Abstract
Hygrophorus viridiflavidus, a new species from Shanxi Province in northern China, belonging to subgenus Colorati, section Limacini, is proposed in this study based on morphology and molecular systematics. Hygrophorus viridiflavidus is similar and closely related to H. glutinifer, but can be distinguished from the latter by its shorter and narrower basidia (35.0–46.5 × 8.0–10.5μm). Morphological characteristics and ITS-phylogeny support Hygrophorus viridiflavidus as a distinct species.
References
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Arnolds, E. (1979) Notes on Hygrophorus—III. The group of Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus (Hygrophorus subsect. Olivaceoumbrini bat.) in north-western Europe. Persoonia 10: 357–382.
Bellanger, J.M., Lebeuf, R., Sesli, E., Loizides, M., Schwarz, C., Moreau, P.A., Liimatainen, K. & Larsson, E. (2021) Hygrophorus sect. Olivaceoumbrini: new boundaries, extended biogeography and unexpected diversity unravelled by transatlantic studies. Persoonia 46: 272–312. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.46.10
Blume. (1850) Museum botanicum 1 (19): 297.
Blume. (1851) Museum botanicum 1: 298.
Calonge, F.D. & Martin, M.P. (2000) Morphological and molecular data on the taxonomy of Gymnomyces, Martellia and Zelleromyces (Russulales). Mycotaxon 76: 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095375620000335X
Chen, J.L. & Li, T.H. (2013) The Checklist of Species in Hygrophoraceae from China and Their Distribution. Journal of Fungal Research 11 (1): 3–11.
Craig, A.J., Woods, S. & Hoeksema, J.D. (2016) Influences of host plant identity and disturbance on spatial structure and community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a northern Mississippi uplands ecosystem. Fungal Ecology 24: 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.08.007
Franch. (1884) Nouvelles archives du Muséum d’histoire naturelle sér. 2 7: 95.
Franco. (1949) Portugaliae Acta Biologica. Série B. Sistemática, Julio Henriques: 33.
Fries, E.M. (1836a) Corpus Florarum provincialium sueciae. l. Floram Scanicam, Uppsala, 394 pp.
Fries, E.M. (1836b) Anteckningar öfver de i Sverige växande ätliga svampar, 98 pp.
Fries, E.M. (1838) Epicrisis systematis mycologici seu synopsis Hymenomycetum, Uppsala.Gardes, M. & Bruns, T.D. (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes – application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2 (2): 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x
Groves, J.W., Hesler, L.R. & Smith, A.H. (1963) North American species of Hygrophorus. Mycologia 55 (4): 532–534. https://doi.org/10.2307/3756347
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1999-0734.ch008
Halling, R.E. & Mueller, G.M.M. (2005) Common Mushrooms of the Talamanca Mountains, Costa Rica. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 90: 1–195
Hance. (1869) The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany 10: 203.
Hesler, L.R. & Smith A.H. (1963) North American species of Hygrophorus. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 416 pp.
Hillis, D.M. & Bull, J.J. (1993) An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology 42 (2): 182–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/42.2.182
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Huang, H.Y., Zhang, W.H., Huang, T., Gabriel, M. & Tang, L.P. (2021a) Hygrophorus russula complex (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. Mycological Progress 20 (9): 1115–1134. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-190507/v1
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Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F. & Stalpers, J.A. (2008) Dictionary of the Fungi: 10th edition. CABI, 771pp.
Kummer, P. (1871) Der Führer in die Pilzkunde. C. Luppe, Zerbst.
