Abstract
An updated and annotated checklist of the Euphorbiaceae s.l. of Timor is provided, based on the analysis of the available literature and herbarium specimens. Information about geographical distribution, ecology, conservation status (when available), and taxon richness is also presented. The list includes 79 taxa, 42 of which are new records for Timor. For each currently accepted name, synonyms relevant for Timor are also listed. The adoption of recent taxonomic changes within the Euphorbiaceae family adds to the value of this checklist, which should provide a useful resource for future biodiversity assessments, conservation efforts, and botanical research in the region.
References
- Airy Shaw, H.K. (1963) Notes on Malesian and other Asiatic Euphorbiaceae. Kew Bulletin 16 (3): 341–372. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114671
- Airy Shaw, H.K. (1965) Notes on Malaysian and other Asiatic Euphorbiaceae. Kew Bulletin 19 (2): 299–328. https://doi.org/10.2307/4108076
- Airy Shaw, H.K. (1968) Notes on Malesian and Other Asiatic Euphorbiaceae. Kew Bulletin 21 (3): 353–418. https://doi.org/10.2307/4107914
- Airy Shaw, H.K. (1971) Notes on Malesian and Other Asiatic Euphorbiaceae. Kew Bulletin 25 (3): 473–553. https://doi.org/10.2307/4103199
- Airy Shaw, H.K. (1972a) The Euphorbiaceae of Siam. Kew Bulletin 26 (2): 191–363. https://doi.org/10.2307/4117717
- Airy Shaw, H.K. (1972b) Notes on Malesian and Other Asiatic Euphorbiaceae. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 3–93. https://doi.org/10.2307/4117873
- Airy Shaw, H.K. (1974) Notes on Malesian and Other Asiatic Euphorbiaceae. Kew Bulletin 29 (2): 281–331. https://doi.org/10.2307/4108542
- Airy Shaw, H.K. (1975) The Euphorbiaceae of Borneo. Kew Bulletin, Additional Series 5: 205.
- Airy Shaw, H.K. (1976) New or Noteworthy Australian Euphorbiaceae. Kew Bulletin 31 (2): 341–398. https://doi.org/10.2307/4109179
- Airy Shaw, H.K. (1978) Notes on Malesian and Other Asiatic Euphorbiaceae. Kew Bulletin 32 (2): 361–418. https://doi.org/10.2307/4117108
- Airy Shaw, H.K. (1980) The Euphorbiaceae of New Guinea. Kew Bulletin, Additional Series 8: 1–243.
- Airy Shaw, H.K. (1981) The Euphorbiaceae of Sumatra. Kew Bulletin 36 (2): 239–374. https://doi.org/10.2307/4113612
- Airy Shaw, H.K. (1982) The Euphorbiaceae of Central Malesia (Sulawesi, Moluccas, Lesser Sunda Is.). Kew Bulletin 37 (1): 1–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114718
- Baillon, H.E. (1858) Étude Générale du Groupe de Euphorbiacées. Libraire de Victor Masson, Paris, 684 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50439
- Barker, C. & van Welzen, P.C. (2010) Flueggea (Euphorbiaceae s.l. or Phyllanthaceae) in Malesia. Systematic Botany 35: 541–551. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364410792495890
- Bentham, G. (1873) Flora Australiensis: a description of the plants of the Australian territory 6. Lovell Reeve and Co., London. 475 pp.
- Bingtao, L. & Esser, H-J. (2008) Breynia. Flora of China 11: 207–209.
- Bingtao, L. & Esser, H-J. (2008) Excoecaria. Flora of China 11: 280–282.
- Bingtao, L. & Gilbert, M.G. (2008) Codiaeum. Flora of China 11: 267–268.
- Bingtao, L. & Gilbert, M.G. (2008) Drypetes. Flora of China 11: 218–221.
- Bingtao, L. & Gilbert, M.G. (2008) Phyllanthus. Flora of China 11: 180–190.
- Bingtao, L. & Gilbert. M.G. (2008) Glochidion. Flora of China 11: 193–202.
- Bingtao, L. & Vorontsova, M. (2008) Leptopus. Flora of China 11: 169–172.
- Blume, C.L. (1826) Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 12. Lands Drukkerij, Batavia, 639 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.115427
- Blume, C.L. (1827) Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 17. Lands Drukkerij, Batavia, 1169 pp.
- Blume, C.L. (1856) Museum botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive, Stirpium exoticarum descrip vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis descriptio et description. Tom II. E.J. Brill, Leiden, 256 pp.
