Abstract
Aubrieta birolmutlui is described as a new species from the eastern part of Turkey based on morphological and molecular data. The new species is confined to limestone rock and is most similar to A. macrostyla, but it differs by having only rosette-like basal leaves, larger and entire leaves with sparse indumentum, bigger fruit and short style. The new species is also close to A. libanotica and A. canescens according to the morphological data. The morphological characters of the new species distinguishing it from its relatives are given in a comparative table and discussed. This new species, the closest relative taxa, and some of the Aubrieta species have been studied by sequencing the most commonly used plastid markers in the genus, namely trnS- ycf9, trnL-F and trnL intron. All the sequences have been evaluated by Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian approaches and the results support the morphological species delimitation. A detailed morphological description, photographs from the habitat of the new species, and a phylogenetic consensus tree are provided herein. The new species is assigned to the CR threat category of the IUCN.
References
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<p>Al-Shehbaz, I.A., Mutlu, B. & Dönmez, A.A. (2007) The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) of Turkey, updated. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany </em>31: 327–336.</p>
<p>Ancev, M. & Goranova V. (2009) <em>Aubrieta </em>(Brassicaceae) in the Bulgarian flora. <em>Phytologia Balcanica </em>15: 43–50.</p>
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<p>Boissier, E. (1867) <em>Flora Orientalis: sive, Enumeratio plantarum in Oriente a Graecia et Aegypto ad Indiae fines hucusque observatarum vol 1</em>, Basileae Apud H. Georg, Bibliopolam, Geneve, 1017 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.20323</p>
<p>Bornmüller, J.F.N. (1936) Symbolae ad Floram Anatolicam. 2. Lieferung. <em>Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis</em>, Beihefte 89: 1–258.</p>
<p>Cullen, J. (1965) <em>Aubrieta </em>Adans. <em>In: </em>Davis, P.H. (Ed.) <em>Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands</em>, vol 1. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 444–447.</p>
<p>Çeçen, Ö. & Özcan T. (2021) A new <em>Teucrium </em>L. (Lamiaceae) Species from South Anatolia (Turkey). <em>Turkish Journal of Botany </em>45: 353–370. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-2010-7</p>
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<p>Gilks, W.R., Richardson S. & Spiegelhalter, D.J. (1996) <em>Markov chain Monte Carlo in practice</em>. Chapman and Hall, London, 481 pp.</p>
<p>Hasegawa, M., Kishino, H. & Yano T. (1985) Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. <em>Journal of Molecular Evolution </em>22 (2): 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02101694</p>
<p>IUCN (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria, Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 15 September 2021)</p>
<p>Karl, R. & Koch M.A. (2013) A world-wide perspective on crucifer speciation and evolution: phylogeny, biogeography and trait evolution in tribe Arabideae. <em>Annals of Botany </em>112 (6): 983–1001. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct165</p>
<p>Koch, M.A., Karl, L. & German D.A. (2017) Underexplored biodiversity of Eastern Mediterranean biota: systematics and evolutionary history of the genus <em>Aubrieta </em>(Brassicaceae). <em>Annals of Botany </em>119 (1): 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw204</p>
<p>Kumar, S., Nei, M., Dudley, J. & Tamura K. (2008) MEGA: a biologist-centric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences. <em>Briefings in Bioinformatics </em>9 (4): 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbn017</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum vol. 2. </em>Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Mattfield, J. (1939) The species of the genus <em>Aubrieta </em>Adanson [Translated from Bla¨tt. Staudenk. 1, (1937)]. <em>AGS</em> 7: 157–181.</p>
<p>Moench, C. (1802) <em>Supplementum ad Methodum Plantas a Staminum situ Describendi. </em>Marburgi Cattorum, in officina nova libraria academiae, 328 pp.</p>
<p>Mouterde, P. (1970) <em>Aubrieta </em>Adans. <em>In: </em>Mouterde, P. (Ed.) <em>Nouvelle Flore du Liban et du la Syrie</em>, vol 2, text. Dar El-Machreq Editeurs, Beyrouth, 639 pp.</p>
<p>Muhammed, J.J. (2017) Systematic and genomic studies in the genus <em>Aubrieta </em>(Brassicaceae). MSc thesis. University of Leicester.</p>
<p>Mutlu, B. (2012) Brassicaceae (<em>Aethionema, Barbarea, Diplopilosa, Draba, Fibigia, Hesperis, Ricotia, </em>ve <em>Rorippa </em>hariç). <em>In: </em>Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M.T. (Eds.) <em>Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler)</em>. Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği, İstanbul, Turkey, pp. 246–299. [in Turkish]</p>
