Abstract
Erythroxylum confertifolium, a new species from the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Goiás, Brazil, is described and illustrate here. It differs from E. campestre and E. parvistipulatum, its most similar congeners, by a set of morphological (e.g. branching appearance of the stem, leaf shape and consistency, numbers of setules of stipules and cataphylls, aspect of the pedicel, size of flower parts and fruits, and aspect of auricles of petals and styles), and leaf anatomical characters (e.g. number of main and accessory vascular bundles and their appearance on the petiole and midrib, aspect of the sheath that surrounds the vascular bundle, presence or absent of papillae, palisade parenchyma/spongy parenchyma ratio, presence or absence of sheath extension in vascular bundles, as well as composition of tissues of the cortex, and fibers types in midrib). Images, conservation assessments, and a distribution map of the new species are presented, as well as images for their morphologically correlated.
References
Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A.W., de la Torre, J. & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. In: Smith, V. & Penev, L. (Eds.) e-Infrastructures for Data Publishing in Biodiversity Science. ZooKeys 150: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109
Ballard, C.W. (1926) Structural variations in Erythroxylon leaves. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 15: 343–359, 433–453, 530–549.
Barbosa, A.V.G. & Amaral Jr., A. (2001) Erythroxylaceae. In: Rizzo, J.A. (Ed.) Flora dos estados de Goiás e Tocantins. Gráfica e Editora da Universidade Federal de Goiás, 29: 9–73.
Bieras, A.C. & Sajo, M.G. (2004) Anatomia foliar de Erythroxylum P. Browne (Erythroxylaceae) do Cerrado do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 18: 601–612. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062004000300018
Bieras, A.C. & Sajo, M.G. (2009) Leaf structure of the cerrado (Brazilian savana) woody plants. Trees 23: 451–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-008-0295-7
Boeger, M.R.T. & Wisniewski, C. (2003) Comparison of leaf morphology of tree species from three distinct successional stages of tropical rain forest (Atlantic Forest) in Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 26: 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042003000100007
Bohm, B.A., Ganders, F.R. & Plowman, T. (1982) Biosystematics and evolution of cultivated coca (Erythroxylaceae). Systematic Botany 7: 121–133. https://doi.org/10.2307/2418321
BRASIL. (2017) Decreto de 5 de junho de 2017. Amplia o Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, localizado nos Municípios de Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Cavalcante, Nova Roma, Teresina de Goiás e São João da Aliança, Estado de Goiás. Available from: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2015-2018/2017/Dsn/Dsn14471.htm (accessed: 30 Jan. 2023)
Browne, P. (1756) Civil and Natural History of Jamaica. T. Osborne & J. Shipton, London, 278 pp.
CEPF—Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (2017) Ecosystem profile Cerrado biodiversity hotspot. Available at: https://www.cepf.net/sites/default/files/cerrado-ecosystem-profile-en-updated.pdf (accessed: 10 May 2022)
Bukatsch, F. (1972) Bemerkungen zur Doppelfärbung Astrablau-Safranin. Mikrokosmos 61: 255.
Colli, G.R., Vieira, C.R. & Dianese, J.C. (2020) Biodiversity and conservation of the Cerrado: recent advances and old challenges. Biodiversity and Conservation 29: 1465–1475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-01967-x
Costa-Lima, J.L. & Chagas, E.C.O. (2020) Two new species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) from the Espinhaço Range, Eastern Brazil. Systematic Botany 45: 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364420X15801369352351
Damasco, G., Fontes, C., Françoso, R. & Haidar, R. (2018) The Cerrado Biome: A Forgotten Biodiversity Hotspot. Biodiversity 6: 11–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2018.00022
Felfili, J.M. (2007) A Chapada dos Veadeiros. In: Felfili, J.M, Rezende, A.V. & Silva Jr., M.C. (Eds.) Biogeografia do Bioma Cerrado: Vegetação e Solos da Chapada dos Veadeiros. Editora Universidade de Brasília/Finatec, Brasília, DF, pp. 17–23.
Flora e Funga do Brasil (2023) Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ (accessed 31 May 2023)
IUCN (2017) Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. Available from: http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/ RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed: 12 May 2022)
Jara-Munoz, O.A., White, D.M. & Rivera-Dýaz, O. (2022) Morphological and Molecular Evidence Support Elevating Erythroxylum macrophyllum var. savannarum (Erythroxylaceae) to Specific Status. Systematic Botany 47: 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512572274990
Javelle, M., Vernoud, V., Rogowsky, P.M. & Ingram, G.C. (2011) Epidermis: the formation and functions of a fundamental plant tissue. New Phytologist 189: 17–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03514.x
Johansen, D.A. (1940) Plant Microtechnique. McGraw-Hill, New York, 523 pp.
Lamarck, J.-B.P.A.M. (1786) Erythroxylon. In: Lamarck, J.-B.P.A.M. & Poiret, J.L.M. (eds.) Encyclopédie Méthodique, vol. II. H. Agasse, Paris, pp. 392–394.
Loiola, M.I.B. (2001) Revisão taxonômica de Erythroxylum P. Browne sect. Rhabdophyllum O.E.Schulz (Erythroxylaceae Kunth). Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 238 pp.
