Silva, N.I., Thambugala, K.M., Tian, Q., Wijayawardene, N.N., Zhao, R.-L., Zhao, Q., Kang, J.-C. & Promputtha, I. (2015) The Faces of Fungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts. Fungal Diversity 74: 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0351-8
  32. Luo, Z.L., Hyde, K.D., Liu, J.K. (Jack), Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Jeewon, R., Bao, D.F., Bhat, D.J., Lin, C.G., Li, W.L., Yang, J., Liu, N.G., Lu, Y.Z., Jayawardena, R.S., Li, J.F. & Su, H.Y. (2019) Freshwater Sordariomycetes. Fungal Diversity 99: 451–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00438-1
  33. Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D., Jones, E.B.G., McKenzie, E.H.C., Huang, S.K., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Daranagama, D.A., Dayarathne, M., D’souza, M.J., Goonasekara, I.D., Hongsanan, S., Jayawardena, R.S., Kirk, P.M., Konta, S., Liu, J.K., Liu, Z.Y., Norphanphoun, C., Pang, K.L., Perera, R.H., Senanayake, I.C., Shang, Q., Shenoy, B.D., Xiao, Y., Bahkali, A.H., Kang, J., Somrothipol, S., Suetrong, S., Wen, T. & Xu, J. (2015) Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes. Fungal Diversity 72: 199–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0331-z
  34. Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. 2010 Gateway Computing Environments Workshop, GCE 2010, pp. 1–8.
  35. Mostert, L., Crous, P.W., Groenewald, J.Z., Gams, W. & Summerbell, R.C. (2003) Togninia (Calosphaeriales) is confirmed as teleomorph of Phaeoacremonium by means of morphology, sexual compatibility and DNA phylogeny. Mycologia 95: 646–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2004.11833069
  36. Mostert, L., Groenewald, J.Z., Summerbell, R.C., Gams, W. & Crous, P.W. (2006) Taxonomy and pathology of Togninia (Diaporthales) and its Phaeoacremonium anamorphs. Studies in Mycology 54: 1–115. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.54.1.1
  37. Mostert, L., Groenewald, J.Z., Summerbell, R.C., Robert, V., Sutton, D.A., Padhye, A.A. & Crous, P.W. (2005) Species of Phaeoacremonium associated with infections in humans and environmental reservoirs in infected woody plants. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43: 1752–1767. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.4.1752-1767.2005
  38. Mostert, L., Whipp, M., Woodgyer, A., Summerbell, R.C., Gramaje, D. & Spies, C.F.J. (2024) Phaeoacremonium tuscanicum and Phaeoacremonium indicum sp. nov. associated with subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis. Mycology: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2024.2312917
  39. Padhye, A.A., Davis, M.S., Baer, D., Reddick, A., Sinha, K.K. & Ott, J. (1998) Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Phaeoacremonium inflatipes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36: 2763–2765. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.36.9.2763-2765.1998
  40. Phukhamsakda, C., Nilsson, R.H., Bhunjun, C.S., de Farias, A.R.G., Sun, Y.R., Wijesinghe, S.N., Raza, M., Bao, D.F., Lu, L., Tibpromma, S., Dong, W., Tennakoon, D.S., Tian, X.G., Xiong, Y.R., Karunarathna, S.C., Cai, L., Luo, Z.L., Wang, Y., Manawasinghe, I.S., Camporesi, E., Kirk, P.M., Promputtha, I., Kuo, C.H., Su, H.Y., Doilom, M., Li, Y., Fu, Y.P. & Hyde, K.D. (2022) The numbers of fungi: contributions from traditional taxonomic studies and challenges of metabarcoding. Fungal Diversity 5: 1–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-022-00502-3
  41. Ranghoo, V.M., Hyde, K.D., Wong, S.-W., Tsui, C.K.M. & Jones, E.B.G. (2000) Vertexicola caudatus gen. et sp. nov., and a new species of Rivulicola from submerged wood in freshwater habitats . Mycologia 92: 1019–1026. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2000.12061245
  42. Réblová, M., Jaklitsch, W.M., Réblová, K. & Štěpánek, V. (2015) Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Calosphaeriales and Togniniales using five genes and predicted RNA secondary structures of ITS, and Flabellascus tenuirostris gen. et sp. nov. PLoS ONE 10: e0144616. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144616
  43. Réblová, M., Mostert, L., Gams, W. & Crous, P.W. (2004) New genera in the Calosphaeriales: Togniniella and its anamorph Phaeocrella, and Calosphaeriophora as anamorph of Calosphaeria. Studies in Mycology 50: 533–550.
