Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2023-11-14
Page range: 248-264
Abstract views: 240
PDF downloaded: 13

Polygonum terzioglui sp. nov. (Polygonaceae), from Northeast Turkey

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University; Faculty of Sciences and Arts; Department of Biology; Rize; Turkey
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University; Faculty of Sciences and Arts; Department of Biology; Rize; Turkey
Giresun University; Dereli Vocational School; Department of Forestry; Giresun; Turkey
Karadeniz Technical University; Faculty of Science; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Trabzon; Turkey
Karadeniz Technical University; Science Faculty; Department of Biology; Trabzon; Turkey
Eudicots Anatolia endemic ochrea phylogeny taxonomy

Abstract

Polygonum terzioglui (Polygonaceae), a new species from northernmost part of Turkey, is described based morphological, and molecular evidence. In addition, the leaf, ochrea, and fruit micromorphological traits of the new species are described. All findings revealed that the new species is closely related to P. samsunicum which is endemic to Turkey, but differs in its ochrea divided near the apex, 21 ̶ 27 nerved ochrea, obovate-broadly elliptic leaf, and ovate ̶ narrowly ovate fruit. The current results from the ITS data set also show that P. terzioglui is a member of the sect. Polygonum and separated from its morphologically closest relatives.

 

References

  1. Adanson, M. (1763) Familles des Plantes, vol. 2. Vincent, Paris, 640 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.271
  2. Allioni, C. (1785) Flora Pedemontana sive Enumeratio Methodica Stirpium Indigenarum Pedemontii, vol. 2. Bavyera State Library, Münih, 205 pp.
  3. Alev, A. (2019) Investigation of Chemical Content and Biochemical Activites of Endemic Polygonum samsunicum L. plant. Master Thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey. [in Turkish]
  4. Ayodele, A.E. & Olowokudejo, J.D. (2006) The family Polygonaceae in West Africa: taxonomic significance of leaf epidermal characters. South African Journal of Botany 72 (3): 442–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2005.12.009
  5. Bani, B. & Elmas, E. (2022) Floristic composition of Aksaz Wetland (Sinop). Biological Diversity and Conservation 15 (2): 195–217. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2022.1105095
  6. Barthlott, W. (1981) Epidermal and seed surface characters of plants: systematic applicability and some evolutionary aspects. Nordic Journal of Botany 1: 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb00704.x
  7. Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (1880) Polygonaceae. In: Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D (eds.) Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis Kewensibus servata definita, vol. 3 (1). Reeve & Co, London, pp. 88–105.
  8. Besser, V.S. (1821) Enumeratio Plantarum hucusque in Volhynia, Podolia, gub. Kiioviensi, Bessarabiia Cis-Tyraica et Circa Odessam Collectarum, Simul cum Observationibus in Primitas Florae Galiciae Austriacae. Typis Josephi Zawadzki, Vilnius, 111 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6648
  9. Boissier, E. (1867) Flora Orientalis Enumeratio Plantarum in Oriente a Graecia et Aegypto ad Indiae Fines Hucusgue Observatarum, vol. 1. H. Georg, Basileae & Eumdem, Genevae, 1017 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.20323
  10. Boissier, E. (1879) Flora Orientalis sive Enumeratio plantarum in Oriente a Graecia et Aegypto ad indiae fines hucusque observatarum, vol. 4. H. Georg Bibliopolam, Genevae et Basileae, 1276 pp.
  11. Boreau, A. (1857) Flore du Centre de la France, Ed. 3, vol. 2. Librairie encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 560 pp. https://doi.org/12315159/bhl.title.948
  12. Broussonet, P.M. & Willdenow, C.L. (1809) Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Botanici Berolinensis, vol. 1. Carl Ludwig Willdenow, Berolini, In Taberna libraria Scholae Realis, 428 pp.
  13. Chen, S. & Li, B. (2015) Two new combinations in Persicaria sect. Echinocaulon (Polygonaceae : Persicarieae). Phytotaxa 224 (2) : 196–198. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.224.2.6
  14. Chrtek, J. (1960) Neue Arten der Gattung Polygonum L. s. str. Preslia 32: 366–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.330320510
  15. Coode, M.J.E. & Cullen, J. (1966) Polygonum L. In: Davis, P.H. (Ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, vol. 2. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 269–280.