Loiola, M.I.B. & Sales, M.F. (2012) Erythroxylum ayrtonianum (Erythroxylaceae): a new species from Brazil. Novon 22: 48–50. https://doi.org/10.3417/2010064
Loiola, M.I.B. & Cordeiro, L.S. (2014) Erythroxylum sobraleanum (Erythroxylaceae): a new species from Southeastern Brazil. Phytotaxa 183: 56–60. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.183.1.7
Loiola, M.I.B. & Cordeiro, L.S. (2019) Erythroxylum niziae (Erythroxylaceae): A New Species from the West-Central Cerrado of Brazil. Systematic Botany 44: 659–663. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364419X15620113920699
Marris, E. (2005) Conservation in Brazil: the forgotten ecosystem. Nature 437: 944–945. https://doi.org/10.1038/437944a
Martius, K.F.P. (1840) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der gattung Erythroxylon. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 3: 280–410.
Mendonça, R.C., Filgueiras, T.S. & Fagg, C.W. (2007) Análise Florística da Chapada dos Veadeiros. In: Felfili, J.M, Rezende, A.V & Silva Jr., M.C. (Eds.) Biogeografia do Bioma Cerrado: Vegetação e Solos da Chapada dos Veadeiros. Editora Universidade de Brasília/ Finatec, Brasília, DF, pp. 119–237.
Metcalfe, C.R. & Chalk, L. (1950) Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Leaves, Stem, and Wood in Relation to Taxonomy with Notes on Economic Uses. vol. 2. Claredon Press, Oxford.
Munhoz, C.B.R. & Felfili, J.M. (2006) Floristics of the herbaceous and subshrub layer of moist grassland in the Cerrado biosphere reserve (Alto Paraíso de Goiás), Brazil. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 63: 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428606000539
Peyritsch, J. (1878) Erythroxylaceae. In: Martius, C.F.P. & Eichler, A.G. (Eds.) Flora brasiliensis. Vol. 12, pt. 1. Frid. Fleischer, Leipzig, pp. 125–180, t. 23–32.
Pires, M.O. (2020) Cerrado, old and new agricultural frontiers. Brazilian Political Science Review 14 (3): e0004-1/24. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-3821202000030006
Plowman, T. & Hensold, N. (2004) Names, types and distribution of neotropical species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae). Brittonia 56: 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1663/0007-196X(2004)056[0001:NTADON]2.0.CO;2
Ratter, J.A., Ribeiro, J.F. & Bridgewater, S. (1997) The Brazilian Cerrado Vegetation and Threats to its Biodiversity. Annals of Botany 80: 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0469
Ribeiro, J.F. & Walter, B.M.T. (2008) As principais fitofisionomias do Bioma Cerrado. In: Sano, S.M., Almeida, S.P. & Ribeiro, J.F. (Eds.) Cerrado: ecologia e flora. Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, pp. 151–212.
Rury, P.M. (1981) Systematic anatomy of Erythroxylum P. Browne: practical and evolutionary implications for the cultivated cocas. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 3: 229–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(81)90056-8
Rury, P.M. & Plowman, T. (1983) Morphological studies of archeological and recent coca leaves (Erythroxylum spp.). Botanical Museum Leaflets 29: 297–341. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.168665
Saint-Hilaire, A.F.C.P. (1829) Erythroxyleae. In: Saint-Hilaire, A.F.C.P., de Jussieu, A.H.L. & Cambessèdes, J. (Eds.) Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis, vol. 2. A. Belin Bibliopolam, Paris, pp. 92–101.
Schulz, O.E. (1907) Erythroxylaceae. In: Engler, A. (Ed.) Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetabilis conspectus. Verlag von H. R. Engelmann, Weinheim, pp. 1–176.
Silva, M.J. (2014) Manihot veadeirensis (Euphorbiaceae s.s.): A New Species from the Brazilian Cerrado. Systematic Botany 39: 1161–1165. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X682625
Silva, M.J. & Loiola, M.I.B. (2021) A new species of Erythroxylum (Erythoxylaceae) from the seasonal dry forests of the state of Goiás, Brazil. Phytotaxa 480: 269–276. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.480.3.6
Simon, M.F. & Proença, C. (2000) Phytogeographic patterns of Mimosa (Mimosoideae, Leguminosae) in the Cerrado biome of Brazil: an indicator genus of high-altitude centers of endemism? Biological Conservation 96: 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00085-9
Strassburg, B.B., Latawiec, A. & Balmford, A. (2016) Brazil: urgent action on Cerrado extinctions. Nature 540: 199. https://doi.org/10.1038/540199a
Strassburg, B.B.N., Brooks, T., Feltran-Barbieri, R., Iribarrem, A., Crouzeilles, R., Loyola, R., Latawiec, A.E., Oliveira Filho, F.J.B., Scaramuzza, C.A.M., Scarano, F.R., Soares-Filho, B. & Balmford, A. (2017) Moment of truth for the Cerrado hotspot. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1: 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0099
Thiers, B. (2023) [continuously updated] Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 28 May 2023)
White, D.M., Islam, M.B. & Mason-Gamer, R.M. (2019) Phylogenetic inference in section Archerythroxylum informs taxonomy, biogeography, and the domestication of coca (Erythroxylum species). American Journal of Botany 106: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1224