  44. Rehm, H. (1914) Ascomycetes philippinenses—V. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 6: 2191–2237.
  45. Rehner, S.A. & Buckley, E. (2005) A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-α sequences: Evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia 97: 84–98. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.97.1.84
  46. Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
  47. Senanayake, I.C., Rathnayaka, A.R., Marasinghe, D.S., Calabon, M.S., Gentekaki, E., Lee, H.B., Hurdeal, V.G., Pem, D., Dissanayake, L.S., Wijesinghe, S.N., Bundhun, D., Nguyen, T.T., Goonasekara, I.D., Abeywickrama, P.D., Bhunjun, C.S., Jayawardena, R.S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J. & Xiang, M.M. (2020) Morphological approaches in studying fungi: collection , examination , isolation , sporulation and preservation. Mycosphere 11: 2678–2754. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20
  48. Senanayake, I.C., Rossi, W., Leonardi, M., Weir, A., McHugh, M., Rajeshkumar, K.C., Verma, R.K., Karunarathna, S.C., Tibpromma, S., Ashtekar, N., Ashtamoorthy, S.K., Raveendran, S., Kour, G., Singh, A., De la Peña-Lastra, S., Mateos, A., Kolařík, M., Antonín, V., Ševčíková, H., Esteve-Raventós, F., Larsson, E., Pancorbo, F., Moreno, G., Altés, A., Turégano, Y., Du, T.-Y., Lu, L., Li, Q.-R., Kang, J.-C., Gunaseelan, S., Kezo, K., Kaliyaperumal, M., Fu, J., Samarakoon, M.C., Gafforov, Y., Teshaboeva, S., Kunjan, P.C., Chamaparambath, A., Flakus, A., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Zhurbenko, M.P., de Silva, N.I., Tennakoon, D.S., Latha, K.P.D., Manimohan, P., Raj, K.N.A., Calabon, M.S., Ahmadpour, A., Heidarian, Z., Alavi, Z., Alavi, F., Ghosta, Y., Azizi, R., Luo, M., Zhao, M.-P., Kularathnage, N.D., Hua, L., Yang, Y.-H., Liao, C.-F., Zhao, H.-J., Lestari, A.S., Jayasiri, S.C., Yu, F.-M., Lei, L., Liu, J.-W., Karimi, O., Tang, S.-M., Sun, Y.-R., Wang, Y., Zeng, M., Htet, Z.H., Linaldeddu, B.T., Alves, A., Phillips, A.J.L., Bregant, C., Montecchio, L., De Kesel, A., Hustad, V.P., Miller, A.N., Fedosova, A.G., Kučera, V., Raza, M., Hussain, M., Chen, Y.-P., Thiyagaraja, V., Gomdola, D., Rathnayaka, A.R., Dissanayake, A.J., Suwannarach, N., Hongsanan, S., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Dissanayake, L.S., Wijayawardene, N.N., Phookamsak, R., Lumyong, S., Jones, E.B.G., Yapa, N., Wanasinghe, D.N., Xie, N., Doilom, M., Manawasinghe, I.S., Liu, J.-K., Zhao, Q., Xu, B., Hyde, K.D. & Song, J. (2023) Fungal diversity notes 1611–1716: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on fungal genera and species emphasis in south China. Fungal Diversity 122: 161–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-023-00523-6
  49. Shang, Q.-J., Hyde, K.D. & Liu, J.-K. (2021) Phaeoacremonium fusiformostromum sp. nov. and a new record of P. croatiense from China. Phytotaxa 516 (1): 59–72. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.516.1.4
  50. Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: Maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446
  51. Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
  52. Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. & Rougemont, J. (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web servers. Systematic Biology 57: 758–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802429642
  53. White, T., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR Protocols, a Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
  54. Wong, S.W., Hyde, K.D. & Jones, E.B.G. (1999) Ultrastructural studies on freshwater ascomycetes, Fluminicola bipolaris gen. et sp. nov. Fungal Diversity 2: 189–197.