  16. Coşkunçelebi, K., Kandemir, A. & Beyazoğlu, O. (2000) Scanning electron microscopic examination of the seeds of Ornithogalum (Liliaceae) species distributed in Black Sea Region of Turkey. Biologia (Bratislava) 55 (4): 397–401.
  17. Dammer, U. (1892) Polygonaceae. In: Engler, A. & Prantl, Κ. (Eds.) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, vol. 3 (1a). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1–36.
  18. Davis, P.H. (1965) In: Davis, P.H. (Ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, vol.1. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 14–24.
  19. De Candolle, A.P. (1813) Catalogus Plantarum Horti Botanici Monspeliensis, vol. 1. Monspelii, Ex typis J Martel natus majoris, Parisiis et Argentorati, Apud Am Koenig, Bibliopolam, 155 pp.
  20. Dereli, F.T.G., Ilhan, M., Kozan, E. & Akkol, E.K. (2019) Effective eradication of pinworms (Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera) with Polygonum cognatum Meissn. Experimental parasitology 196: 63–67.
  21. Doyle, J.J. & Doyle, J.L.A. (1987) rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin 19: 11–15.
  22. Dölarslan, M. & Yurdakulol, E. (2008) New plant records for A5 square, Cangal Forest Ayancık, Sinop/Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation 8 (3): 60–64.
  23. Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Vural, M., Duman, H., Aytaç, Z. & Adıguzel, N. (2000) In: Ekim, T. (Ed.) Red data book of Turkish plants. Turkey Tabiatını Koruma Derneği ve Van 100. Yıl Üniversitesi Yayınları, Ankara, pp. 126–127.
  24. Farris, J.S., Albert, V.A., Kallersjö, M., Lipscomb, D. & Kluge, A.G. (1996) Parsimony jackknifing outperforms neighbor-joining. Cladistics 16: 204–231. https://doi.org/10.1006/clad.1996.0008
  25. Galasso, G., Banfi, E., De Mattia, F., Grassi, F., Sgorbati, S. & Labra, M. (2009) Molecular phylogeny of Polygonum L. sl (Polygonoideae, Polygonaceae), focusing on European taxa: preliminary results and systematic considerations based on rbcL plastidial sequence data. Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del Museo civico di storia naturale di Milano 150 (1): 113–148.
  26. Gemici, Y. & Tan, K. (2014) Polygonum melihae sp. nov. (Polygonaceae) from inner west Anatolia, Turkey. Nordic Journal of Botany 32 (5): 540–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00296.x
  27. Greene, E.L. (1904) Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism. Washington, DC, 23 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.57566
  28. Gross, H. (1913a) Remarques sur les Polygonees de J’Asie Orientale. Bulletin de Geographie Botanique 23: 7–32.
  29. Gross, H. (1913b) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Polygonaceen. Botanische Jahrhiicher fiir Systematik 49: 234–339.
  30. Grossheim, A.A (1928) Cynodon Brid. In: Grossheim, A.A. (Ed.) Flora Kavkaza, vol. 1. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva & Leningrad, 91 pp.
  31. Gültepe, M., Uzuner, U., Coşkunçelebi, K., Beldüz, A.O. & Terzioğlu, S. (2010) Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) polymorphism in the wild Primula (Primulaceae) taxa of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 34: 147–157. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-0905-23
  32. Gürdal, B. & Kültür, Ş. (2013) An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Marmaris (Muğla, Turkey). Journal of ethnopharmacology 146 (1): 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.012
  33. Haraldson, K. (1978) Anatomy and taxonomy in Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae Meisn. emend. Jaretzky. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 22 (2): 1–95.
  34. Hassan, M.A. (1997) Two new taxa and one new combination in Polygonum L. (s.l.). Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxon 4 (1): 99–101.
  35. Hassan, M.A. & Khan, M.S. (1992) Taxonomic notes on the genus Ampelygonum Lindley from Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal Botany 22 (1): 1–6.
  36. Hedberg, O. (1946) Pollen morphology in the genus Polygonum L. s. l. and its taxonomical significance. Svensk Botaniks Tidskrift 40: 371–404.
