Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 616 No. 2: 26 Sept. 2023
Type: Article
Published: 2023-09-26
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.616.2.1
Page range: 113-127
Abstract views: 160
PDF downloaded: 13

The ‘woody clade’ in Kalanchoe: reinstatement and amendment of K. subg. Calophygia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) published by Bernard Marie Descoings in 2006

Ria Olivier Herbarium; Department of Botany; Nelson Mandela University; P.O. Box 77000; Gqeberha; 6031 South Africa
Eudicots arborescent Madagascar nomenclature pseudo-rosulate sections shrubby variable vestiture

Abstract

Up to now, four subgenera were widely upheld in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): (1) the autonymic K. subg. Kalanchoe, (2) K. subg. Alatae, (3) K. subg. Bryophyllum, and (4) K. subg. Kitchingia. To accommodate what is often referred to as the ‘woody clade’ group of species at the rank of subgenus in Kalanchoe, this cluster is here recognised as the fifth subgenus, K. subg. Calophygia Desc. emend. Gideon F.Sm. Kalanchoe subg. Calophygia, as published by Bernard Marie Descoings in 2006, is therefore reinstated, but with taxonomic amendments to the circumscription of the subgenus to retain only the so-called ‘woody clade’ species. These species are generally low-growing and pseudo-rosulate to multi-branched, shrubby or arborescent perennials of which, with a few notable exceptions, virtually all external surfaces are variously covered by a tomentum consisting of glandular or stellate hairs or minute scales.

References

  1. Adanson, M. (1763 [July–August]) Familles des plantes. Contenant une Préface Historike sur l’état ancien & actuel de la Botanike, & une Téorie de cette Science. II. Partie. Chez Vincent, Imprimeur-Libraire de Mgr le Comte de Provence, rue S, Severin, Paris, 640 pp. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/794/mode/1up]
  2. Allorge-Boiteau, L. (1995 [Mai]) Les Kalanchoe arborescents du sud de Madagascar. Succulentes 1995 (2) [18ème]: 8–17.
  3. Allorge-Boiteau, L. (1996) Madagascar centre de spéciation et d’origine du genre Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae). In: Lourenço, W.R. (Ed.) Biogéographie de Madagascar, Actes du Colloque International Biogéographie de Madagascar. Société de Biogéographie – Muséum – Orstom. Paris (France) du 26 au 28 septembre 1995. Orstom Éditions, Paris, pp. 137–145.
  4. Baillon, H.E. (1885 [séance du 18 février]) Liste des plantes de Madagascar (suite de la page 464). [Kalanchoe § Kitchingia]. Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris (Paris) 1 (59): 465–472. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41447#page/60/mode/1up]
  5. Baillon, M.H. (1888) Kalanchoe grandidieri, Plate 57 [of Plates 51–88]. In: Grandidier, A. (Ed.) Histoire physique, naturelle et politique Madagascar publiée par Alfred Grandidier. Vol. XXX. Histoire naturelle des plantes par M. E. Drake del Castillo. Tome II – Texte – 1, partie. 50 Fascicule. Imprimé par Autorisation de M. Le Garde des Sceaux. À l’Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 130 plates. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41106#page/71/mode/1up]
  6. Baker, J.G. (1881 [21 February]) Notes on a collection of flowering plants made by L. Kitching, Esq., in Madagascar in 1879 (Plates VII. & VIII.). Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 18: 264–281. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8373#page/271/mode/1up] https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1881.tb01257.x
  7. Baker, J.G. (1882) Contributions to the flora of central Madagascar (continued from p. 70 and to be continued). Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, London 20: 109–114. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35873#page/125/mode/1up]
  8. Baker, J.G. (1887) Further contributions to the flora of Madagascar. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany (London) 22: 441–537. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8378#page/448/mode/1up] https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1887.tb00472.x
  9. Berger, A. (1930 [Mai]) Crassulaceae. Unterfam. II. Kalanchoideae [sic, Kalanchooideae]. 6. Kalanchoe Adanson. 7. Kitchingia Baker. 8. Bryophyllum Salisb. In: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (Eds.) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, edn 2, 18a. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 378–386, 402–412.
