Abstract
Linaria pseudamethystea, from the south-western part of the Iberian Peninsula, is here newly described, illustrated, and compared with its morphologically closest relatives from L. sect. Supinae: L. amethystea, L. semialata, and L. diffusa. The species is characterized by being annual and glabrous and by having a loose inflorescence; calyx lobes unequal; corolla blue-violet, with conspicuous dark veins and yellow to orangish palate, abaxial lip with two prominent humps and ornamentation reticulate and often with two thick spots, and spur equalling the length of the rest of the corolla, curved, usually dark blue-violet; capsule globose and glabrous; seeds black with densely papillose and non-tuberculate disk, and non- thickened wing. L. pseudamethystea is an endemic species, whose general morphology and distribution area overlap with that of L. amethystea, causing confusion between the two species and misidentification of their populations. The new species grows in ephemeral therophyte pastures of siliceous mountains, from the east of the province of Seville (Spain) to the Algarve and Alentejo (Portugal).
References
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<p>Blanca, G., Cueto, M. & Fuentes, J. (2022) <em>Linaria subbaetica </em>(Plantaginaceae), a new species from the south of the Iberian Peninsula. <em>Phytotaxa </em>530 (2): 163–176. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.530.2.3</p>
<p>Blanca, G., Cueto, M., Fuentes, J., Sáez, L. & Tarifa, R. (2018) <em>Linaria qartobensis </em>sp. nov. (Plantaginaceae) from the southern Iberian Peninsula. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany </em>36 (8): e01914. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01914</p>
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<p>Jiménez, J.F., López, D., Vera, J.B., Güemes, J. & Sánchez-Gómez, P. (2020) <em>Linaria semialata </em>and <em>L. amethystea </em>subsp. <em>aedoi</em>, two new taxa of <em>L.</em> sect. <em>Supinae</em> (Plantaginaceae) from Southeastern Iberian Peninsula. <em>Phytotaxa </em>460 (3): 167–184. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.460.3.1</p>
<p>Juan, A., Blanca, G., Cueto, M., Fuentes, J. & Sáez, L. (2018) <em>Linaria argillicola </em>(Plantaginaceae), a new species of <em>L. </em>sect. <em>Supinae </em>from the southern Iberian Peninsula. <em>Phytotaxa </em>343 (2): 127–138. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.343.2.3</p>
<p>Kunze, G. (1846) Chloris Austro-Hispanica, e collectionibus Willkommianis, a m. Majo 1844 ad finem m. Maji 1845 factis, composuit G. Kunze in univ. Lipsiensi botan. prof. <em>Flora</em> 29: 625–656.</p>
<p>Lamarck, J.B. (1797–1798) <em>Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique</em>, vol. 4. Panckoucke, Paris, 754 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>, 2 vols. L. Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Luceño, M., Fernández-Mazuecos, M. & Vargas, P. (2019) A new species of <em>Linaria </em>sect. <em>Supinae</em> from Sierra de Gredos (Sistema Central mountains, Iberian Peninsula). <em>Acta Botanica Malacitana</em> 44: 43–49. https://doi.org/10.24310/abm.v44i0.6679</p>
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<p>Rivas Martínez, S., Díaz, T.E., Fernández-González, F., Izco, J., Loidi, J., Lousã, M. & Penas, A. (2002) Vascular Plant Communities of Spain and Portugal. Addenda to the Syntaxonomical Checklist of 2001. <em>Itinera Geobotanica </em>15 (1): 5–432.</p>
<p>Sáez, L. & Bernal, M. (2009) <em>Linaria</em> Mill. <em>In</em>: Castroviejo, S., Benedí, C., Rico, E., Güemes, J. & Herrero, A. (Eds.) <em>Flora Iberica</em>, vol. 13. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, pp. 232–324.</p>
<p>Sáez, L., Juan, A., Crespo, M.B., Navarro, F.B., Peñas, J. & Roquet, C. (2009) Apéndice VI. <em>In</em>: Castroviejo, S., Benedí, C., Rico, E., Güemes, J. & Herrero, A. (Eds.) <em>Flora Iberica</em>, vol. 13. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, 623 pp.</p>