  37. Holub, J. (1971) Fallopia Adans. 1763 instead of Bilderdykia Dum. 1827. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 6 (2): 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02851760
  38. Hong, S.P., Decraene, L.R. & Smets, E. (1998) Systematic significance of tepal surface morphology in tribes Persicarieae and Polygoneae (Polygonaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 127 (2): 91–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1998.tb02091.x
  39. IUCN (2022) Red List Guidance Documents – IUCN standards and petitions subcommittee. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (accessed: 1 August 2023).
  40. Inal, E., Ulusoy, Ş., Yapar, E.A., Gürer, E.S., Yalçın, Ş. & Kartal, M. (2022) Investigation of resveratrol and phenolic compounds of ethnomedicinal plant Polygonum cognatum Meissn. collected from Sivas. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26 (6): 1752–1757. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.265
  41. Jacquin, N.J. (1768) Observationes Botanicarum, vol 3 (3). Vienna, Krausiana, 57 pp.
  42. Jaretzky, R. (1925) Histologische und karyologische Studien an Polygonaceen. Jahrbiicher fiir Wissenschaftliche Botanik 69: 357–491.
  43. Jaubert, H.F. & Spach, E. (1845) Illustrationes Plantarum Orientalium, vol. 2. Apud Roret Bibliopolam, Parisiis, 126 pp.
  44. Karaer, F. (2015) Polygonum samsunicum (Samsun Madımağı) Tür Eylem Planı. Dokay, Samsun, 109 pp.
  45. Karaer, F. & Kılınç, M. (1993) Flora of the Sinop Peninsula. Turkish Journal of Botany 17 (1): 5–20.
  46. Karaer, F., Celep, F., Celep, A. & Kutbay, H.G. (2022) Conservation Assessment of a critically endangered endemic Polygonum samsunicum (Polygonaceae) with emended description from Turkey. Bioloski Institut Jovana Hadzija. Hacquetia 21 (1): 197–209. https://doi.org/10.2478/hacq-2021-0027
  47. Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular biology and evolution 30 (4): 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
  48. Keskin, M. (2009) Polygonum istanbulicum Keskin sp. nov. (Polygonaceae) from Turkey. Nordic Journal of Botany 27 (1): 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2009.00170.x
  49. Keskin, M. (2012) Polygonum. In: Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M.T. (eds.) Turkey Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, Istanbul, pp. 758–761.
  50. Keskin, M. & Severoğlu, Z. (2020) The genus Persicaria (Polygonaceae) in Turkey with a new taxon record. EMU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3 (2): 97–105. https://doi.org/10.51753/flsrt.951412
  51. Keskin, M. & Severoğlu, Z. (2021a) A new species as a member of the Flora of Turkey: Persicaria hydropiperoides (Polygonaceae). Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies 2 (3): 85–91. https://doi.org/10.51753/flsrt.951412
  52. Keskin, M. & Severoğlu, Z. (2021b) A new Persicaria L. taxon for Flora of Turkey and Istanbul’s taxonomic status of Polygonaceae taxa. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Science and Engineering 21 (4): 764–775. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.869563
  53. Keskin, M., Yilmaz, A. & Severoğlu, Z. (2021) Micromorphological description of Polygonum istanbulicum (Polygonaceae). Acta Microscopica 30 (2): 111–118.
  54. Keskin, M. & Severoğlu, Z. (2022) Novelties in the genus Polygonum (Polygonaceae) in Turkey. Phytotaxa 538 (2): 113–123. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.538.2.3
  55. Keskin, M. & Severoğlu, Z. (2023) Distribution of Polygonaceae family in Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Life Science 7 (1): 1–5.
  56. Keskin, M., Karahan, F. & Severoğlu, Z. (2022) Polygonum mersinicum (Polygonaceae), a new species from Turkey. In Annales Botanici Fennici 59 (1): 317–322. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.059.0145
  57. Kılıç, Ö. (2014) A morphological study on five Polygonum L. (Polygonaceae) species from Turkey. Düzce University Journal of Science and Technology 2 (2): 475–486.