  10. Boiteau, P. (1947 [novembre-décembre]) Les plantes grasses de Madagascar. [Overview of sections in Kalanchoe.] Cactus (Paris) 1947 (12): 5–10, figures 1–4.
  11. Boiteau, P. & Allorge-Boiteau, L. (1995) Kalanchoe (Crassulacées) de Madagascar. Systématique, écophysiologie et phytochimie. ICSN, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Éditions Karthala, Paris, 252 pp.
  12. Bromilow, C. (2010) Problem plants and alien weeds of South Africa, 3rd edn, 1st impression. Briza Publications CC, Arcadia, Pretoria, 424 pp.
  13. Brown, N.E. (1913) 1436. Kalanchoe sexangularis. In: XVII—Diagnoses Africanae LIII. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1913 (3): 120–121. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/43726#page/125/mode/1up] https://doi.org/10.2307/4115096
  14. Compton, R.H. (1975) Plantae novae Africanae. “Ex Africa semper aliquid novi.” —Pliny. Series XXXIII. Journal of South African Botany 41: 47–50. [https://archive.org/stream/journalofsouthaf41unse#page/46/mode/2up]
  15. Conte, C.A. (2004) Highland sanctuary: environmental history in Tanzania’s Usambara Mountains. Series in Ecology and History, Series Editor J.L.A. Webb. Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio, U.S.A., 215 pp.
  16. De Léon, S.G., Herrera, I. & Guevara, R. (2016) Mating system, population growth, and management scenario for Kalanchoe pinnata in an invaded seasonally dry tropical forest. Ecology and Evolution 6 (13): 4541–4550. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2219
  17. Descoings B. (2005) Sur quelques Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) hybrides de Madagascar. Journal de Botanique de la Société de Botanique de France 30: 3–18. https://doi.org/10.3406/jobot.2005.1998
  18. Descoings, B. (2006) Le genre Kalanchoe structure et définition. Journal de Botanique de la Société Botanique de France 33: 3–28 + two figures. https://doi.org/10.3406/jobot.2006.2006
  19. Descoings, B. (2007 [mai]) Une nouvelle définition du genre Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae). Succulentes (France) 2007/2: 7–16 + two figures and two plates. [https://www.cactuspro.com/biblio/fr:succulentes]
  20. Drake del Castillo, E. (1903) Note sur les plantes recueillies par M. Guillaume Grandidier dans le sud de Madagascar, en 1898 et 1901. (A suivre). Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 9: 35–46. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42893852#page/45/mode/1up]
  21. Foxcroft, L.C., Richardson, D.M. & Wilson, J.R.U. (2008) Ornamental plants as invasive aliens: problems and solutions in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Environmental Management 41: 32–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-007-9027-9
  22. Foxcroft, L.C., Van Wilgen, N.J., Baard, J.A. & Cole, N.S. (2017) Biological invasions in South African National Parks. Bothalia 47 (2): a2158 [12 pp.]. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2158
  23. Garcês, H.M.P., Champagne, C.E.M., Townsley, B.T., Park, S., Malhó, R., Pedroso, M.C., Harada, J.J. & Sinha, N.R. (2007) Evolution of asexual reproduction in leaves of the genus Kalanchoë. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (39): 15578–15583. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704105104
  24. Garcês, H.M.P., Koenig, D., Townsley, B.T., Kim, M. & Sinha, N.R. (2014) Truncation of LEAFY COTYLEDON1 protein is required for asexual reproduction in Kalanchoe diagremontiana. Plant Physiology 165 (1): 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.237222
  25. Garcês, H.M.P. & Sinha, N.R. (2009) The ‘Mother of Thousands’ (Kalanchoë daigremontiana): a plant model for asexual reproduction and CAM studies. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 10: pdb.emo133. https://doi.org/10.1101/pdb.emo133
  26. Gehrig, H., Gaußmann, O., Marx, H., Schwarzott, D. & Kluge, M. (2001) Molecular phylogeny of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) inferred from nucleotide sequences of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions. Plant Science 160: 827–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00447-7