Larsson, E. & Jacobsson, S. (2004) Controversy over Hygrophorus cossus settled using its sequence data from 200 year-old type material. Mycological Research 108 (7): 781–786. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756204000310
Larsson, E., Campo, E. & Carbone, M. (2014) Hygrophorus exiguus, a new species in subgenus Colorati section Olivaceoumbrini, subsection Tephroleuci. Karstenia 54 (2): 41–48. https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.2014.462
Larsson, E., Kleine, J., Jacobsson, S. & Krikorev, M. (2018) Diversity within the Hygrophorus agathosmus group (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) in northern Europe. Mycological Progress. 17 (12): 1293–1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1445-y
Lodge, D.J., Padamsee, M., Matheny, P.B., Aime, M.C., Cantrell, S.A., Boertmann, D., Kovalenko, A., Vizzini, A., Dentinger, B.T.M., Kirk, P.M., Ainsworth, A.M., Moncalvo, J.M., Vilgalys, R., Larsson, E., Lücking, R., Grifth, G.W., Smith, M.E., Norvell, L.L., Desjardin, D.E., Redhead, S.A., Ovrebo, C.L., Lickey, E.B., Ercole, E., Hughes, K.W., Courtecuisse, R., Young, A., Binder, M., Minnis, A.M., Lindner, D.L., Ortiz-Santana, B., Haight, J., Læssøe, T., Baroni, T.J., Geml, J. & Hattori, T. (2014) Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales). Fungal Diversity 64: 1–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0
Marino, E.D. (2008) The ectomycorrhizal community structure in beech coppices of different age. Ludwig Maximilians Universität München: 84–112.
Moreau, P.A., Bellanger, J.M., Lebeuf, R., Athanassiou, Z., Athanasiades, A., Lambert, H., Schwarz, C. & Loizides, M. (2018) Hidden diversity uncovered in Hygrophorus sect. Aurei (Hygrophoraceae), including the mediterranean H. meridionalis and the north American H. boyeri, spp. nov. Fungal Biology: S1878614618300783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.009
Morris, M.H., Perez-Perez, M.A., Smith, M.E. & Bledsoe, C.S. (2009) Influence of host species on ectomycorrhizal communities associated with two co-occurring oaks (Quercus spp.) in a tropical cloud forest. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 69 (2): 274–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00704.x
Nylander, J. (2004) MrModeltest 2.2. Computer software distributed by the University of Uppsala. Sweden: Evolutionary Biology Centre.
Page, R.D. (2001) TreeView. Glasgow University, Glasgow.
Peck, C.H. (1902) Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History 54: 929–984.
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19 (12): 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
Singer, R. (1949) ‘1951’. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. Lilloa 22: 1–832.
Smith, A.H. & Hesler, L.R. (1939) Studies in North American species of Hygrophorus - I. Lloydia 2 (1): 1–62.
Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30 (9): 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Tedersoo, L., May, T.W. & Smith, M.E. (2010) Ectomycorrhizal life style in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza 20 (4) : 217–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x
Wang, C.Q. & Li, T.H. (2020) Hygrophorus deliciosus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), a popular edible mushroom of the H. russula-complex from southwestern China. Phytotaxa 449 (3): 232–242. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.449.3.3
Wang, C.Q., Li, T.H., Zhang, M., He, X.L. & Shen, Y.H. (2020) Hygrophorus subsection Hygrophorus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. MycoKeys 68: 49–73. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.68.53264
Wang, C.Q., Li, T.H., Wang, X.H., Wei, T.Z., & He, X.L. (2021) Hygrophorus annulatus, a new edible member of H. olivaceoalbus-complex from southwestern China. Mycoscience 62 (2): 137–142. https://doi.org/10.47371/mycosci.2021.01.001
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M., Gelfand, D., Sninsky, J. & White, T. (Eds.) PCR Protocols: A guide to Methods and Applications 18 (1). Academic Press, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Young, A.M. & Wood, A.E. (1997) Studies on the Hygrophoraceae (Fungi, Homobasidiomycetes, Agaricales) of Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 10 (6): 911–1030. https://doi.org/ 10.1071/sb96005
Young, A.M. (2005) “Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae.” Fungi of Australia Hygrophoraceae (2005): 188.
Yu, F.Q., Xu, G.B. & Liu, P.G. (2007) A new and noteworthy species of Hygrophorus from Yunnan, China. Mycotaxon 100: 169–175.
Alfaro, M.E., Zoller, S. & Lutzoni, F. (2003) Bayes or bootstrap? A simulation study comparing the performance of Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling and bootstrapping in assessing phylogenetic confidence. Molecular Biology & evolution 20 (2): 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msg028
Arnolds, E. (1990) Genus Hygrophorus. Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 2: 115–133.
Arnolds, E. (1979) Notes on Hygrophorus—III. The group of Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus (Hygrophorus subsect. Olivaceoumbrini bat.) in north-western Europe. Persoonia 10: 357–382.