<p>Sáez, L. & Sainz, M. (2011) <em>Linaria</em> Mill. <em>In</em>: Blanca, G., Cabezudo, B., Cueto, M., Morales Torres, C. & Salazar, C. (Eds.) <em>Flora Vascular de Andalucía Oriental. (2ª Edición corregida y aumentada)</em>, Universidades de Almería, Granada, Jaén y Málaga, Granada, pp. 1233–1244.</p>
<p>Sáez, L., Sainz, M. & Crespo, M.B. (2004) Taxonomic notes on <em>Linaria</em> Mill. (Scrophulariaceae) for Flora Iberica. <em>Folia Geobotanica </em>39: 293–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02804783</p>
<p>Simpson, M.G. (2006) <em>Plant Systematics</em>. Elsevier, Academic Press, London, 590 pp.</p>
<p>Sutton, D.A. (1988) <em>A revision of the tribe Antirrhineae</em>. British Museum (Natural History), London, 575 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2023) [continuously updated] <em>Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 22 January 2023)</p>
<p>Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (Eds.) (1972) <em>Flora europea</em>, vol. 3<em>.</em> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 370 pp.</p>
<p>Valdés, B. (1970) <em>Revisión de las especies europeas de Linaria con semillas aladas</em>. Anales de la Universidad Hispalense, Sevilla, 288 pp.</p>
<p>Valdés, B. (1987) Scrophulariaceae. <em>In</em>: Valdés, B., Talavera, S. & Fernández-Galiano, E. (Eds.) <em>Flora vascular de Andalucía Occidental</em>, vol. 2. Ketres, Barcelona, pp. 486–547.</p>
<p>Valdés, B., Talavera, S. & Fernández-Galiano, E. (Eds.) (1987) <em>Flora vascular de Andalucía Occidental</em>, vol. 2. Ketres, Barcelona, 640 pp.</p>
<p>Viano, J. (1978a) Les linaires à graines aptères du bassin méditerranéen occidental. 1. Linaria sect. Versicolores. <em>Candollea </em>33: 43–88.</p>
<p>Viano, J. (1978b) Les linaires à graines aptères du bassin méditerranéen occidental. 2. Linaria sect. Elegantes, Bipunctatae, Diffusae, Speciosae, Repentes. <em>Candollea </em>33: 209–267.</p>
<p>Vigalondo, B., Fernández-Mazuecos, M., Vargas, P. & Sáez, L. (2015) Unmasking cryptic species: morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of the Ibero-North African <em>Linaria incarnata</em> complex. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society </em>177: 395–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12251</p>
<p>Wettstein, R. (1891) <em>Linaria </em>Mill. <em>In</em>: Engler, H.G.A. & Prantl, K.A.E. (Eds.) <em>Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien </em>IV, Teil 3 (b). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, p. 59.</p>
<p>Willkomm, M. (1893) <em>Supplementum Prodromi Florae Hispanicae</em>. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 370 pp.</p>
<p>Willkomm, M. & Lange, J. (1865–1870) <em>Prodromus Florae Hispanicae</em>, vol. 2<em>.</em> E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 680 pp.</p>
<p>APG IV (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society </em>181: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/10.1111/boj.12385</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1846) Scrophulariaceae. <em>In: </em>De Candolle, A. (Ed.) <em>Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis </em>10. V. Masson, Paris, pp. 186–598.</p>
<p>Blanca, G., Cabezudo, B., Cueto, M., Morales Torres, C. & Salazar, C. (Eds.) (2011) <em>Flora Vascular de Andalucía Oriental (2ª Edición corregida y aumentada)</em>. Universidades de Almería, Granada, Jaén y Málaga, Granada, 1751 pp.</p>
<p>Blanca, G., Cueto, M. & Fuentes, J. (2017) <em>Linaria becerrae </em>(Plantaginaceae), a new endemic species from the southern Spain, and remarks on what <em>Linaria salzmannii </em>is and is not. <em>Phytotaxa </em>298 (3): 261–268. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.298.3.5</p>
<p>Blanca, G., Cueto, M. & Fuentes, J. (2022) <em>Linaria subbaetica </em>(Plantaginaceae), a new species from the south of the Iberian Peninsula. <em>Phytotaxa </em>530 (2): 163–176. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.530.2.3</p>
<p>Blanca, G., Cueto, M., Fuentes, J., Sáez, L. & Tarifa, R. (2018) <em>Linaria qartobensis </em>sp. nov. (Plantaginaceae) from the southern Iberian Peninsula. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany </em>36 (8): e01914. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01914</p>