- Bouman, R.W., Kessler, P.J.A., Telford, I.R.H., Bruhl, J.J., Strijk, J.S., Saunders, R.M.K., Esser, H.-J., Falcón-Hidalgo, B. & van Welzen, P.C. (2022) A revised phylogenetic classification of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae). Phytotaxa 540 (1): 1–100. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.540.1.1
- Chakrabarty, T. & Balakrishnan, N.P. (2012) Nineteen new combinations and a new name in Breynia J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Phyllanthaceae) from Indian subcontinent. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 19 (2): 119–122. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v19i2.13125
- Craib, W.G. (1911) Contributions to the flora of Siam. II. List of Siamese Plants, with Descriptions of New Species. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Royal Gardens, Kew 1911 (10): 385–448. https://doi.org/10.2307/4115077
- Crantz, H.J.N. (1766) Institutiones Rei Herbariae juxta nutum Naturae Digestae ex Habitu 1. Impensis Joannis Pauli Kraus, Viennensis, 592 pp.
- de Jussieu, A. (1824) De Euphorbiacearum Generibus. Didot Junioris, Parisiis, 118 pp.
- Decaisne, P.M.J. (1834) Description d’un herbier de l’ile de Timor. Nouvelles Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle 3: 333–500.
- Dillwyn, L.W. (1839) A review of the references to the Hortus malabaricus of Henry Van Rheede Van Draakenstein. Murray & Rees, Swansea, 69 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.23066
- Djarwaningsih, T. (2004) Revision of Pimelodendron (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 49 (2–3): 407–423. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651904X484342
- Dressler, S. (1996) The genus Bridelia (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia and Indochina - A regional revision. Blumea 41: 263–331.
- Elmer, A.D.E. (1919) New Woody Plants From Mt. Maquiling. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 8: 3069–3105.
- Ernst, M., Grace, O.M., Saslis-Lagoudakis, C.H., Nilsson, N., Simonsen, H.T. & Ronsted, N. (2015) Global medicinal uses of Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 176: 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.025
- Esser, H.-J. (1997) A revision of Omalanthus (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 42: 421–466.
- Esser, H.-J. (1999). A partial revision of Hippomaneae (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 44 (1): 149–215.
- Esser, H.-J. (2020) Euphorbia. In: Van Welzen, P. (Ed.) Flora of Thailand (Euphorbiaceae). BKF & Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden. Available from: https://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/ThaiEuph/ (accessed 20 February 2024)
- Fawcett, W. (1885) Apetalae. In Forbes, H.O. (Ed.) A naturalist’s wanderings in the Eastern archipelago; a narrative of travel and exploration from 1878 to 1883. New York, Harper & brothers, 536 pp.
- Fischer, C.E.C. (1932) VII – The Koenig collection in the Lund Herbarium. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew 1932 (2): 49–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/4113368
- Forbes, H.O. (1885) A naturalist’s wanderings in the Eastern archipelago; a narrative of travel and exploration from 1878 to 1883. New York, Harper & brothers, 32 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.57268
- Forster, J.G.A. (1786) Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus. Joann, Christian Dietrich, Gottingae, 103 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10725
- Gaertner, J. (1788) De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum: accedunt seminum centuriae quinque priores cum tabulis Aeneis LXXIX 1. Typis Academiae Carolinae, Stuttgart, 609 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.102753
- Gillespie, L.J. (2007) A revision of Paleotropical Plukenetia (Euphorbiaceae) including two new species from Madagascar. Systematic Botany 32: 780–802. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364407783390782
- Hara, H. (1966) The flora of the Eastern Himalaya. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 746 pp.
- Hasskarl, J.K. (1844) Catalogus Plantarum in Horto Botanico Bogoriensi Cultarum Alter. Lands-Drukkerij, Batavia, 391 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.79159
- Heijkoop, M. & van Welzen, P.C. (2017) A revision of the genus Actephila (Phyllanthaceae) in the Malesian Region. Blumea 62: 7–25. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917X694985
- Hoang, van S. & van Welzen, P.C. (2004) Revision of Annesijoa, Elateriospermum and the introduced species of Hevea in Malesia (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 49: 425–440. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651904X484351
- Hoffmann, P. (2006) Antidesma in Malesia and Thailand. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 292 pp.
- Holttum, R.E. & Nooteboom, H. (Eds.) (1959–present) Flora Malesiana, series 2 (Pteridophyta). Various publishers. [https://floramalesiana.org/new/families-treated/]
- Hooker, W.J. & Arnott, G.A.W. (1837) The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage. Henry G. Bohn, London, 485 pp.
- Hornemann, J.W. (1815) Hortus Regius Botanicus Hafniensis 2. Typis E.A.H. Mölleri, Hauniae, 559 pp.
- Huaxing, Q. & Gilbert, M.G. (2008) Claoxylon. Flora of China 11: 245–246.
