Abstract
Centaurea dolopica from Omvriaki area in Central Greece is described and illustrated as a species new to science based on morphological and molecular evidence. Detailed description of the new species, distribution, ecology, conservation status, as well as comparison with closely related species are provided. Individuals of Centaurea dolopica were also examined karyologically resulting to the chromosome number 2n = 2x = 22 accompanied by comprehensive karyotype analysis. Phylogenetic study including the new species and major representatives of Centaurea section Acrocentron was conducted using two nuclear markers (ITS, ETS). The results revealed the placement of Centaurea dolopica in the Greek-Aegean clade of the section in close evolutionary relationship with the members of the C. achaia group, corroborating the morphological and karyological data.
References
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<p>Moore, S.L.M. (1878) Alabastra diversa. <em>Journal of Botany </em>16: 129–138.</p>
<p>Östergren, G. & Heneen, W.K. (1962) A squash technique for chromosome morphological studies. <em>Hereditas</em> 48: 332–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1962.tb01817.x</p>
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<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van Der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology </em>61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Routsi, E. (1993) <em>Biosystematic study of the section Acrocentron (Cass.) DC. of the genus Centaurea L. in Greece</em>. PhD Thesis, University of Patras, Greece.</p>
<p>Routsi, E. & Georgiadis, T. (1988) In: IOPB chromosome number reports XCIX. <em>Taxon</em> 37: 396–399.</p>
<p>Routsi, E. & Georgiadis, T. (1994a) Contribution to the systematics of the genus <em>Centaurea</em> section <em>Acrocentron</em> (Asteraceae) in Greece. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 14 (4): 369–378.</p>
<p>Routsi, E. & Georgiadis, T. (1994b) Systematic review of <em>Centaurea rupestris</em> L., section <em>Acrocentron</em> (Cass.) DC. in Greece. <em>Candollea</em> 49: 359–368.</p>
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<p>Runemark, H. (1967) Studies in the Aegean Flora XII. Cytologic and morphologic investigations in <em>Centaurea</em>. <em>Botaniska Notiser</em> 120: 161–176.</p>
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<p>Boissier, E. (1859) <em>Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum</em>, ser. 2, 6. B. Herrmann, Lipsia, 148 pp.</p>
<p>Candolle, A.P. de (1837) <em>Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis</em>, vol. 6. Treutel & Würtz, Paris, 536 pp.</p>
<p>Chasapis, M., Karagiannakidou, V. & Theodoropoulos, K. (2004) Phytosociological research of <em>Quercus coccifera</em> L. pseudomaquis on Mount Chortiatis, northern Greece. <em>Israel Journal of Plant Sciences</em> 52: 357–381. https://doi.org/10.1560/N0YU-G77C-TLKX-HW5K</p>
<p>Cuvier, F. (1826) <em>Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles</em>, vol. 44. Levrault, Strasbourg, 526 pp.</p>
<p>Damboldt, J. & Matthäs, U. (1975) Chromosomenzahlen einiger mediterraner und mitteleuropäischer <em>Centaurea</em>-Arten (Asteraceae). <em>PIant Systematics and Evolution</em> 123: 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00981769</p>
<p>Darlington, C.D. & La Cour, L. (1969) <em>The handling of chromosomes</em>. George Allen and Unwin, London, 272 pp.</p>
<p>Dobroczajeva, D.N. (1949) Voloshki URSR, yikh poshirennya ta istoriya rozvitku. <em>Botanichnyi Zhurnal </em>6 (2): 63–76.</p>
<p>Flora of Greece web (2022) Vascular plants of Greece – an annotated checklist<strong>. </strong>Version IV, July 2022. Available from: https://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-greece/ (accessed 5 September 2022)</p>
<p>Font, M., Vallès, J., Susanna, A. & Garcia-Jacas, N. (2008) Auto- and allopolyploidy in <em>Centaurea</em> sect. <em>Acrocentron </em>s.l. (Asteraceae, Cardueae): karyotype and fluorochrome banding pattern analyses. <em>Collectanea Botanica (Barcelona)</em> 27: 7–18. https://doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2008.v27.1</p>