Bellanger, J.M., Lebeuf, R., Sesli, E., Loizides, M., Schwarz, C., Moreau, P.A., Liimatainen, K. & Larsson, E. (2021) Hygrophorus sect. Olivaceoumbrini: new boundaries, extended biogeography and unexpected diversity unravelled by transatlantic studies. Persoonia 46: 272–312. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.46.10
Blume. (1850) Museum botanicum 1 (19): 297.
Blume. (1851) Museum botanicum 1: 298.
Calonge, F.D. & Martin, M.P. (2000) Morphological and molecular data on the taxonomy of Gymnomyces, Martellia and Zelleromyces (Russulales). Mycotaxon 76: 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095375620000335X
Chen, J.L. & Li, T.H. (2013) The Checklist of Species in Hygrophoraceae from China and Their Distribution. Journal of Fungal Research 11 (1): 3–11.
Craig, A.J., Woods, S. & Hoeksema, J.D. (2016) Influences of host plant identity and disturbance on spatial structure and community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a northern Mississippi uplands ecosystem. Fungal Ecology 24: 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.08.007
Franch. (1884) Nouvelles archives du Muséum d’histoire naturelle sér. 2 7: 95.
Franco. (1949) Portugaliae Acta Biologica. Série B. Sistemática, Julio Henriques: 33.
Fries, E.M. (1836a) Corpus Florarum provincialium sueciae. l. Floram Scanicam, Uppsala, 394 pp.
Fries, E.M. (1836b) Anteckningar öfver de i Sverige växande ätliga svampar, 98 pp.
Fries, E.M. (1838) Epicrisis systematis mycologici seu synopsis Hymenomycetum, Uppsala.Gardes, M. & Bruns, T.D. (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes – application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2 (2): 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x
Groves, J.W., Hesler, L.R. & Smith, A.H. (1963) North American species of Hygrophorus. Mycologia 55 (4): 532–534. https://doi.org/10.2307/3756347
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1999-0734.ch008
Halling, R.E. & Mueller, G.M.M. (2005) Common Mushrooms of the Talamanca Mountains, Costa Rica. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 90: 1–195
Hance. (1869) The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany 10: 203.
Hesler, L.R. & Smith A.H. (1963) North American species of Hygrophorus. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 416 pp.
Hillis, D.M. & Bull, J.J. (1993) An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology 42 (2): 182–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/42.2.182
Huang, H.Y., Yang, S.D., Zeng, N.K., Zhang, G.L. & Tang, L.P. (2018) Hygrophorus parvirussula sp. nov. a new edible mushroom from southwestern China. Phytotaxa 373 (2): 139. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.373.2.4
Huang, H.Y., Zhang, W.H., Huang, T., Gabriel, M. & Tang, L.P. (2021a) Hygrophorus russula complex (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. Mycological Progress 20 (9): 1115–1134. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-190507/v1
Huang, H.Y., Zhang, W.H., Huang, T. & Tang, L.P. (2021b) Hygrophorus aurantiosquamosus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), a new species of Hygrophorus section Chrysodontes from western China. Phytotaxa 528 (5): 279–289. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.528.5.2
Huang, H.Y., Zhang, W.H., Huang, T., Jiang, S., Hao, Y.J., Mu, M. & Tang, L.P. (2022a) Revising the species diversity of Hygrophorus section Olivaceoumbrini s.l. (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. Mycological Progress: 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-022-01789-x
Huang, H.Y., Zhang, W.H., Huang, T., Gabriel M., Pu, Y.J., Fan, Y.G., Yang, S.D., Liu, T.Z. & Tang, L.P. (2022b) Phylogeny and species diversity in Hygrophorus section Aurei in China. Mycological Progress: 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-022-01825-w
Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F. & Stalpers, J.A. (2008) Dictionary of the Fungi: 10th edition. CABI, 771pp.
Kummer, P. (1871) Der Führer in die Pilzkunde. C. Luppe, Zerbst.