- Jinshuang, M. & Gilbert, M.G. (2008) Euphorbia. Flora of China 11: 288–313.
- Johns, R.J. (1995) Malesia—An introduction. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 12 (2): 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8748.1995.tb00488.x
- Li, B., Qiu, H., Ma, J., Zhu, H., Gilbert, M.G., Esser, H-J., Dressler, S., Hoffmann, P, Gillespie, L.J., Vorontsova, M. & McPherson, G.D. (2008) Euphorbiaceae In: Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (Eds.) Flora of China 11 (Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 163–314.
- Linnaeus, C. (1753a) Species plantarum. Vol. 1, 1st ed. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 560 pp.
- Linnaeus, C. (1753b) Species plantarum. Vol. 2, 1st ed. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.
- Linnaeus, C. (1759) Systema naturae 2. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 1384 pp.
- Merrill, E.D. (1909) New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, VII. Philippine Journal of Science, C Botany 4: 247–330.
- Merrill, E.D. (1917) An interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium amboinense. Bureau of Printing, Manila, 595 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.79163
- Merrill, E.D. (1918) Species Blancoanae: a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and by Llanos. Bureau of Printing, Manila, 423 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116
- Merrill, E.D. (1919) Merril: Notes on the Kwangtung Flora. The Philippine Journal of Science 15 (3): 244.
- Merrill, E.D. (1925) Philippine Flora I. The Philippine Journal of Science 26 (1): 462.
- Miquel, F. . (1859) Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(2). C.G. van der Post, Amsterdam, 704 pp.
- Miquel, F.A. (1869) Cephalocroton. Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi 4: 120.
- Monk, K., De Fretes, Y. & Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1997) The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Vol. 5. Periplus Editions, 966 pp. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198501848.001.0001
- Moore, A.L.M. (1920) A Contribution To the Flora of Australia. Journal of the Linnean Society Botany 45: 159–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1920.tb00123.x
- Müller Argoviensis, J. (1863) Euphorbiaceae. Linnaea 32 (1): 1–784.
- Müller Argoviensis, J. (1865) Euphorbiaceae. Linnaea 34 (2): 1–752.
- Müller Argoviensis, K. (1866) Acalypheae. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15 (2): 1–1286.
- Mwine, J.T. & van Damme, P. (2011) Why do Euphorbiaceae tick as medicinal plants? A review of Euphorbiaceae family and its medicinal features. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5 (5): 652–662.
- Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
- Pax, F.A. & Hoffmann, K. (1914) Euphorbiaceae-Acalypheae-Mercurialinae. In: Engler, H.G.A. (Ed.) Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetabilis conspectus. Heft 63. IV.147.vii. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 473 pp.
- Pax, F.A. & Hoffmann, K. (1922) Euphorbiaceae-Phyllanthoideae-Phyllantheae. In: Engler, H.G.A. (Ed.) Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetabilis conspectus. Heft 81. IV.147.xv. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. 349 pp.
- Poiret, J.L.M. (1812) Encyclopedie Methodique. Botanique Suppl. 2: 612.
- Pojarkova, A.I. (1960) Incrementa ad monographiam generum Andrachne L. et Leptopus Decne. Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Botanicheskogo Instituta Imeni V. L. Komarova Akademii Nauk S S S R. Leningrad 20: 270.
- POWO (2023) Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 3 October 2023)
- Radcliffe-Smith, A. (1980) Euphorbiaceae. In: Airy Shaw, H.K. (Ed.) The Euphorbiaceae of New Guinea. Kew Bulletin, Additional Series 8. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 243 pp.
- Reichenbach, H.G. & Zollinger, H. (1857) in Zollinger, H., Ueber die Rottelera-Arten. Linnaea 12: 324, 325.
- Robinson, C.B. (1909) Philippine Phyllanthinae. Philippine Journal of Science C. Botany 4: 71–105.
- Royle, J.F. (1836) Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains and of the Flora of Cashmere 9. Wm. H. Allen and Co., London, 472 pp. https://doi.org/10.2307/1797888
- Sagun, V.G., Levin, G.A. & Van Welzen, P.C. (2010) Revision and Phylogeny of Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 55: 21–66. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651910X499141
- Scheffer, R.H.C.C. (1869) Observationes de quibusdam Euphorbiaceis Archipelagi Indici. Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi 4: 119–127.
- Schumann, K.M. (1900) Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee. Verlag von Gebrüder Borntraeger, Leipzig, 613 pp.
- Sierra, S.E.C., van Welzen, P.C. & Slik, J.W.F. (2005) Taxonomic Revision of Mallotus Section Philippinenses (former section Rottlera – Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 50 (2): 221–248. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651905X622978
- Slik, J.W.F. & van Welzen, P.C. (2001) A taxonomic revision of Mallotus sections Hancea and Stylanthus (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 43: 3–66.