<p>Font, M., Garcia-Jacas, N., Vilatersana, R., Roquet, C. & Susanna, A. (2009) Evolution and biogeography of <em>Centaurea</em> section <em>Acrocentron</em> inferred from nuclear and plastid DNA sequence analyses. <em>Annals of Botany</em> 103 (6): 985–997. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp022</p>
<p>Garcia-Jacas, N. & Susanna, A. (1992) Karyological notes on <em>Centaurea</em> sect. <em>Acrocentron</em> (Asteraceae). <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 179: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00938015</p>
<p>Gardou, C. (1969) Caryosystématique des Centaurées de la section <em>Acrocentron</em> Cass. <em>Bulletin de la Société botanique de France</em> 116: 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1969.10838638</p>
<p>Gardou, C. (1974) Quelques vues synthétiques sur les Centaurées de la section <em>Acrocentron</em> (Cass.) O. Hoffm. dans la flore Mediterranéenne. Colloques internationales du CNRS Montpellier. <em>Flora Mediterranea</em> 235: 537–547.</p>
<p>Georgiadis, Th. & Christodoulakis, D. (1984) Contribution à l’étude cytogéographique des Centaurées de I’ile de Samos. <em>Candollea</em> 39: 307–318.</p>
<p>Hayek, A. von (1901) Die <em>Centaurea</em>-Arten Österreich-Ungarns. <em>Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse</em> 70: 585–773.</p>
<p>Healey, A., Furtado, A., Cooper, T. & Henry, R.J. (2014) Protocol: A simple method for extracting next-generation sequencing quality genomic DNA from recalcitrant plant species. <em>Plant Methods</em> 10: 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-10-21</p>
<p>Hilpold, A. (2012) <em>Evolution of the Centaurea Acrolophus subgroup.</em> PhD Thesis, University of Barcelona, Barcelona.</p>
<p>Hilpold, A., Garcia-Jacas, N., Vilatersana, R. & Susanna, A. (2014) Taxonomical and nomenclatural notes on Centaurea: A proposal of classification, a description of new sections and subsections, and a species list of the redefined section <em>Centaurea</em>. <em>Collectanea Botanica (Barcelona)</em> 33: 1–29. https://doi.10.3989/collectbot.2013.v33.001</p>
<p>IUCN (2022) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-3. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 23 September 2022)</p>
<p>Kamari, G. (1976) <em>Cytotaxonomic study of the Crepis neglecta L. complex in Greece </em>[in Greek with English summary]. Ph.D. thesis, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2016) A simple method to control over-alignment in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. <em>Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)</em> 32: 1933–1942. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw108</p>
<p>Larsson, A. (2014) AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large data sets. <em>Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) </em>30 (22): 3276–3278. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531</p>
<p>Levan, A., Fredga, K. & Sandberg, A.A. (1964) Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. <em>Hereditas </em>52: 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1964.tb01953.x</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>. L.Salvius, Holmia [Stockholm], 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R. (2021) Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.70 [http://www.mesquiteproject.org]</p>
<p>Miller, P. (1754) <em>The gardener’s dictionary</em>, ed. 4. Privately published, London, 520 pp.</p>
<p>Moore, S.L.M. (1878) Alabastra diversa. <em>Journal of Botany </em>16: 129–138.</p>
<p>Östergren, G. & Heneen, W.K. (1962) A squash technique for chromosome morphological studies. <em>Hereditas</em> 48: 332–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1962.tb01817.x</p>
<p>Pančić, J. (1856) Verzeichniss der in Serbien wildwachsenden Phanerogamen. <em>Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien </em>6: 475–598.</p>