  58. Komarov, V.L. (1936) Polygonum L. In: Komarov, V.L. (Ed.) Flora USSR, vol. 5. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow & Leningrad, pp. 594–726. [in Russian]
  59. Kong, M.J. & Hong, S.P. (2018) Comparative achene morphology of Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon and related taxa (Polygonaceae). Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 48 (2): 134–142. https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2018.48.2.134
  60. Kong, M.J., Song, J.H., An, B.C., Son, S.W., Suh, G.U., Chung, M.J. & Hong, S.P. (2018) A comparative study of achene morphology in Korean Polygonaceae. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 25 (2): 135–148. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v25i2.39536
  61. Kong, M.J., Song, J.H. & Hong, S.P. (2021) Pollen morphology of Persicaria section Cephalophilon (Polygonaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 307 (2): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01738-9
  62. Kültür, Ş., Gürdal, B., Sari, A. & Melikoğlu, G. (2021) Traditional herbal remedies used in kidney diseases in Turkey: an overview. Turkish Journal of Botany 45 (4): 269–287. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-2011-32
  63. Laxmann, E.G. (1773) Nova Acta Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae. Praecedit Historia ejusdem Academiae, vol. 5. Petropolis, Typis Academiae Scientiarum, Rusya, 531 pp.
  64. Leblebici, E. (1985) Two new species from Turkey. Notes Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 42: 321–323.
  65. Leblebici, E., Duman, H. & Aytaç, Z. (1993) Polygonum ekimianum (Polygonaceae), a new species from Anatolia. Willdenowia 23: 163–166.
  66. Linnaeus, C. (1753a) Species plantarum, vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 560 pp.
  67. Linnaeus, C. (1753b) Species plantarum, vol. 2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 640 pp.
  68. Linnaeus, C. (1754) Genera Plantarum, Ed. 5. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 500 pp.
  69. Linnaeus, C. (1767) Mantissa Plantarum. Salvii, Holmiae, 142 pp.
  70. Mazid, M.A., Datta, B.K., Nahar, L., Bashar, S.K., Bachar, S.C. & Sarker, S.D. (2011) Phytochemical studies on Polygonum barbatum (L.) Hara var. barbata (Polygonaceae). Records of Natural products 5 (2): 143–146.
  71. Meikle, R.D. (1985) Polygonaceae. In: Bentham-Moxon, T. (Ed.) Flora of Cyprus. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 1398–1404.
  72. Meissner, C.F. (1826) Monographiae Generis Polygoni Prodromus: Accedunt tabulae aeneae septem. Typis A. Lador, Geneva, 117 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51543
  73. Meissner, C.F. (1832) Synopsis Polygonearum. In: Wallich, N. (ed.) Plantae Asiaticae Rariores, vol. 3. Treuttel and Würtz, London, pp. 53–65.
  74. Meisner, C.F. (1841) Plantarum vascularium genera, secundum ordines naturales digesta eorumque differ entiae et affinitates tabulis diagnostacis expositae, vol. 2. Weidmannia, Leipzig, 402 pp.
  75. Meissner, C.F. (1857) Addenda et Corrigenda in toto volumine quatuordecomo. Polygonaceae. Subordo Polygoneae. In: Candolle, A. de (Ed.) Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, vol. 14. Masson, Paris, pp. 693–695.
  76. Meyer, C.A. & Bunge, A. (1824) Indicis Seminum Horti Academici Dorpatensis. Supplementum 2: 1–5.
  77. Meyer, C.A. (1831) Enumeratio plantarum anno in Caucaso lectarum, vol. 34. Petropoli, Typ. Imp. Akademii nauk, 728 pp.
  78. Meyer, C.A. (1838) Enumeratio plantarum provinciae talysch et regionum adjacentium. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalist du Moscou 11: 239–414.
  79. Michaux, A. (1803) Flora boreali-americana, vol. 1. Levrault, Paris & Argentorati, 340 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.330
  80. Miller, P. (1754) The Gardeners Dictionary. Ed. 4, vol. 1. Rivington, London, unpaginated.
  81. Mozaffarian, V. (2012) A revision of Polygonum L. sensu lato (Polygonaceae) in Iran. Iranian Journal of Botany 18 (2): 159–174.
  82. Müller, K. (2005a) SeqState: Primer design and sequence statistics for phylogenetic DNA datasets. Applications of Bioinformeticts 4 (1): 65–69. https://doi.org/10.2165/00822942-200504010-00008
  83. Müller, K. (2005b) The efficiency of different search strategies in estimating parsimony Jackknife, Bootstrap, and Bremer Support. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-5-58
  84. Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the autor. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala. Available from: https:// www.abc.se/nylander/ (accessed: 01 August 2023).