  27. Guerra-García, A., Golubov, J. & Mandujano, M.C. (2015) Invasion of Kalanchoe by clonal spread. Biological Invasions 17: 1615–1622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0820-0
  28. Hamet, R. (1907) Monographie du genre Kalanchoe. Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier sér.2 7: 869–900. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/105267#page/939/mode/1up]
  29. Hamet, R. (1908) Kalanchoe luciae sp. nov. Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier sér.2 8: 254–257. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104945#page/290/mode/1up]
  30. Hamet, R. (1912) Sur un nouveau Kalanchoe de la baie de Delagoa. [Kalanchoe leblanciae]. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11: 292–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120111612
  31. Hamet, R. & Perrier de la Bâthie, J.M.H.A. (1912) Contribution à l’étude des Crassulacées malgaches. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique sér.9 16: 361–377. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24564#page/771/mode/1up]
  32. Harvey, W.H. (1862) Order LIII. Crassulaceae, D.C. VIII. Kalanchoe, Adans. In: Harvey, W.H. & Sonder, O.W. (Eds.) Flora capensis [being a systematic description of the plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria, & Port Natal]. Vol. 2. L. Reeve & Co., Ltd, Kent, pp. 378–380. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15233#page/386/mode/1up]
  33. Haworth, A.H. (1824 [September]) XXXI. Decas novarum Plantarum Succulentarum. (“Mr Haworth’s Decade of new Succulent Plants.”) [Crassula rotundifolia Haw. described on p. 188]. The Philosophical Magazine and Journal 64: 184–191. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53102#page/208/mode/1up] https://doi.org/10.1080/14786442408644582
  34. Haworth, A.H. (1825 [06 July]) III. Decas quarta novarum Plantarum Succulentarum (“Mr Haworth’s Fourth Decade of new Succulent Plants.”) [Kalanchoe rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw. published on p. 31]. The Philosophical Magazine and Journal 66: 27–33. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53098#page/49/mode/1up] https://doi.org/10.1080/14786442508673917
  35. Herrando-Moraira, S., Vitales, D., Nualart, N., Gómez-Bellver, C., Ibáñez, N., Massó, S., Cachón-Ferrero, P., González-Gutiérrez, P.A., Guillot, D., Herrera, I., Shaw, D., Stinca, A., Wang, Z. & López-Pujol, J. (2020 [21 February]) Global distribution patterns and niche modelling of the invasive Kalanchoe ×houghtonii (Crassulaceae). Scientific Reports [natureresearch] 10 (1): a3143 [18 pp.]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60079-2
  36. Herrera, I., Hernandez, M.-J., Lampo, M. & Nassar, J.M. (2012) Plantlet recruitment is the key demographic transition in invasion by Kalanchoe daigremontiana. Population Ecology 54 (1): 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-011-0282-5
  37. Humbert, [J.-]H. (1933) Kalanchoe (Crassulacées) nouveux ou peu connus de Madagascar. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris sér.2 5 (2): 163–170. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213935#page/175/mode/1up]
  38. Humbert, [J.-]H. (1939 [avril]) Contributions a l’étude de la flore de Madagascar et des Comores (Fascicule I) [Kalanchoe mandrarensis Humbert on p. 4]. Notulae Systematicae 8 (1): 3–24. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6525341#page/4/mode/1up]
  39. IPNI (2023+) The International Plant Names Index. Available from: https://www.ipni.org/ (continuously updated accessed 2023)
  40. Jacobsen, H. (1970) Das Sukkulenten lexicon. [Kurze Beschreibung, Herkunftsangaben und Synonymie der sukkulenten Pflanzen mit Ausnahme der Cactaceae. Mit 1063 Abbildungen auf 200 Tafeln.] VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 589 pp.