<p>Phitos, D. (1970) Zur Polyploidie in der Gattung <em>Centaurea</em> L. Sektion <em>Acrocentron</em> (Compositae). <em>Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft</em> 83: 69–73</p>
<p>Phitos, D. (1971) Cytotaxonomische Studien der griechischen <em>Centaurea</em>-Arten, Sektion <em>Acrocentron</em> (Compositae). <em>Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft</em> 84: 255–259.</p>
<p>Phitos, D. & Kamari, G. (1973) Cytologische Untersuchungen an einigen griechischen Blutenpflanzen (<em>Centaurea</em>, <em>Aethionema</em>). <em>Biologia Gallo-Hellenica</em> 4: 147–151.</p>
<p>Phitos, D. & Georgiadis, Th. (1981) A propos du grupe de <em>Centaurea achaia</em> Boiss. et Heldr. de la section <em>Acrocentron</em> (Cass.) DC. <em>Botanika Chronika</em> 1 (2): 99–114.</p>
<p>Phitos, D., Constantinidis, Th. & Kamari, G. (Eds.) (2009) <em>The Red Data Book of rare and threatened plants of Greece</em>, vol. 1. Hellenic Botanical Society, Patras, 405 pp. [In Greek]</p>
<p>POWO (2022) Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 5 September 2022)</p>
<p>Rambaut, A. (2014) FigTree v1.4.2. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. [https://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/]</p>
<p>Rambaut, A., Drummond, A.J., Xie, D., Baele, G. & Suchard, M.A. (2018) Posterior summarisation in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 67 (5): 901–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy032</p>
<p>Ranjbar, M. & Negaresh, K. (2013) A contribution to <em>Centaurea</em> sect. <em>Acrocentron</em> (Asteraceae) from Iran. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 149 (1): 50–60. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.149.1.6</p>
<p>Rechinger, K.H. (1956) Plantae novae ex insula Euboea. <em>Anzeiger der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschatliche Klasse </em>9: 95–103.</p>
<p>Rice, A., Glick, L., Abadi, S., Einhorn, M., Kopelman, N.M., Salman-Minkov, A., Mayzel, J., Chay, O. & Mayrose, I. (2015) The Chromosome Counts Database (CCDB) – a community resource of plant chromosome numbers. <em>New Phytologist </em>206: 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13191</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van Der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology </em>61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Routsi, E. (1993) <em>Biosystematic study of the section Acrocentron (Cass.) DC. of the genus Centaurea L. in Greece</em>. PhD Thesis, University of Patras, Greece.</p>
<p>Routsi, E. & Georgiadis, T. (1988) In: IOPB chromosome number reports XCIX. <em>Taxon</em> 37: 396–399.</p>
<p>Routsi, E. & Georgiadis, T. (1994a) Contribution to the systematics of the genus <em>Centaurea</em> section <em>Acrocentron</em> (Asteraceae) in Greece. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 14 (4): 369–378.</p>
<p>Routsi, E. & Georgiadis, T. (1994b) Systematic review of <em>Centaurea rupestris</em> L., section <em>Acrocentron</em> (Cass.) DC. in Greece. <em>Candollea</em> 49: 359–368.</p>
<p>Routsi, E. & Georgiadis, T. (1999) Cytogeographical study of <em>Centaurea</em> L. sect. <em>Acrocentron</em> (Cass.) DC. (Asteraceae) in Greece. <em>Botanica Helvetica</em> 109 (2): 139–151.</p>
<p>Runemark, H. (1967) Studies in the Aegean Flora XII. Cytologic and morphologic investigations in <em>Centaurea</em>. <em>Botaniska Notiser</em> 120: 161–176.</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. <em>Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)</em> 30: 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033</p>
<p>Stebbins, G.L. (1971) <em>Chromosomal evolution in higher plants</em>. Edward Arnold, London, 216 pp.</p>
<p>Uysal, T., Ertuğrul, K., Susanna, A. & Garcia-Jacas, N. (2009) New chromosome counts in the genus <em>Centaurea</em> (Asteraceae) from Turkey. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 159: 280–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00939.x</p>
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