  85. Paul, P. & Chowdhury, M. (2021) Foliar micromorphology as a tool for identification of Indian taxa of Polygonaceae. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 14 (4): 569–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2021.05.008
  86. Özhatay, E. (2000) Polygonum L. In: Guner, A., Ozhatay, N., Ekim, T. & Baser, K.H.C. (Eds.) Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean Islands, vol. 11. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 54–56.
  87. Özhatay, N., Kültür, Ş. & Aksoy, N. (1994) Check-List of additional taxa to the supplement Flora of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 18: 497–514.
  88. Özhatay, N., Kültür, Ş. & Aksoy, N. (1999) Check-List of additional taxa to the supplement Flora of Turkey II. Turkish Journal of Botany 23: 151–169.
  89. Persoon, C.H. (1805) Synopsis plantarum, vol. 1. C.F. Cramer, Paris, 546 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.638
  90. Raei Niaki, N.A., Attar, F., Mirtadzadini, M., Mahdigholi, K. & Sheidai, M. (2019) Micromorphological studies of the leaf epidermis of Iranian Cotoneaster Medik. Nordic Journal of Botany 37 (2): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.02074
  91. Rechinger, K.H. & Schiman-Czeika, M. (1968) Polygonaceae. In: Rechinger, K.H. (Ed.) Flora Iranica, vol. 56. Akademische Druck-U. Verlagsantalt, Graz, pp. 1–88.
  92. Reichenbach, H.G.L. (1832) Flora Germanica Excursoria 2, vol. 1. Lipsiae, Carolm Cnobloch, 878 pp.
  93. Reichenbach, H.G.L. (1837) Handbuch des naturlichen Pflanzensystems, nach allen seinen Classen, Ordnungen und Familien, Ed. 1, vol. 2. Arnold, Dresden, Germany, 346 pp.
  94. Roberty, G. & Vautıer, S. (1964) Les genres de Polygonacees. Boissiera 10: 7–128.
  95. Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Marc, A.S. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice Across a Large Model Space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
  96. Ronse De Craene, L.P.R. & Akeroyd, J.R. (1988) Generic limits in Polygonum and related genera (Polygonaceae) on the basis of floral characters. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 98 (4): 321–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1988.tb01706.x
  97. Ronse De Craene, L.P.R., Hong, S.P. & Smets, E. (2000) Systematic significance of fruit morphology and anatomy in tribes Persicarieae and Polygoneaae (Polygonaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (1–2): 301–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02356.x
  98. Ronse De Craene, L.P., Hong, S.P. & Smets, E.F. (2004) What is the taxonomic status of Polygonella? Evidence from floral morphology. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 91 (2): 320–345.
  99. Said, O., Khalil, K., Fulder, S. & Azaizeh, H. (2002) Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal herbs in Israel, the Golan Heights and the West Bank region. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 83 (3): 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00253-2
  100. Sanchez, A., Schuster, T.M, Burke, J.M. & Kron, K.A. (2011) Taxonomy of Polygonoideae (Polygonaceae): a new tribal classification. Taxon 60 (1): 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.601013
  101. Schuster, T.M., Wilson, K.L. & Kron, K.A. (2011a) Phylogenetic relationships of Muehlenbeckia, Fallopia, and Reynoutria (Polygonaceae) investigated with chloroplast and nuclear sequence data. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172 (8): 1053–1066. https://doi.org/10.1086/661293
  102. Schuster, T.M., Reveal, J.L. & Kron, K.A. (2011b) Phylogeny of Polygoneae (Polygonaceae: Polygonoideae). Taxon 60 (6): 1653–1666. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.606010
  103. Scopoli, J.A. (1754) Methodus Plantarum quam Divina Favente Clementia Decreto, Authoritate, et Consensu Illustrissimorum, Perillustrium, Magnificorum, Spectabilium & Clarissimorum Virorum Perillustris, ac Magnifici Domini Universitatis Rectoris, Illustrissimi, Magnifici, ac Clarissimi Domini Domini Inclytae Facultatis Medicae Praesidis, Perillustris Spectabilis, Clarissimi, InclytaeFacultas Medica Domini Decani, Venerabilis Domini Senioris. Typis Joannis Petri van Ghelen, Viennae, 28 pp.
