Abstract
Illicium × rubellum nom. nud. was proposed based on a single individual without description and indication of type. In this paper we report two additional populations of this hybrid found in Taiwan. The morphology of leaf and flower is intermediate between I. arborescens and I. anisatum. Molecular data from ITS sequence of nuclear ribosomal DNA also suggests its hybrid origin. Here we validate this name with a formal description and type designation. This is the first report of natural hybrid species in Illicium and Schisandraceae. Detailed morphology comparison and illustrations are also provided.
References
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Alvarez, I. & Wendel, J.F. (2003) Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 29: 417–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00208-2</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 181 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bobrov, A.A., Zalewska-Gałosz, J. & Chemeris, E.V. (2013) <em>Potamogeton </em>× <em>clandestinus</em> (<em>P. crispus </em>× <em>P. natans</em>, Potamogetonaceae), a new natural pondweed hybrid discovered in Europe. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 149 (1): 31–49. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.149.1.5</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Baldwin, B.G., Sanderson, M.J., Porter, J.M., Wojciechowski, M.F., Campbell, C.S. & Donoghue, M.J. (1995) The ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA: a valuable source of evidence on angiosperm phylogeny. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 82: 247–277. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399880</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cattaneo, C., Dimarchou, T., Özcan, T. & Dirmenci, T. (2022) A new hybrid of <em>Origanum</em> (Lamiaceae) from the Aegean Island of Karpathos (Dodecanese, Greece): <em>Origanum</em> × <em>karpathicum</em>. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 560 (1): 43–56. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.1.3</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chang, L.-F. (2009) <em>Taxonomic Studies of Illiciaceae in Taiwan</em>. Master thesis. National Taiwan University, Taipei, 108 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chang, L.-F., Ho, K.-Y. & Lu, F.-Y. (2011) The Phenogenetic Relationship of Illiciaceae Plants in Taiwan-Determined by ITS DNA Sequence, Pollen Grains and Morphological Features. <em>Journal of the Agricultural Association of Taiwan</em> 12 (2): 186–200.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dirmenci, T., Özcan, T., Yazici, T., Arabaci, T. & Martin, E. (2018) Morphological, cytological, palynological and molecular evidence on two new hybrids from Turkey: an example of homoploid hybridization in <em>Origanum</em> (Lamiaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 371 (3): 145–167. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.371.3.1</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Doyle, J.J. & Doyle, J.L. (1990) Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. <em>Focus</em> 12 (13): 39–40.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 32 (5): 1792–1797. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Editorial Committee of the Red List of Taiwan Plants (2017) <em>The Red List of Vascular Plants of Taiwan, 2017</em>. Endemic Species Research Institute, Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan and Taiwan Society of Plant Systematics, Nantou, 187 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hao, G., Saunders, R.M.K. & Chye, M.-L. (2000) A phylogenetic analysis of the Illiciaceae based on sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 223 (1): 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985328</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hayata, B. (1912)<em> Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam</em>, vol. 2. Government of Formosa, Taihoku, pp. 105–106.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 35: 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Li, H.-L. (1976) Illiciaceae.<em> In</em>: Li, H.-L. (Eds.) <em>Flora of Taiwan, vol. 2.</em> Epoch Publishing, Taipei, pp. 403–405.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lin, Q. (1996) Illiciaceae. <em>In</em>: Huang, T.-C. (Eds.) <em>Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed. vol. 2.</em> Editorial Committee of the flora of Taiwan. Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, pp. 427–436.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1759) <em>Systema Naturae, </em>10<sup>th</sup> ed., vol. 2, pp. 1050.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lu, F.-Y., Ou, C.-H., Tseng, Y.-H. & Wang, C.M. (2017) <em>Tree of Taiwan</em>. Chinese Yi-Chih Forest Plant Research Association, Taichung, 1271 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lu, S.-Y., Yin, H.-W., Chao, Y.-S., Chang, L.-F. & Yu, W.-J. (2013) Based on nrITS Sequences Identificate Nature Hybrid of <em>Illicium</em> x rubellum. <em>Quarterly Jounal of Chinese Forestry</em> 46 (1): 119–124.