  41. Koorders, S.H. (1919 [Mai] [24 October 1918]) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Flora von Java No. 18. Beschreibung von Kalanchoë Schumacheri vom Idjen-Plateau und Revision der Crassulaceae von Java. (Mit 2 lithographischen Tafeln.). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg sér.3 1 (3): 169–180, Figures 14 and 15. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27173#page/205/mode/1up (text); https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27173#page/243/mode/1up (figures)]
  42. Kuligowska Mackenzie, K., Lütken, H., Lopes Coelho, L., Dibbern Kaaber, M., Nymark Hegelund, J. & Müller, R. (2018) Chapter 19. Kalanchoë. In: van Huylenbroeck, J. (Ed.) Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vol. 11. Ornamental crops. [Editors-in-Chief, I. Rajcan & J. Vollman] Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 453–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_19
  43. Madin, J.-P. (2018 [décembre]) Hommage à Bernard [Marie] Descoings (1931–2018). La Journal de Botanique 84: 5–7.
  44. Mannoni, O. & Boiteau, P. (1947 [juine]). Quatre Kalanchoe nouveaux de Madagascar. Notulae Systematicae. Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle [Phanerogamie] [Tome XIII] 13 (1 & 2): 149–154. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7377#page/431/mode/1up]
  45. Perrier de la Bâthie, H. (1923) Crassulacées malgaches nouvelles. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 1923 (1) [xxix]: 452–455. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51976937]
  46. Rauh, W. (1985) Erstbeschreibung. Kalanchoe dinklagei Rauh. Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten 36 (7): 146–150.
  47. Raymond-Hamet (1916) Sur un groupe de transition reliant le genre Kalanchoe au genre Cotyledon. Revue Générale de Botanique, Paris XXVIII: 80–84. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45180#page/83/mode/1up]
  48. Raymond-Hamet (1933) Observations sur le Kalanchoe uniflora (Stapf) Raymond-Hamet. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 80 (4): 542–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1933.10833878
  49. Raymond-Hamet (1941) Sur la présence dans la region de l’Usambara d’une plante considérée jusqu’ici comme une endémique malgache. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 88 (4–6): 488–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1941.10834260
  50. Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie, J.M.H.A. (1914) Nouvelle contribution à l’étude des Crassulacées malgaches. Annales du Musée Colonial de Marseille sér.3 2: 113–207. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23004#page/551/mode/1up]
  51. Rebmann, N. (2017 [juillet]) Une nouvelle espèce de Kalanchoe de Madagascar: Kalanchoe berevoensis sp. nova, N. Rebmann. Cactus & Succulentes 9 (1): 2–7.
  52. Salisbury, R.A. (1805 [1 June 1805]) The Paradisus Londinensis: or coloured figures of plants cultivated in the vicinity of the metropolis 1. Published by William Hooker, No. 6, Frith Street, city not stated, presumably London, 157 pp. & 117 plates. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53520
  53. Scott Elliot, G.F. (1891 [22 August]) New and little known Madagascar plants, collected and enumerated by G.F. Scott Elliot, M.A., B.Sc. F.L.S. The Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany XXIX (197): 1–67, with Plates I–XII. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8386#page/9/mode/1up] https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1891.tb00116.x
  54. Smith, G.F. (2019) Notes on Kalanchoe ×houghtonii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an early hybrid between two species of K. subg. Bryophyllum. Haseltonia 26: 78–85. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.026.0111
  55. Smith, G.F. (2020a) Kalanchoe Adans. subg. Fernandesiae Gideon F.Sm. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new subgenus from southern and south-tropical Africa. Haseltonia 27: 2–7. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.027.0101
  56. Smith, G.F. (2020b) The kalanchoes (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Raymond-Hamet (1890–1972). Bradleya 38: 120–140. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n38.2020.a15
  57. Smith, G.F. (2020c) Typification of the infrageneric names published in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Alwin Berger. Phytotaxa 453 (1): 52–54. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.453.1.6
  58. Smith, G.F. (2020d) Nomenclature of the partial infrageneric classification proposed for Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by René C.J.E. Maire in 1976. Phytotaxa 468 (2): 231–235. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.468.2.8
  59. Smith, G.F. (2020e) Kalanchoe ×hummeliae Gideon F.Sm.: the hybrid between K. beharensis Drake and K. millotii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Bradleya 38: 89–93. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n38.2020.a12
