Abstract
The taxonomic revision of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae) in Colombia comprising 57 species (42 of them endemic to the country) is here presented, along with a key for identification, maps of distribution, comments on the habitat, conservation status, phenology, and illustrations. Twenty species are considered as Critically Endangered, mostly due to the reduced number of individuals, the low number of flowering branches and flowers per individual, the narrow areas of distribution, and the habitat destruction. Burmeistera microphylla is reported for the first time from Colombia. Vernacular names and uses for some species are also provided. Additionally, 16 names are subsumed as new synonyms, and 15 lectotypes and one neotype are designated.
References
- Bagley, J.C., Uribe, S., Carlsten, M.M. & Muchhala, N. (2020) Utility of targeted sequence capture for phylogenomics in rapid, recent angiosperm radiations: Neotropical Burmeistera bellflowers as a case study. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 152: 106769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106769
- Bleiweiss, R. & Ollala, M. (1983) Notes on the ecology of the Black-breasted puffleg on Volcan Pichincha, Ecuador. The Wilson Bulletin 95 (4): 656‒661.
- Díaz, S. (1985) Cucurbitáceas y Campanuláceas. Flora de la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reyno de Granada (1783–1816). Tomo XLV. Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, Madrid, España.
- Ellis, B., Daly, D.C, Hickey, L.J., Johnson, K.R., Mitchell, J.D., Wilf, P. & Wing, S.L. (2009) Manual of leaf architecture. Cornell University Press and The New York Botanical Garden Press. Ithaca, New York, 190 pp. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845935849.0000
- Gamba, D., Maguiña, N.R., Calderón-Acevedo, C.A., Torres, K. & Muchhala, N. (2017) Seed dispersal for the unusual inflated berries of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae). Neotropical Biodiversity 3: 10‒17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2016.1258868
- Garzón, J. & González, F. (2012) Five new species and three new records of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae) from Colombia. Caldasia 34: 309‒324.
- Garzón, J. & González, F. (2014) Burmeistera diazii (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae), una especie nueva de los Andes de Antioquia, y notas acerca del nuevo registro de B. loejtnantii para Colombia. Caldasia 36: 253‒260. https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v36n2.47484
- Garzón, J., González, F.& Vélez-Puerta, J.M. (2012) Burmeistera minutiflora (Campanulaceae–Lobelioideae), a new species from the high Andes of Antioquia (Colombia) with the smallest flowers on the genus. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 69: 243‒246. https://doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2320.
- Garzón, J., Luteyn, J.L. & González, F. (2014) A new species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae) from the Western Cordillera of Colombia. Novon 23: 165‒170. https://doi.org/10.3417/2011091
- Garzón, J., Vélez-Puerta, J.M. & González, F. (2013) Three new species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae) from Colombia. Brittonia 65: 119‒127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-012-9259-8
- Gleason, H.A. (1925) Studies on the flora of northern South America–IV: The genus Burmeistera. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 52: 93–104. https://doi.org/10.2307/2480287
- González, F. & Garzón, J. (2015) On the typification of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae- Lobelioideae) and the identity of B. ceratocarpa var. dentata, B. ibaguensis and B. rivina. Caldasia 37: 251–260. https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v37n2.53595
- González, F. & Garzón, J. (2020) Burmeistera andakiana and B. boyacensis (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae), two new species from the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Phytotaxa 474 (2): 154–162. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.474.2.5
- González, F. & Luteyn, J.L. (2019) Burmeistera villosa (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae), a new vestured species from the Western Cordillera of Colombia Brittonia 71 (1): 49‒54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-018-9553-1
- González, F. & Vélez-Puerta, J.M. (2018) Two new species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) from Antioquia (Colombia). Caldasia 40: 271‒283. https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v40n2.70457
- IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2022) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 23 June 2023)
- Jeppesen, S. (1981) Lobeliaceae. In: Harling, G. & Sparre, B. (Eds.) Flora of Ecuador 14. Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm, pp. 9–170.
- JSTOR (2017) JSTOR Global Plants. Available from: https://plants.jstor.org/collection/TYPSPE (accessed 1 September 2022)
- Karsten, H. & Triana, J.J. (1856) Plantae Columbianae. Burmeistera Karst. et Triana. Lobeliacearum gen. nov. Linnaea 28: 444–446.
- Knox, E.B., Muasya, A.M. & Muchhala, N. (2008) The predominantly South American clade of Lobeliaceae. Systematic Botany 33: 462–468. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364408784571590
- Kunth, K.S. (1820) Nova Genera et Species Plantarum, vol. 3. Paris.
- Lagomarsino, L.P., Santamaría Aguilar, D. & Muchhala, N. (2015) Two new species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) from the Cordillera de Talamanca of Costa Rica and Panamá, with a key to the Central American Species. Systematic Botany 40: 914‒921. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415x689339
- Lammers, T.G. (1998) Review of the neotropical endemics Burmeistera, Centropogon, and Siphocampylus (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), with description of 18 new species and a new section. Brittonia 50: 233–262. https://doi.org/10.2307/2807855
- Lammers, T.G. (2002) Seventeen new species of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae) from South America. Novon 12: 206–233. https://doi.org/10.2307/3392958
- Lammers, T.G. (2007) World checklist and bibliography of Campanulaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
- Lammers, T.G. & Maas, P.J.M. (1998) First report of the genus Burmeistera (Campanulaceae) from Honduras. Sida 18: 363–364.
