Abstract
During surveys of ascomycetous fungi in Sichuan province, China, a new aquicolous taxon, Xylochrysis aquatica, isolated from a decaying trunk of an undetermined wood is described. Xylochrysis aquatica differs from the type species X. lucida in having solitary, smaller ascomata with a short papillate ostiole, without a golden yellow layer of surrounded cells and larger asci with rounded ascospores. The phylogenetic analysis of the combined ITS-LSU-SSU-rpb2-tef1-α sequence data matrix showed that X. aquatica clustered together with X. lucida and formed as different lineages, it can be recognized as a distinct species. A detailed description and an illustration of the novel species are given while a nucleotide comparison of related species is provided.
References
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Calabon, M.S., Hyde, K.D., Jones, E.B.G., Luo, Z.L., Dong, W., Hurdeal, V.G., Gentekaki, E., Rossi, W., Leonardi, M., Thiyagaraja, V., Lestari, A.S., Shen, H.W., Bao, D.F., Boonyuen, N. & Zeng, M. (2022) Freshwater fungal numbers. Fungal Diversity 114: 3–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-022-00503-2</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dong, W., Wang, B., Hyde, K.D., McKenzie, E.H.C., Raja, H.A., Tanaka, K., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Abdel-Aziz, F.A., Doilom, M., Phookamsak, R., Hongsanan, S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Yu, X.D., Wang, G.N., Yang, H., Yang, J., Thambugala, K.M., Tian, Q., Luo, Z.L., Yang, J.B., Miller, A.N., Fournier, J., Boonmee, S., Hu, D.M., Nalumpang, S. & Zhang, H. (2020) Freshwater Dothideomycetes. Fungal Diversity 105: 319–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00463-5</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dissanayake, A.J., Bhunjun, C.S., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N. & Liu, J.K. (2020) Applied aspects of methods to infer phylogenetic relationships amongst fungi. Mycosphere 11: 2653–2677. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/18</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: A User-Friendly Biological Sequence Alignment Editor and Analysis Program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1999-0734.ch008</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hyde, K.D., Bao, D.F., Hongsanan, S., Chethana, K.W.T., Yang, J. & Suwannarach, N. (2021) Evolution of freshwater Diaporthomycetidae (Sordariomycetes) provides evidence for five new orders and six new families. Fungal Diversity 107: 71–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-021-00469-7</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jaklitsch, W.M., Réblová, M. & Voglmayr, H. (2013) Molecular systematics of Woswasia atropurpurea gen. et sp. nov. (Sordariomycetidae), a fungicolous ascomycetes with globose ascospores and holoblastic conidiogenesis. Mycologia 105: 476–485. https://doi.org/10.3852/12-244</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Katoh, K., Rozewicki, J. & Yamada, K.D. (2019) MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics 20: 1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lanfear, R., Frandsen, P.B., Wright, A.M., Senfeld, T. & Calcott, B. (2017) PartitionFinder 2: New Methods for Selecting Partitioned Models of Evolution for Molecular and Morphological Phylogenetic Analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34: 772–773. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw260</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Liu, Y.J., Whelen, S. & Hall, B.D. (1999) Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerse II subunit. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 1799–1808. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026092</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Luo, Z.L., Hyde, K.D., Liu, J.K., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Jeewon, R., Bao, D.F., Bhat, D.J., Lin, C.G., Li, W.L., Yang, J., Liu, N.G., Lu, Y.Z., Jayawardena, R.S., Li, J.F. & Su, H.Y. (2019) Freshwater Sordariomycetes. Fungal Diversity 99: 451–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00438-1</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rambaut A (2014) FigTree v1.4.2, A graphical viewer of phylogenetic trees. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree (accessed 8 Mar. 2023)</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Raja, H.A., Campbell, J. & Shearer, C.A. (2003) Freshwater ascomycetes: Cyanoannulus petersenii, a new genus and species from submerged wood. Mycotaxon 88: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1109/20.908665</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Réblová M. (2006) Molecular systematics of Ceratostomella sensu lato and morphologically similar fungi. Mycologia 98: 68–93. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.98.1.68</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Réblová, M., Stepanek, V. & Schumacher, R.K. (2014) Xylochrysis lucida gen. et sp. nov., a new lignicolous ascomycetes (Sordariomycetidae) with holoblastic conidiogenesis. Mycologia 106: 564–572. https://doi.org/10.3852/13-266</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rehner, S.A. & Buckley, E. (2005) A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-alpha sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia 97: 84–98. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.97.1.84</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rehner, S.A. & Samuels, G.J. (1994) Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Gliocladium Analyzed from Nuclear Large Subunit Ribosomal DNA-Sequences. Mycological Research 98: 625–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80409-7</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Hohna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Senanayake, I.C., Rathnayaka, A.R., Marasinghe, D.S., Calabon, M.S., Gentekaki, E., Lee, H.B., Hurdeal, V.G., Pem, D., Dissanayake, L.S., Wijesinghe, S.N., Bundhun, D., Nguyen, T.T., Goonasekara, I.D., Abeywickrama, P.D., Bhunjun, C.S., Jayawardena, R.S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J. & Xiang, M.M. (2020) Morphological approaches in studying fungi: collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. Mycosphere 11: 2678–2754. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tsui, C., Fryar, S., Hodgkiss, I., Hyde, K., Poonyth, A. & Taylor, J. (1998) The effect of human disturbance on fungal diversity in the tropics. Fungal Diversity 1: 19–26.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">White, T., Bruns, T., Lee, S., Taylor, F., White, T., Lee, S.H., Taylor, L. & Shawetaylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic, New York 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wijayawardene, N., Hyde, K., Dai, D.Q., Sanchez-Garcia, M., Tomio Goto, B., Saxena, R., Erdo?du, M., Selcuk, F., K. C, R., Aptroot, A., B³aszkowski, J., Boonyuen, N., Silva, G., de Souza, F., Dong, W., Ertz, D., Haelewaters, D., Jones, E., Karunarathna, S. & Pem, D. (2022) Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021. mycosphere 13: 53–453. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Zhang, H., Dong, W., Hyde, K.D., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hongsanan, S., Bhat, D.J., Al-Sadi, A.M. & Zhang, D. (2017) Towards a natural classification of Annulatascaceae-like taxa: introducing Atractosporales ord. nov and six new families. Fungal Diversity 85: 75–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0387-z</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dong, W., Wang, B., Hyde, K.D., McKenzie, E.H.C., Raja, H.A., Tanaka, K., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Abdel-Aziz, F.A., Doilom, M., Phookamsak, R., Hongsanan, S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Yu, X.D., Wang, G.N., Yang, H., Yang, J., Thambugala, K.M., Tian, Q., Luo, Z.L., Yang, J.B., Miller, A.N., Fournier, J., Boonmee, S., Hu, D.M., Nalumpang, S. & Zhang, H. (2020) Freshwater Dothideomycetes. Fungal Diversity 105: 319–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00463-5</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dissanayake, A.J., Bhunjun, C.S., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N. & Liu, J.K. (2020) Applied aspects of methods to infer phylogenetic relationships amongst fungi. Mycosphere 11: 2653–2677. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/18</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: A User-Friendly Biological Sequence Alignment Editor and Analysis Program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1999-0734.ch008</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hyde, K.D., Bao, D.F., Hongsanan, S., Chethana, K.W.T., Yang, J. & Suwannarach, N. (2021) Evolution of freshwater Diaporthomycetidae (Sordariomycetes) provides evidence for five new orders and six new families. Fungal Diversity 107: 71–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-021-00469-7</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jaklitsch, W.M., Réblová, M. & Voglmayr, H. (2013) Molecular systematics of Woswasia atropurpurea gen. et sp. nov. (Sordariomycetidae), a fungicolous ascomycetes with globose ascospores and holoblastic conidiogenesis. Mycologia 105: 476–485. https://doi.org/10.3852/12-244</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Katoh, K., Rozewicki, J. & Yamada, K.D. (2019) MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics 20: 1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lanfear, R., Frandsen, P.B., Wright, A.M., Senfeld, T. & Calcott, B. (2017) PartitionFinder 2: New Methods for Selecting Partitioned Models of Evolution for Molecular and Morphological Phylogenetic Analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34: 772–773. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw260</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Liu, Y.J., Whelen, S. & Hall, B.D. (1999) Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerse II subunit. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 1799–1808. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026092</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Luo, Z.L., Hyde, K.D., Liu, J.K., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Jeewon, R., Bao, D.F., Bhat, D.J., Lin, C.G., Li, W.L., Yang, J., Liu, N.G., Lu, Y.Z., Jayawardena, R.S., Li, J.F. & Su, H.Y. (2019) Freshwater Sordariomycetes. Fungal Diversity 99: 451–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00438-1</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rambaut A (2014) FigTree v1.4.2, A graphical viewer of phylogenetic trees. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree (accessed 8 Mar. 2023)</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Raja, H.A., Campbell, J. & Shearer, C.A. (2003) Freshwater ascomycetes: Cyanoannulus petersenii, a new genus and species from submerged wood. Mycotaxon 88: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1109/20.908665</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Réblová M. (2006) Molecular systematics of Ceratostomella sensu lato and morphologically similar fungi. Mycologia 98: 68–93. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.98.1.68</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Réblová, M., Stepanek, V. & Schumacher, R.K. (2014) Xylochrysis lucida gen. et sp. nov., a new lignicolous ascomycetes (Sordariomycetidae) with holoblastic conidiogenesis. Mycologia 106: 564–572. https://doi.org/10.3852/13-266</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rehner, S.A. & Buckley, E. (2005) A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-alpha sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia 97: 84–98. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.97.1.84</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rehner, S.A. & Samuels, G.J. (1994) Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Gliocladium Analyzed from Nuclear Large Subunit Ribosomal DNA-Sequences. Mycological Research 98: 625–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80409-7</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Hohna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Senanayake, I.C., Rathnayaka, A.R., Marasinghe, D.S., Calabon, M.S., Gentekaki, E., Lee, H.B., Hurdeal, V.G., Pem, D., Dissanayake, L.S., Wijesinghe, S.N., Bundhun, D., Nguyen, T.T., Goonasekara, I.D., Abeywickrama, P.D., Bhunjun, C.S., Jayawardena, R.S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J. & Xiang, M.M. (2020) Morphological approaches in studying fungi: collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. Mycosphere 11: 2678–2754. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tsui, C., Fryar, S., Hodgkiss, I., Hyde, K., Poonyth, A. & Taylor, J. (1998) The effect of human disturbance on fungal diversity in the tropics. Fungal Diversity 1: 19–26.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">White, T., Bruns, T., Lee, S., Taylor, F., White, T., Lee, S.H., Taylor, L. & Shawetaylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic, New York 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wijayawardene, N., Hyde, K., Dai, D.Q., Sanchez-Garcia, M., Tomio Goto, B., Saxena, R., Erdo?du, M., Selcuk, F., K. C, R., Aptroot, A., B³aszkowski, J., Boonyuen, N., Silva, G., de Souza, F., Dong, W., Ertz, D., Haelewaters, D., Jones, E., Karunarathna, S. & Pem, D. (2022) Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021. mycosphere 13: 53–453. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Zhang, H., Dong, W., Hyde, K.D., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hongsanan, S., Bhat, D.J., Al-Sadi, A.M. & Zhang, D. (2017) Towards a natural classification of Annulatascaceae-like taxa: introducing Atractosporales ord. nov and six new families. Fungal Diversity 85: 75–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0387-z</span></span></span>