  60. Smith, G.F. (2021) Reinstatement of Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum] sect. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) for K. porphyrocalyx and K. uniflora, two Madagascan endemics. Bradleya 39: 177–181. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a17
  61. Smith, G.F. (2022a) Notes on Kalanchoe subg. Bryophyllum (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and the kalanchoes of Sijfert H. Koorders (1919). Phytotaxa 549 (1): 87–96. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.549.1.7
  62. Smith, G.F. (2022b) Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Raymond-Hamet (1916): a long-overlooked name in K. subg. Kalanchoe. Phytotaxa 550 (2): 208–212. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.10
  63. Smith, G.F. (2022c) Date and place of publication and author attribution of the combination Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 560 (1): 131–134. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.1.12
  64. Smith, G.F. (2022d) Of paddles, soup plates, and clubs: the taxonomy of the southern and south-tropical African Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae; Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe) and its constituent species. Phytotaxa 568 (1): 8–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.568.1.2
  65. Smith, G.F. (2022e) A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 153–185. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.2
  66. Smith, G.F. (2022f) Identity of Kalanchoe ‘Fang’ and K. ‘Rose Leaf’, two cultivars derived from K. ×edwardii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), with notes on aspects of interspecific hybridisation in the genus. Bradleya 40: 151–160. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n40.2022.a14
  67. Smith, G.F. (2023a) A reassessment of combinations previously proposed or published for Kalanchoe subg. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), and its valid publication at the rank of subgenus. Phytotaxa 585 (1): 61–66. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.585.1.7
  68. Smith, G.F. (2023b) A review of exotic Kalanchoe taxa (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) naturalised and cultivated in Africa and the Gulf of Guinea islands, with their nomenclature updated. Phytotaxa. In press.
  69. Smith, G.F. (2023c) Taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe beharensis (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a variable, arborescent species from Madagascar, with reference to its horticultural derivatives. Phytotaxa 612 (1): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.612.1.1
  70. Smith, G.F. (2023d) Kalanchoe sect. Rhombopilosae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new section for K. rhombopilosa in the woody clade of K. subg. Kalanchoe. Haseltonia 30: 22–26. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.030.0104
  71. Smith, G.F. (2023e) Publication of Kalanchoe sect. Trichanthae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new section, which is based on K. [infragen. unranked] Trichanthae of Alwin Berger (1930), in the ‘woody clade’ of K. subg. Kalanchoe. Phytotaxa 609 (4): 273–281. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.609.4.3
  72. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2018) The infrageneric classification and nomenclature of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae), with special reference to the southern African species. Bradleya 36: 162–172. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n36.2018.a10
  73. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2020) Kalanchoe ×gildenhuysii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new nothospecies derived from K. millotii and K. tomentosa. Phytotaxa 442 (1): 43–46. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.442.1.8
  74. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2022a) Nomenclatural notes on the economically important Flaming Katy, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 549 (1): 104–110. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.549.1.9
  75. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2022b) Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on the names published in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Drake del Castillo in 1903. Phytotaxa 547 (2): 158–166. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.547.2.3
  76. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2022c) Clarifying the typification of the name Kalanchoe orgyalis (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 543 (1): 99–102. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.543.1.11
  77. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2023a) Names validly published in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Louis-René ‘Edmond’ Tulasne in 1857, with reference to names proposed in sched. by Hilsenberg and Bojer for two Malagasy species, and with notes on the type of the name K. tubiflora. Phytotaxa 584 (4): 275–284. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.584.4.4
  78. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2023b) Kalanchoe orgyalis. Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 68: 92–105, plate 2389.