- Lozano, G. & Galeano, G. (1986) Una nueva especie de Burmeistera (Campanulaceae) de Colombia. Caldasia 15 (71–75): 53–56.
- Luteyn, J.L. (1986). A new Burmeistera (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) from western Colombia. Systematic Botany 11: 474–476.
- Mashburn, B., Ulloa-Ulloa, C. & Muchhala, N. (2021) Six new species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae) from Ecuador. Novon 29: 51‒69. https://doi.org/10.3417/2021589.
- McVaugh, R. (1949) Seven new species of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 39: 157–162.
- McVaugh, R. (1965) South American Lobelioideae new to science. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52: 399–409. https://doi.org/10.2307/2394802
- Moreira-Hernández, J.I., Terzich, N., Zambrano-Cevallos, R., Oleas, N.H. & Muchhala, N. (2019) Differential tolerance to increasing heterospecific pollen deposition in two sympatric species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 180 (9): 987–995. https://doi.org/10.1086/705735
- Muchhala, N. (2006a) The pollination biology of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae): specialization and syndromes. American Journal of Botany 93: 1081–1089. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.8.1081
- Muchhala, N. (2006b) Nectar bat stows huge tongue in its rib cage. Nature 444: 701–702. https://doi.org/10.1038/444701a
- Muchhala, N. (2007) Adaptive trade–off in corolla shape mediates specialization for flowers pollinated by bats and hummingbirds. American Naturalist 169: 494–504. https://doi.org/10.1086/512047
- Muchhala, N. (2008) Functional significance of interspecific variation in Burmeistera flower morphology: Evidence from nectar bat captures in Ecuador. Biotropica 40: 332–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00381.x
- Muchhala, N. & Lammers, T.G. (2005) A new species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae) from Ecuador. Novon 15: 176–179. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3393414]
- Muchhala, N. & Perez, A.J. (2015) Burmeistera zamorensis (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae), a new species from Southern Ecuador. Novon 24: 36–38. https://doi.org/10.3417/2014009
- Muchhala, N. & Potts, M.D. (2007) Character displacement among bat-pollinated flowers of the genus Burmeistera: Analysis of mechanism, process and pattern. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274: 2731–2737. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0670
- Muchhala, N. & Thomson, J.D. (2010) Fur versus feathers. Pollen delivered by bats and hummingbirds and consequences for pollen production. The American Naturalist 175 (6): 771–726. https://doi.org/10.1086/652473
- Nash, D.L. (1976) Campanulaceae. In: Nash, D.L. & Dieterle, J.V.A. (Eds.), Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana, Botany 24: 396–431.
- Pohl, J.B.E. (1831) Plantarum Brasiliae Icones et Descriptiones hactenus inediate, vol. 2. A. Strauss, Wien.
- Presl, C.B. (1836) Prodromus Monographiae Lobeliacearum. T. Haase, Prague, 60 pp.
- Stearn, W.T. (1966) Botanical Latin. History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary. Hafner Publ. Co., New York, 546 pp.
- Stein, B.A. (1987) Synopsis of the genus Burmeistera (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) in Peru. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74: 494–496. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399316
- Triana, J.J. (1854) Nuevos jeneros i especies de plantas para la flora neo-granadina. Imprenta del Neo-Granadino, Bogotá.
- Vallejo, A.F., Pérez, A.J., Cevallos, D. & Muchhala, N. (2018) New species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) from Ecuador. Phytotaxa 362 (3): 263–270. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.362.3.2
- Wilbur, R.L. (1975) A synopsis of the Costa Rican species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 102: 225–231. https://doi.org/10.2307/2484138
- Wilbur, R.L. (1976) Campanulaceae. Flora of Panama: part IX. Family 183. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 63: 593–655. https://doi.org/10.2307/2395288
- Wilbur, R.L. (1981) Additional Panamanian species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 68: 167–171. https://doi.org/10.2307/2398819
- Wimmer, F.E. (1924) Lobelioideae. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabis 19: 241‒263. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19240191602
- Wimmer, F.E. (1931) Lobelioideae aus dem Museum des königl. Botanischen Gartens zu Kew in England und einige aus anderen Sammlungen. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 29: 49–93, t. 115–118. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19310290402
- Wimmer, F.E. (1932) Burmeistera. Eine umstrittene Pflanzengattung und ihre Arten. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 30: 1–52, t. 123–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19320300102
- Wimmer, F.E. (1935) Lobelioideae Novae. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 38: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.4870380103
- Wimmer, F.E. (1943) Campanulaceae–Lobelioideae I. In: Mansfeld, R. (Ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV (276b). W. Engelman, Berlin, pp. i–viii, 1–260. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112653081
- Wimmer, F.E. (1953) Campanulaceae–Lobelioideae II. In: Mansfeld, R. (Ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV (276b). Akademie–Verlag, Berlin, pp. i–viii, 261–814. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112653081
- Wimmer, F.E. (1968) Campanulaceae–Lobelioideae Supplementum. In: Stubbe, H. (Ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV (276c). Akademie–Verlag, Berlin, pp. i–x, 815–1024. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112650943
- Zahlbruckner, A. (1906) Campanulaceae andinae. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 37: 451–463.
- Zahlbruckner, A. (1915) Neue Arten und Formen der Lobelioideen. I. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13: 528–537. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.4870133309