  104. Selvi, S., Polat, R., Çakılcıoğlu, U., Celep, F., Dirmenci, T. & Ertuğ, Z.F. (2022) An ethnobotanical review on medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 46 (4): 283–332. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-008X.2712
  105. Simmons, M.P. & Ochoterena, H. (2000) Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Systematic Biology 49: 369–381.
  106. Small, J.K. (1906) Studies in North American Polygonaceae-II. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 33 (1): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2478621
  107. Srivastava, R.C. (2014) Family Polygonaceae in India. Indian Journal of Plant Sciences 3 (2): 112–150.
  108. Stöver, B.C. & Müller, K.F. (2010) Tree Graph 2: combining and visualizing evidence from different phylogenetic analyses. BMC Bioinformatics 11 (7): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-11-7
  109. Swofford, D.L. (2003) PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), ver. 4.0b 10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA, pp. 144.
  110. Tan, K. & Yıldız, B. (1989) Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Edinburgh and Glasgow, 439 pp.
  111. Tan, K. & Baytop, A. (1995) Polygonum nepalense Meissner in Turkey. Turkish Journal Botany 19 (6): 601–602.
  112. Tenore, M. (1815) Flora napolitana, ossia descrizione delle piante indigene del regno di Napoli, e delle più rare specie di piante esotiche coltivate ne’ giardini, vol. 1. Nella Stamperia Reale, Napoli, 324 pp.
  113. Tzvelev, N.N. (1987) Notulae de Polygonaceis in flora Orientis Extremi. Novitates systematicae plantarum vascularium 24: 72–79. [In Russian]
  114. Voylokova, V.N., Yurtseva, O.V., Bobrova, V.K. & Troitsky, A.V. (2009) Morphological and molecular evidences of hybrid origin of Polygonum aschersonianum H. Gross and Polygonum samarense H. Gross (Polygonaceae). Botanicheskiĭ Zhurnal 94 (2): 161–187.
  115. Watson, S. (1873) On section Avicularia of the genus Polygonum. The American Naturalist 7 (11): 662–665. https://doi.org/10.1086/271218
  116. Webb, D.A. & Chater, A.O. (1964) Polygonum L. In: Tutin, T.G., Heywood, J.H., Burger, N.A., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (Eds.) Flora Europaea, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 76–80.
  117. Yıldırımlı, S. & Leblebici, E. (1989) Polygonum samsunicum (Polygonaceae), a new species from Turkey. Willdenowia 19: 87–89.
  118. Yurtseva, O.V. (2001) Ultrasculpture of achene surface in Polygonum section Polygonum (Polygonaceae) in Russia. Nordic Journal of Botany 21 (5): 513–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2001.tb00805.x
  119. Yurtseva, O.V. & Mavrodiev, E.V. (2019) Caelestium genus novum (Polygonaceae, Polygoneae): evidence bаsed on the results of molecular phylogenetic analyses of tribe Polygoneae, established with consideration of the secondary structure of the ITS nrDNA regions. Novitates systematicae plantarum vascularium 50: 47–79. https://doi.org/10.31111/novitates/2019.50.47
  120. Yurtseva, O.V., Kuznetsova, O.I., Mavrodieva, M.E. & Mavrodiev, E.V. (2016) What is Atraphaxis L.(Polygonaceae, Polygoneae): cryptic taxa and resolved taxonomic complexity instead of the formal lumping and the lack of morphological synapomorphies. PeerJ 4: 1–50. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1977
  121. Yurtseva, O.V., Severova, E.E. & Mavrodiev, E.V. (2017) Persepolium (Polygoneae): A new genus in Polygonaceae based on conventional Maximum Parsimony and Three-taxon statement analyses of a comprehensive morphological dataset. Phytotaxa 314 (2): 151–194. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.314.2.1
  122. Yurtseva, O.V., Severova, E.E., Deviatov, A.G., Olonova, M.V. & Samigullin, T.H. (2021) Polygonum schischkinii is a member of Atraphaxis (Polygonaceae, Polygoneae): evidences from morphological and molecular analyses. Phytotaxa 491 (3): 193–216. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.491.3.1
  123. Zielinski, J. & Boratynski, A. (1991) Polygonum karacae (Polygonaceae), a new species from SW Turkey. Willdenowia 21 (1–2): 173–174.