<p>Mutlu, B. & Karakuş, Ş. (2015) A new species of <em>Sisymbrium </em>(Brassicaceae) from Turkey: morphological and molecular evidences. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany </em>39: 325–333. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1404-28</p>
<p>Phitos, D. (2002) <em>Aubrieta </em>Adans. <em>In: </em>Strid, A. & Tan, K. (Ed.) <em>Flora Hellenica</em>, vol 2. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, pp. 192–195.</p>
<p>Rambaut, A. (2009) FigTree. Tree figure drawing tool. [http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/]</p>
<p>Rechinger, K.H. (1968) <em>Aubrieta </em>Adans. <em>In: </em>Rechinger, K.H. (Ed.) <em>Flora Iranica </em>57. Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, pp. 219–220.</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van Der, Mark P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology </em>61 (3): 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em>: 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446</p>
<p>Şahin, B., Sağıroğlu, M. & Başer, B. (2021) A new <em>Asperula </em>L. (Rubiaceae) species from gypsum steppes of Çankırı province in Turkey. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany </em>45: 243–252. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-2010-22</p>
<p>Townsend, C.C. (1980) <em>Aubrieta </em>Adans. <em>In: </em>Townsend, C.C. & Guest, E. (Eds.) <em>Flora of Iraq Bignoniaceae to Resedaceae</em>, vol 4. Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, pp. 1014–1015.</p>
<p>Tunçkol, B., Özkan, N.G. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2022) <em>Aubrieta necmi-aksoyi </em>(Brassicaceae), a new species from Turkey and a key to the species of <em>Aubrieta. Phytotaxa </em>530 (2): 251‒256. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.530.2.13</p>
<p>Yüzbaşıoğlu, S., Koch, M.A. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2015) Proof of a knowledge database concept. <em>Aubrieta ekimii </em>(Brassicaceae), a new species from NW Anatolia (Turkey): morphological and molecular support. <em>Plant </em>Systematics and <em>Evolution </em>301: 2043–2055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-015-1212-3</p>
<p>Aiton, W.T. (1812) <em>Hortus Kewensis, or, a Catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew</em>. Ed. 2. Vol. 4. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 522 pp.</p>
<p>Akeroyd, J.R. & Ball, P.W. (1993) <em>Aubrieta </em>Adans. <em>In: </em>Tutin, T.G., Burges, N.A., Chater, A.O., Edmundon, J.R., Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (Eds.) <em>Flora Europaea</em>, vol 1, 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 356–358.</p>
<p>Al-Shehbaz, I.A., Beilstein, M.A. & Kellogg, E.A. (2006) Systematics and phylogeny of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): an overview. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution </em>259: 89–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0415-z</p>
<p>Al-Shehbaz, I.A., Mutlu, B. & Dönmez, A.A. (2007) The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) of Turkey, updated. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany </em>31: 327–336.</p>
<p>Ancev, M. & Goranova V. (2009) <em>Aubrieta </em>(Brassicaceae) in the Bulgarian flora. <em>Phytologia Balcanica </em>15: 43–50.</p>
<p>Appel, O. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2003) Cruciferae. <em>In</em>: Kubitzki, K. & Bayer, C. (Eds.) <em>Families and Genera of Vascular Plants</em>. Vol. 5<em>. </em>Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg, pp. 75–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07255-4_17</p>
<p>Boissier, E. (1846) <em>Diagnoses Plantarum Orientalium novarum</em>, 1, vol 6<em>. </em>Lipsiae [Leipzig], 136 pp.</p>
<p>Boissier, E. (1849) <em>Diagnoses Plantarum Orientalium novarum</em>, 2, vol 8<em>. </em>Typis Marci Ducloux et Cons., Parisiis [Paris], 128 pp.</p>
<p>Boissier, E. (1854) <em>Diagnoses Plantarum Orientalium novarum</em>, 2, vol 1<em>. </em>Lipsiae [Leipzig], 126 pp.</p>
<p>Boissier, E. (1867) <em>Flora Orientalis: sive, Enumeratio plantarum in Oriente a Graecia et Aegypto ad Indiae fines hucusque observatarum vol 1</em>, Basileae Apud H. Georg, Bibliopolam, Geneve, 1017 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.20323</p>
<p>Bornmüller, J.F.N. (1936) Symbolae ad Floram Anatolicam. 2. Lieferung. <em>Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis</em>, Beihefte 89: 1–258.</p>
<p>Cullen, J. (1965) <em>Aubrieta </em>Adans. <em>In: </em>Davis, P.H. (Ed.) <em>Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands</em>, vol 1. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 444–447.</p>
<p>Çeçen, Ö. & Özcan T. (2021) A new <em>Teucrium </em>L. (Lamiaceae) Species from South Anatolia (Turkey). <em>Turkish Journal of Botany </em>45: 353–370. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-2010-7</p>