Larsson, E. & Jacobsson, S. (2004) Controversy over Hygrophorus cossus settled using its sequence data from 200 year-old type material. Mycological Research 108 (7): 781–786. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756204000310
Larsson, E., Campo, E. & Carbone, M. (2014) Hygrophorus exiguus, a new species in subgenus Colorati section Olivaceoumbrini, subsection Tephroleuci. Karstenia 54 (2): 41–48. https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.2014.462
Larsson, E., Kleine, J., Jacobsson, S. & Krikorev, M. (2018) Diversity within the Hygrophorus agathosmus group (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) in northern Europe. Mycological Progress. 17 (12): 1293–1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1445-y
Lodge, D.J., Padamsee, M., Matheny, P.B., Aime, M.C., Cantrell, S.A., Boertmann, D., Kovalenko, A., Vizzini, A., Dentinger, B.T.M., Kirk, P.M., Ainsworth, A.M., Moncalvo, J.M., Vilgalys, R., Larsson, E., Lücking, R., Grifth, G.W., Smith, M.E., Norvell, L.L., Desjardin, D.E., Redhead, S.A., Ovrebo, C.L., Lickey, E.B., Ercole, E., Hughes, K.W., Courtecuisse, R., Young, A., Binder, M., Minnis, A.M., Lindner, D.L., Ortiz-Santana, B., Haight, J., Læssøe, T., Baroni, T.J., Geml, J. & Hattori, T. (2014) Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales). Fungal Diversity 64: 1–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0
Marino, E.D. (2008) The ectomycorrhizal community structure in beech coppices of different age. Ludwig Maximilians Universität München: 84–112.
Moreau, P.A., Bellanger, J.M., Lebeuf, R., Athanassiou, Z., Athanasiades, A., Lambert, H., Schwarz, C. & Loizides, M. (2018) Hidden diversity uncovered in Hygrophorus sect. Aurei (Hygrophoraceae), including the mediterranean H. meridionalis and the north American H. boyeri, spp. nov. Fungal Biology: S1878614618300783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.009
Morris, M.H., Perez-Perez, M.A., Smith, M.E. & Bledsoe, C.S. (2009) Influence of host species on ectomycorrhizal communities associated with two co-occurring oaks (Quercus spp.) in a tropical cloud forest. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 69 (2): 274–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00704.x
Nylander, J. (2004) MrModeltest 2.2. Computer software distributed by the University of Uppsala. Sweden: Evolutionary Biology Centre.
Page, R.D. (2001) TreeView. Glasgow University, Glasgow.
Peck, C.H. (1902) Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History 54: 929–984.
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19 (12): 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
Singer, R. (1949) ‘1951’. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. Lilloa 22: 1–832.
Smith, A.H. & Hesler, L.R. (1939) Studies in North American species of Hygrophorus - I. Lloydia 2 (1): 1–62.
Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30 (9): 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Tedersoo, L., May, T.W. & Smith, M.E. (2010) Ectomycorrhizal life style in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza 20 (4) : 217–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x
Wang, C.Q. & Li, T.H. (2020) Hygrophorus deliciosus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), a popular edible mushroom of the H. russula-complex from southwestern China. Phytotaxa 449 (3): 232–242. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.449.3.3
Wang, C.Q., Li, T.H., Zhang, M., He, X.L. & Shen, Y.H. (2020) Hygrophorus subsection Hygrophorus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. MycoKeys 68: 49–73. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.68.53264
Wang, C.Q., Li, T.H., Wang, X.H., Wei, T.Z., & He, X.L. (2021) Hygrophorus annulatus, a new edible member of H. olivaceoalbus-complex from southwestern China. Mycoscience 62 (2): 137–142. https://doi.org/10.47371/mycosci.2021.01.001
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M., Gelfand, D., Sninsky, J. & White, T. (Eds.) PCR Protocols: A guide to Methods and Applications 18 (1). Academic Press, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Young, A.M. & Wood, A.E. (1997) Studies on the Hygrophoraceae (Fungi, Homobasidiomycetes, Agaricales) of Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 10 (6): 911–1030. https://doi.org/ 10.1071/sb96005
Young, A.M. (2005) “Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae.” Fungi of Australia Hygrophoraceae (2005): 188.
Yu, F.Q., Xu, G.B. & Liu, P.G. (2007) A new and noteworthy species of Hygrophorus from Yunnan, China. Mycotaxon 100: 169–175.