<p>Blanco-Pastor, J.L., Vargas, P. & Pfeil, B.E. (2012) Coalescent simulations reveal hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting in Mediterranean Linaria. <em>PLoS ONE</em> 7: e39089. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039089</p>
<p>Boissier, E. (1838) <em>Elenchus plantarum novarum</em>. Lador et Ramboz, Genève, 94 pp.</p>
<p>Boissier, E. (1839–1845) <em>Voyage botanique dans le midi de l’Espagne pendant l’année 1837</em>. Gide et Cie., Paris, 757 pp.</p>
<p>Brotero, F.A. (1804) <em>Flora Lusitanica</em>, pars. 1. Typographia Regia, Olissipone, 607 pp.</p>
<p>Buira, A., Aedo, C. & Medina, L. (2016) Spatial patterns of the Iberian and Balearic endemic vascular flora. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation </em>26 (2): 479–508. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10531-016-1254-z</p>
<p>Casimiro-Soriguer, F. & Cabezudo, B. (2019) Dos nuevas subespecies de <em>Linaria amethystea </em>(Vent.) Hoffmanns. & Link (Plantaginaceae) en el sur de la Península Ibérica. <em>Acta Botanica Malacitana </em>44: 35–42. https://doi.org/10.24310/abm.v44i0.6673</p>
<p>Chater, A.O., Valdés, B. & Webb, D.A. (1972) <em>Linaria</em>. <em>In</em>: Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (Eds.) <em>Flora Europaea</em> 3. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 226–236.</p>
<p>Chater, A.O. & Webb, D.A. (1972) Scrophulariaceae. (209) <em>Linaria </em>L. Flora Europaea Notulae Systematicae ad Floram Europaeam spectantes, No. 12. <em>Botanical Journal of Linnean Society </em>65: 223–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1972.tb00935.x</p>
<p>Coutinho, A.X.P. (1939) <em>A flora de Portugal (plantas vasculares)</em>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ediçao. Alves & Cia, Lisboa, 938 pp.</p>
<p>Dumortier, B.C.J. (1827) <em>Florula belgica</em>. J. Casterman, Tournay, 172 pp.</p>
<p>Fernández-Mazuecos, M., Blanco-Pastor, J.L. & Vargas, P. (2013) A phylogeny of toadflaxes (<em>Linaria </em>Mill.) based on nuclear internal transcribed spacer sequences: systematic and evolutionary consequences. <em>International Journal of Plant Sciences </em>174: 234–249. https://doi.org/10.1086/668790</p>
<p>Franco, J. do A. (1984) <em>Nova flora de Portugal</em>, vol. 2. Sociedade Astória, Lisboa, 659 pp.</p>
<p>Hoffmannsegg, J.C. & Link, H.F. (1811) <em>Flore portugaise</em>, vol. 1. Charles Fréderic Amelang, Berlin, 458 pp.</p>
<p>Hong, D.Y. (1983) The distribution of Scrophulariaceae in the Holartic with special reference to the floristic relationships between eastern Asia and eastern North America. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden </em>70: 701–712. https://doi.org/10.2307/2398985</p>
<p>IUCN (2012) <em>IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1</em>. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 32 pp.</p>
<p>IUCN (2017) <em>Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 13. Standards and Petitions Subcomitee</em>. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 113 pp.</p>
<p>Jiménez, J.F., López, D., Vera, J.B., Güemes, J. & Sánchez-Gómez, P. (2020) <em>Linaria semialata </em>and <em>L. amethystea </em>subsp. <em>aedoi</em>, two new taxa of <em>L.</em> sect. <em>Supinae</em> (Plantaginaceae) from Southeastern Iberian Peninsula. <em>Phytotaxa </em>460 (3): 167–184. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.460.3.1</p>
<p>Juan, A., Blanca, G., Cueto, M., Fuentes, J. & Sáez, L. (2018) <em>Linaria argillicola </em>(Plantaginaceae), a new species of <em>L. </em>sect. <em>Supinae </em>from the southern Iberian Peninsula. <em>Phytotaxa </em>343 (2): 127–138. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.343.2.3</p>
<p>Kunze, G. (1846) Chloris Austro-Hispanica, e collectionibus Willkommianis, a m. Majo 1844 ad finem m. Maji 1845 factis, composuit G. Kunze in univ. Lipsiensi botan. prof. <em>Flora</em> 29: 625–656.</p>