  79. Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Silva, V. (2015) Kalanchoe ×houghtonii (Crassulaceae) recorded near Lisbon, Portugal. Bouteloua 20: 97–99.
  80. Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Van Wyk, A.E. (2019) Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in southern Africa. Classification, biology, and cultivation. Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, London, San Diego, Cambridge (USA), and Oxford, 328 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-00602-X
  81. Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Walker, C.C. (2021d) Kalanchoe beharensis. Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 67: 50–59, plate 2365. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a20
  82. Smith, G.F. & Hankey, A. (2021) Kalanchoe ×forbesiae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) derived from K. lubangensis × K. sexangularis: towards improved horticultural material. Phytotaxa 528 (5): 290–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.528.5.3
  83. Smith, G.F., Klein, D.-P. & Shtein, R. (2021b) A revision of the Malagasy Kalanchoe subg. Kitchingia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): history, taxonomy, and nomenclature. Phytotaxa 507 (1): 67–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.507.1.3
  84. Smith, G.F. & Monro, A.M. (2022a) The nomenclature and taxonomy of Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae resolved. Phytotaxa 555 (3): 241–251. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.555.3.3
  85. Smith, G.F. & Monro, A.M. (2022b) (2908) Proposal to reject the name Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae (Crassulaceae). Taxon 71 (4): 910–911. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12778
  86. Smith, G.F., Parihar, B. & Almeida, A.M.R. (2023) A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework. Phytotaxa 592 (3): 217–254. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.592.3.3
  87. Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2020) Kalanchoe ×edwardii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a nothospecies derived from K. beharensis and K. tomentosa. Phytotaxa 475 (2): 117–124. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.475.2.6
  88. Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021) A review of horticulturally desirable characters in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): variable and deviating vegetative and reproductive morphologies useful in breeding programmes. Haseltonia 28: 106–119. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.028.0110
  89. Smith, G.F., Shtein, R. & Klein, D.-P. (2021a) Kalanchoe subg. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new rank for K. sect. Alatae. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 255–258. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.9
  90. Smith, G.F., Shtein, R., Klein, D.-P., Parihar, B., Almeida, A., Rodewald, S. & Kadereit, G. (2021c) Sexual and asexual reproduction in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae): a review of known and newly recorded strategies. Haseltonia 28: 2–22. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.028.0101
  91. Tölken, H.R. (1978) Two new species and a new combination in the genus Kalanchoe. Journal of South African Botany 44: 89–91. [https://archive.org/stream/journalofsouthaf44unse#page/90/mode/2up]
  92. Tulasne, L.-R. [‘Edmond’] (1857) Fragmentum alterum (1). Floræ madagascariensis. II. Calanchoe [sic, Kalanchoe] pp. 149–150. Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique sér.4 8: 44–163. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/129817#page/153/mode/1up]
  93. Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. [Regnum Vegetabile 159], 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
  94. Uhl, Ch. H. (1948) Cytotaxonomic studies in the subfamilies Crassuloideae, Kalanchoideae [sic, Kalanchooideae], and Cotyledonoideae of the Crassulaceae. American Journal of Botany 35: 695–697. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1948.tb08138.x
  95. Vargas, A., Herrera, I., Nualart, N., Guézou, A., Gómez-Bellver, C., Freire, E., Jaramillo Díaz, P. & López-Pujol, J. (2022) The genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in Ecuador: from gardens to the wild. Plants 11 (13): a1746 [22 pp.]. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131746
  96. Walters, M., Figueiredo, E., Crouch, N.R., Winter, P.J.D., Smith, G.F., Zimmermann, H.G. & Mashope, B.K. (2011) Naturalised and invasive succulents of southern Africa. ABC Taxa 11. The Belgian Development Cooperation, Brussels, 360 pp.
  97. Wang, Z.-Q., Guillot, D., Ren, M.-X. & López-Pujol, J. (2016) Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) as invasive aliens in China—new records, and actual and potential distribution. Nordic Journal of Botany 34 (3): 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01052