<p>Dönmez, A.A., Uğurlu Aydın, Z. & Koch, M.A. (2017) <em>Aubrieta alshehbazii </em>(Brassicaceae), a new species from Central Turkey. <em>Phytotaxa </em>299 (1): 103–110. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.299.1.8</p>
<p>Dönmez, A.A. & Yerli, S.V. (2018) Biodiversity in Turkey. <em>In</em>: Pullaiah, T. (Ed) <em>Global Biodiversity</em>. Apple Academic Press, USA, pp. 393–438. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429487750-11</p>
<p>Gilks, W.R., Richardson S. & Spiegelhalter, D.J. (1996) <em>Markov chain Monte Carlo in practice</em>. Chapman and Hall, London, 481 pp.</p>
<p>Hasegawa, M., Kishino, H. & Yano T. (1985) Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. <em>Journal of Molecular Evolution </em>22 (2): 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02101694</p>
<p>IUCN (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria, Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 15 September 2021)</p>
<p>Karl, R. & Koch M.A. (2013) A world-wide perspective on crucifer speciation and evolution: phylogeny, biogeography and trait evolution in tribe Arabideae. <em>Annals of Botany </em>112 (6): 983–1001. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct165</p>
<p>Koch, M.A., Karl, L. & German D.A. (2017) Underexplored biodiversity of Eastern Mediterranean biota: systematics and evolutionary history of the genus <em>Aubrieta </em>(Brassicaceae). <em>Annals of Botany </em>119 (1): 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw204</p>
<p>Kumar, S., Nei, M., Dudley, J. & Tamura K. (2008) MEGA: a biologist-centric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences. <em>Briefings in Bioinformatics </em>9 (4): 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbn017</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum vol. 2. </em>Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Mattfield, J. (1939) The species of the genus <em>Aubrieta </em>Adanson [Translated from Bla¨tt. Staudenk. 1, (1937)]. <em>AGS</em> 7: 157–181.</p>
<p>Moench, C. (1802) <em>Supplementum ad Methodum Plantas a Staminum situ Describendi. </em>Marburgi Cattorum, in officina nova libraria academiae, 328 pp.</p>
<p>Mouterde, P. (1970) <em>Aubrieta </em>Adans. <em>In: </em>Mouterde, P. (Ed.) <em>Nouvelle Flore du Liban et du la Syrie</em>, vol 2, text. Dar El-Machreq Editeurs, Beyrouth, 639 pp.</p>
<p>Muhammed, J.J. (2017) Systematic and genomic studies in the genus <em>Aubrieta </em>(Brassicaceae). MSc thesis. University of Leicester.</p>
<p>Mutlu, B. (2012) Brassicaceae (<em>Aethionema, Barbarea, Diplopilosa, Draba, Fibigia, Hesperis, Ricotia, </em>ve <em>Rorippa </em>hariç). <em>In: </em>Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M.T. (Eds.) <em>Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler)</em>. Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği, İstanbul, Turkey, pp. 246–299. [in Turkish]</p>
<p>Mutlu, B. & Karakuş, Ş. (2015) A new species of <em>Sisymbrium </em>(Brassicaceae) from Turkey: morphological and molecular evidences. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany </em>39: 325–333. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1404-28</p>
<p>Phitos, D. (2002) <em>Aubrieta </em>Adans. <em>In: </em>Strid, A. & Tan, K. (Ed.) <em>Flora Hellenica</em>, vol 2. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, pp. 192–195.</p>
<p>Rambaut, A. (2009) FigTree. Tree figure drawing tool. [http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/]</p>
<p>Rechinger, K.H. (1968) <em>Aubrieta </em>Adans. <em>In: </em>Rechinger, K.H. (Ed.) <em>Flora Iranica </em>57. Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, pp. 219–220.</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van Der, Mark P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology </em>61 (3): 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em>: 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446</p>
<p>Şahin, B., Sağıroğlu, M. & Başer, B. (2021) A new <em>Asperula </em>L. (Rubiaceae) species from gypsum steppes of Çankırı province in Turkey. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany </em>45: 243–252. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-2010-22</p>
<p>Townsend, C.C. (1980) <em>Aubrieta </em>Adans. <em>In: </em>Townsend, C.C. & Guest, E. (Eds.) <em>Flora of Iraq Bignoniaceae to Resedaceae</em>, vol 4. Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, pp. 1014–1015.</p>
<p>Tunçkol, B., Özkan, N.G. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2022) <em>Aubrieta necmi-aksoyi </em>(Brassicaceae), a new species from Turkey and a key to the species of <em>Aubrieta. Phytotaxa </em>530 (2): 251‒256. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.530.2.13</p>
<p>Yüzbaşıoğlu, S., Koch, M.A. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2015) Proof of a knowledge database concept. <em>Aubrieta ekimii </em>(Brassicaceae), a new species from NW Anatolia (Turkey): morphological and molecular support. <em>Plant </em>Systematics and <em>Evolution </em>301: 2043–2055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-015-1212-3</p>