<p>Lamarck, J.B. (1797–1798) <em>Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique</em>, vol. 4. Panckoucke, Paris, 754 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>, 2 vols. L. Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Luceño, M., Fernández-Mazuecos, M. & Vargas, P. (2019) A new species of <em>Linaria </em>sect. <em>Supinae</em> from Sierra de Gredos (Sistema Central mountains, Iberian Peninsula). <em>Acta Botanica Malacitana</em> 44: 43–49. https://doi.org/10.24310/abm.v44i0.6679</p>
<p>Miller, P. (1754) <em>The gardeners dictionary, abridged fourth edition</em>. John and James Rivington, London, 1582 pp.</p>
<p>Miller, P. (1768) <em>The gardeners dictionary, eighth edition</em>. Philip Miller, London, alphabetical treatment 1–1300.</p>
<p>Rivas Martínez, S., Díaz, T.E., Fernández-González, F., Izco, J., Loidi, J., Lousã, M. & Penas, A. (2002) Vascular Plant Communities of Spain and Portugal. Addenda to the Syntaxonomical Checklist of 2001. <em>Itinera Geobotanica </em>15 (1): 5–432.</p>
<p>Sáez, L. & Bernal, M. (2009) <em>Linaria</em> Mill. <em>In</em>: Castroviejo, S., Benedí, C., Rico, E., Güemes, J. & Herrero, A. (Eds.) <em>Flora Iberica</em>, vol. 13. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, pp. 232–324.</p>
<p>Sáez, L., Juan, A., Crespo, M.B., Navarro, F.B., Peñas, J. & Roquet, C. (2009) Apéndice VI. <em>In</em>: Castroviejo, S., Benedí, C., Rico, E., Güemes, J. & Herrero, A. (Eds.) <em>Flora Iberica</em>, vol. 13. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, 623 pp.</p>
<p>Sáez, L. & Sainz, M. (2011) <em>Linaria</em> Mill. <em>In</em>: Blanca, G., Cabezudo, B., Cueto, M., Morales Torres, C. & Salazar, C. (Eds.) <em>Flora Vascular de Andalucía Oriental. (2ª Edición corregida y aumentada)</em>, Universidades de Almería, Granada, Jaén y Málaga, Granada, pp. 1233–1244.</p>
<p>Sáez, L., Sainz, M. & Crespo, M.B. (2004) Taxonomic notes on <em>Linaria</em> Mill. (Scrophulariaceae) for Flora Iberica. <em>Folia Geobotanica </em>39: 293–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02804783</p>
<p>Simpson, M.G. (2006) <em>Plant Systematics</em>. Elsevier, Academic Press, London, 590 pp.</p>
<p>Sutton, D.A. (1988) <em>A revision of the tribe Antirrhineae</em>. British Museum (Natural History), London, 575 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2023) [continuously updated] <em>Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 22 January 2023)</p>
<p>Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (Eds.) (1972) <em>Flora europea</em>, vol. 3<em>.</em> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 370 pp.</p>
<p>Valdés, B. (1970) <em>Revisión de las especies europeas de Linaria con semillas aladas</em>. Anales de la Universidad Hispalense, Sevilla, 288 pp.</p>
<p>Valdés, B. (1987) Scrophulariaceae. <em>In</em>: Valdés, B., Talavera, S. & Fernández-Galiano, E. (Eds.) <em>Flora vascular de Andalucía Occidental</em>, vol. 2. Ketres, Barcelona, pp. 486–547.</p>
<p>Valdés, B., Talavera, S. & Fernández-Galiano, E. (Eds.) (1987) <em>Flora vascular de Andalucía Occidental</em>, vol. 2. Ketres, Barcelona, 640 pp.</p>
<p>Viano, J. (1978a) Les linaires à graines aptères du bassin méditerranéen occidental. 1. Linaria sect. Versicolores. <em>Candollea </em>33: 43–88.</p>
<p>Viano, J. (1978b) Les linaires à graines aptères du bassin méditerranéen occidental. 2. Linaria sect. Elegantes, Bipunctatae, Diffusae, Speciosae, Repentes. <em>Candollea </em>33: 209–267.</p>
<p>Vigalondo, B., Fernández-Mazuecos, M., Vargas, P. & Sáez, L. (2015) Unmasking cryptic species: morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of the Ibero-North African <em>Linaria incarnata</em> complex. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society </em>177: 395–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12251</p>
<p>Wettstein, R. (1891) <em>Linaria </em>Mill. <em>In</em>: Engler, H.G.A. & Prantl, K.A.E. (Eds.) <em>Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien </em>IV, Teil 3 (b). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, p. 59.</p>
<p>Willkomm, M. (1893) <em>Supplementum Prodromi Florae Hispanicae</em>. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 370 pp.</p>
<p>Willkomm, M. & Lange, J. (1865–1870) <em>Prodromus Florae Hispanicae</em>, vol. 2<em>.</em> E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 680 pp.</p>