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Masamune, G. (1954) <em>A List of Vascular Plants of Taiwan</em>. Hokurikunoshokubutzunokai Press, Kanazawa, Japan, pp. 48.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Maximowicz, C.J. (1888) Diagnoses des plantes nouvelles asiatiques. <em>Bulletin de l’Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg</em> 32: 477–629.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Merrill, E.D. (1909) <em>Illicium</em>. <em>Philippine Journal of Science</em> 4: 254.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Morris, A.B., Bell, C.D., Clayton, J.W., Judd, W.S., Soltis, D.E. & Soltis, P.S. (2007) Phylogeny and divergence time estimation in <em>Illicium</em> with implications for New World biogeography. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 32 (2): 236–249. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364407781179734</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Smith, A.C. (1947) The families Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae. <em>Sargentia</em> 7: 1–224.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Spach, E. (1839) <em>Histoire naturelle des végétaux: phanérogames</em>, Tome 7. Librairie encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 444 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tseng, Y.H. & Hu, J.M. (2014) A new hybrid from Taiwan, <em>Elatostema </em>× <em>hybrida</em> (Urticaceae), is the first confirmed natural hybrid for Urticaceae. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 161 (1): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.161.1.2</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.H., Li, D.Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017.</em> Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashütten: Koeltz Botanical Books. pp. 1–254. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wen, J. & Zimmer, E.A. (1996) Phylogeny and biogeography of <em>Panax</em> L. (the Ginseng genus, Araliaceae): inferences from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 6: 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1996.0069</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Xia, N.-H. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2008) Illiciaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, Z.-Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds.) <em>Flora of China</em>, <em>vol. 7</em>. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 32–38.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Yang, Y.-P., Liu, H.-Y. & Lin, T.-P. (1997) <em>Manual of Taiwan Vascular Plants</em> <em>vol. 2</em>. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei, pp. 129.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Zhang, J., Chen, M., Dong, X., Lin, R., Fan, J. & Chen, Z. (2015) Evaluation of four commonly used DNA barcoding loci for Chinese medicinal plants of the family Schisandraceae. <em>PLoS One</em> 10 (5): e0125574. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125574</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 181 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bobrov, A.A., Zalewska-Gałosz, J. & Chemeris, E.V. (2013) <em>Potamogeton </em>× <em>clandestinus</em> (<em>P. crispus </em>× <em>P. natans</em>, Potamogetonaceae), a new natural pondweed hybrid discovered in Europe. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 149 (1): 31–49. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.149.1.5</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Baldwin, B.G., Sanderson, M.J., Porter, J.M., Wojciechowski, M.F., Campbell, C.S. & Donoghue, M.J. (1995) The ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA: a valuable source of evidence on angiosperm phylogeny. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 82: 247–277. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399880</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cattaneo, C., Dimarchou, T., Özcan, T. & Dirmenci, T. (2022) A new hybrid of <em>Origanum</em> (Lamiaceae) from the Aegean Island of Karpathos (Dodecanese, Greece): <em>Origanum</em> × <em>karpathicum</em>. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 560 (1): 43–56. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.1.3</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chang, L.-F. (2009) <em>Taxonomic Studies of Illiciaceae in Taiwan</em>. Master thesis. National Taiwan University, Taipei, 108 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chang, L.-F., Ho, K.-Y. & Lu, F.-Y. (2011) The Phenogenetic Relationship of Illiciaceae Plants in Taiwan-Determined by ITS DNA Sequence, Pollen Grains and Morphological Features. <em>Journal of the Agricultural Association of Taiwan</em> 12 (2): 186–200.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dirmenci, T., Özcan, T., Yazici, T., Arabaci, T. & Martin, E. (2018) Morphological, cytological, palynological and molecular evidence on two new hybrids from Turkey: an example of homoploid hybridization in <em>Origanum</em> (Lamiaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 371 (3): 145–167. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.371.3.1</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Doyle, J.J. & Doyle, J.L. (1990) Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. <em>Focus</em> 12 (13): 39–40.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 32 (5): 1792–1797. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Editorial Committee of the Red List of Taiwan Plants (2017) <em>The Red List of Vascular Plants of Taiwan, 2017</em>. Endemic Species Research Institute, Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan and Taiwan Society of Plant Systematics, Nantou, 187 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hao, G., Saunders, R.M.K. & Chye, M.-L. (2000) A phylogenetic analysis of the Illiciaceae based on sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 223 (1): 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985328</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hayata, B. (1912)<em> Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam</em>, vol. 2. Government of Formosa, Taihoku, pp. 105–106.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 35: 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Li, H.-L. (1976) Illiciaceae.<em> In</em>: Li, H.-L. (Eds.) <em>Flora of Taiwan, vol. 2.</em> Epoch Publishing, Taipei, pp. 403–405.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lin, Q. (1996) Illiciaceae. <em>In</em>: Huang, T.-C. (Eds.) <em>Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed. vol. 2.</em> Editorial Committee of the flora of Taiwan. Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, pp. 427–436.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1759) <em>Systema Naturae, </em>10<sup>th</sup> ed., vol. 2, pp. 1050.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lu, F.-Y., Ou, C.-H., Tseng, Y.-H. & Wang, C.M. (2017) <em>Tree of Taiwan</em>. Chinese Yi-Chih Forest Plant Research Association, Taichung, 1271 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lu, S.-Y., Yin, H.-W., Chao, Y.-S., Chang, L.-F. & Yu, W.-J. (2013) Based on nrITS Sequences Identificate Nature Hybrid of <em>Illicium</em> x rubellum. <em>Quarterly Jounal of Chinese Forestry</em> 46 (1): 119–124.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Masamune, G. (1954) <em>A List of Vascular Plants of Taiwan</em>. Hokurikunoshokubutzunokai Press, Kanazawa, Japan, pp. 48.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Maximowicz, C.J. (1888) Diagnoses des plantes nouvelles asiatiques. <em>Bulletin de l’Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg</em> 32: 477–629.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Merrill, E.D. (1909) <em>Illicium</em>. <em>Philippine Journal of Science</em> 4: 254.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Morris, A.B., Bell, C.D., Clayton, J.W., Judd, W.S., Soltis, D.E. & Soltis, P.S. (2007) Phylogeny and divergence time estimation in <em>Illicium</em> with implications for New World biogeography. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 32 (2): 236–249. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364407781179734</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Smith, A.C. (1947) The families Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae. <em>Sargentia</em> 7: 1–224.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Spach, E. (1839) <em>Histoire naturelle des végétaux: phanérogames</em>, Tome 7. Librairie encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 444 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tseng, Y.H. & Hu, J.M. (2014) A new hybrid from Taiwan, <em>Elatostema </em>× <em>hybrida</em> (Urticaceae), is the first confirmed natural hybrid for Urticaceae. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 161 (1): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.161.1.2</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.H., Li, D.Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017.</em> Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashütten: Koeltz Botanical Books. pp. 1–254. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wen, J. & Zimmer, E.A. (1996) Phylogeny and biogeography of <em>Panax</em> L. (the Ginseng genus, Araliaceae): inferences from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 6: 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1996.0069</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Xia, N.-H. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2008) Illiciaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, Z.-Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds.) <em>Flora of China</em>, <em>vol. 7</em>. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 32–38.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Yang, Y.-P., Liu, H.-Y. & Lin, T.-P. (1997) <em>Manual of Taiwan Vascular Plants</em> <em>vol. 2</em>. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei, pp. 129.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Zhang, J., Chen, M., Dong, X., Lin, R., Fan, J. & Chen, Z. (2015) Evaluation of four commonly used DNA barcoding loci for Chinese medicinal plants of the family Schisandraceae. <em>PLoS One</em> 10 (5): e0125574. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125574</span></span></span></p>