- Slik, J.W.F., Kessler, P.J.A. & van Welzen P.C. (2003) Macaranga and Mallotus species (Euphorbiaceae) as indicators for disturbance in the mixed lowland dipterocarp forest of East Kalimantan (Indonesia). Ecological Indicators 2: 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00057-2
- Slik, J.W.F., Priyono & van Welzen, P.C. (2000) Key to the Macaranga and Mallotus species (Euphorbiaceae) of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore 52: 11–87.
- Smith, J.E. (1799) Dissertatio Botanica de Plukenetia. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 6: 1–4.
- Spanoghe, J.B. (1841) Prodromus Florae Timorensis. Linnaea 15: 349.
- Sprengel, C. (1824) Systema vegetabilium, ed. 16, 1. Sumtibus Librariae Dieterichianae, Gottingae, 992 pp.
- Sprengel, C. (1826) Systema vegetabilium, ed. 16, 3. Sumtibus Librariae Dieterichianae, Gottingae, 936 pp.
- Stuppy, W., van Welzen, P.C., Klinratana, P. & Posa, M.C.T. (1999) Revision of the genera Aleurites, Reutealis and Vernicia (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 44: 73–98.
- van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (1979) Plant-geography of east Malesia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 79 (2): 97–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1979.tb01511.x
- van Steenis, C.G.G.J., Kalkman, C. & de Wilde, W.J.J.O. (Eds.) (1948 to present) Flora Malesiana, series 1 (Spermatophyta). Various publishers. [https://floramalesiana.org/new/families-treated/]
- van Steenis-Kruseman, M.J. (1950) Cyclopaedia of collectors. In: Steenis, C.G.G.J. van (Ed.) Flora Malesiana series 1 (Spermatophyta). Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta, pp. 1–639. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.40744
- van Welzen, P.C. & Bulalacao, L.J. (2007) The genus Alchornea (Euphorbiaceae) in the Malay Archipelago and Thailand. Systematic Botany 32: 803–818. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364407783390827
- van Welzen, P.C. & Forster, P.I. (2012) Five rare genera of Euphorbiaceae (sensu lato) in the Malay Archipelago: Alphandia, Ashtonia, Borneodendron, Cladogynos and Tapoïdes. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 69: 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428612000248
- van Welzen, P.C. & van Oostrum, A.F. (2015) Revision of Malesian species of Dimorphocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 59: 191–201. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651915X687903
- van Welzen, P.C. (2003) A revision of the Malesian and Thai species of Sauropus (Euphorbiaceae: Phyllanthoideae). Blumea 48: 319–391. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651903X675017
- van Welzen, P.C. (2020) Key to the families and genera of Malesian Euphorbiaceae in the wide sense. Blumea 65: 53–60. https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.05
- van Welzen, P.C., Nguyen, Q.D. & Chung, R.C.K. (1997) A revision of the introduced species of Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Rheedea 7: 77–85.
- van Welzen, P.C., Slik, J.W.F. & Alahuhta, J. (2005) Plant distribution patterns and plate tectonics in Malesia. Biologiske Skrifter 55: 199–217.
- van Welzen, P.C., Sweet, F.S.T. & Fernández-Casas, F.J. (2017) A revision of Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 62: 58–74. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917X695421
- van Welzen, P.C., Tyas, K.N., Eviyarni & Gaerlan, F.J.M. (1999) The Malesian species of Melanolepis (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 44 (2): 437-446.
- von Malm, J. (1934) Die Phanerogamenflora der Kleinen Sunda-Inseln und ihre Beziehungen. Feddes Repertorium 34: 255–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19340341304
- Vorontsova, M.S. & Hoffmann, P. (2008) A phylogenetic classification of tribe Poranthereae (Phyllanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae sensu lato). Kew Bulletin 63: 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-007-9012-8
- Wallich, N. (1826) Tentamen Florae Napalensis Illustratae Consisting of Botanical Descriptions and Lithographic Figures of Select Nipal Plants 2. Calcutta, 64 pp.
- Whitmore, T.C. (2008) The genus Macaranga, a Prodromus. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 321 pp.
- Willdenow, C.L. (1805) Species Plantarum, ed. 4, 4. Impensis G.C. Nauk, Berolini, 629 pp.
- Yu, R.Y. & van Welzen, P.C. (2018) A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 40: 179–229. https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.62.03.04
- Zollinger, H. & Moritzi, A. (1845) Observationes Phytographicae: Genera it Species Nova Nonnulla respicientes, series secunda. Natuur- en Geneeskundig archief voor Neêrland’s-Indië 2: 563–595.