Abstract
Macrofungal explorations of different temperate forests in the West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh, India, were undertaken. Thorough examination of these collections revealed a new member of Lactarius sect. Uvidi. We present Lactarius indoviolaceus sp. nov. with illustrated macro- and micro-description, phylogenetic analysis, and comparison with similar morphological, and genetically related species.
References
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Altschul, S.F., Madden, T.L., Schäffer, A.A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W. & Lipman, D.J. (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. <em>Nucleic Acids Research </em>25: 3389–3402. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.17.3389</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Barge, E.G., Cripps, C.L. & Osmundson, T.W. (2016) Systematics of the ectomycorrhizal genus <em>Lactarius</em> in the Rocky Mountain alpine zone. <em>Mycologia</em> 108 (2): 414–440. https://doi.org/10.3852/15-177</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Buyck, B., Hofstetter, V., Verbeken, A. & Walleyn, R. (2010) Proposals to conserve or reject names. 1919 Proposal to conserve <em>Lactarius</em> nom. cons. Basidiomycota with a conserved type. <em>Taxon</em> 59 (1): 295–296. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.591031</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Clark, K., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Lipman, D.J., Ostell, J. & Sayers, E.W. (2016) GenBank. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 44: D67–D72. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv1276</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Das, K., Verbeken, A. & Nuytinck, J. (2015) Morphology and phylogeny of four new <em>Lactarius</em> species from Himalayan India. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 130 (1): 105–130. https://doi.org/10.5248/130.105</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Das, K., Verbeken, A., Chakraborty, D., Avchar, R. & Baghela, A. (2017) Morphological and phylogenetic evidence for two new <em>Lactarius</em> species (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from India. <em>Cryptogamie, Mycologie</em> 38 (4): 453–467. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym/v38.iss4.2017.453</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Delgat, L., Courtecuisse, R., De Crop, E., Hampe, F., Hofmann, T.A., Manz, C., Piepenbring, M., Roy, M. & Verbeken, A. (2020) <em>Lactifluus</em> (Russulaceae) diversity in Central America and the Caribbean: melting pot between realms. <em>Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi</em> 44 (1): 278–300. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.10</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Edler, D., Klein, J., Antonelli, A. & Silvestro, D. (2021) raxmlGUI 2.0: a graphical interface and toolkit for phylogenetic analyses using RAxML. <em>Methods in Ecology and Evolution</em> 12: 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13512</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghosh, A., Bera, I., Chakraborty, D., Hembrom, M.E., Verbeken, A. & Das, K. (2022) A new edible species of <em>Lactifluus</em> (Russulaceae) from Shorea robusta dominated forests in tropical India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 564 (3): 277–287. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.564.3.1</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Heilmann-Clausen, J., Verbeken, A. & Vesterholt, J. (1998) <em>The Genus Lactarius.</em> The Danish Mycological Society, Denmark, 287 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hesler, L.R. & Smith, A.H. (1979) North American species of<em> Lactarius</em>. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, USA.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Imazeki, R., Otani, Y. & Hongo, T. (1998)<em> Nihon-no-Kinoko. </em>Fungi of Japan, Yama-Kei Publishers Co., Ltd., Tokyo. 712 pp. [in Japanese with Latin names and index]</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kalichman, J., Kirk, P. M. & Matheny, P. B. (2020) A compendium of generic names of agarics and Agaricales. <em>Taxon</em> 69 (3): 425–447. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12240</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Katoh, K., Rozewicki, R. & Yamada, K.D. (2019) MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. <em>Briefings in Bioinformatics</em> 20 (4): 1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) <em>Methuen handbook of colour</em>, 3<sup>rd</sup> Edition. Methuen, London, 252 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution </em>33: 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Le, H.T., Nuytinck, J., Verbeken, A., Lumyong, S. & Desjardin, D.E. (2007) <em>Lactarius </em>in Northern Thailand: 1. <em>Lactarius </em>subgenus <em>Piperites</em>. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 24: 173–224.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lee, H., Wissitrassameewong, K., Park, M.S., Verbeken, A., Eimes, J. & Lim, Y.W. (2019) Taxonomic revision of the genus Lactarius (Russulales, Basidiomycota) in Korea. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 95 (1): 275–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00425-6</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Montoya, L. & Bandala, V.M. (2003) Studies on <em>Lactarius</em>: a new combination and two new species from Mexico. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 85: 393–407.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nagasawa, E. (1998) A primary checklist of the Japanese Agaricales II, The Suborder Russulineae. <em>Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute</em> 36: 36–71.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Persoon, C.H. (1797) <em>Tentamen dispositionis methodicae fungorum in classes, ordines, genera et familias.</em> Cum supplemento adjecto<em>. </em>Lipsiae. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.42674</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Phookamsak, R., Hyde, K.D., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J., Jones, E.B.G., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Raspé, O., Karunarathna, S.C., Wanasinghe, D.N., Hongsanan, S., Doilom, M., Tennakoon, D.S., Machado, A.R., Firmino, A.L., Ghosh, A., Karunarathna, A., Mešić, A., Dutta, A.K., Thongbai, B., Devadatha, B., Norphanphoun, C., Senwanna, C., Wei, D., Pem, D., Ackah, F.K., Wang, G.N., Jiang, H.B., Madrid, H., Lee, H.B., Goonasekara, I.D., Manawasinghe, I.S., Kušan, I., Cano, J., Gené, J., Li, J., Das, K., Acharya, K., Raj, K.N.A., Latha, K.P.D., Chethana, K.W.T., He, M.Q., Due,M., Jadan, M., Martín, M.P., Samarakoon, M.C., Dayarathne, M.C., Raza, M., Park, M.S., Telleria, M.T., Chaiwan, N., Matočec, N., de Silva, N.I., Pereira, O.L., Singh, P.N., Manimohan, P., Uniyal, P., Shang, Q.J., Bhatt, R.P., Perera, R.H., Alvarenga, R.L.M., Nogal-Prata, S., Singh, S.K., Vadthanarat, S., Oh, S.Y., Huang, S.K., Rana, S., Konta, S., Paloi, S., Jayasiri, S.C., Jeon, S.J., Mehmood, T., Gibertoni, T.B., Nguyen, T.T.T., Singh, U., Thiyagaraja, V., Sarma, V.V., Dong, W., Yu, X.D., Lu, Y.Z., Lim, Y.W., Chen, Y., Tkalčec, Z., Zhang, Z.F., Luo, Z.L., Daranagama, D.A., Thambugala, K.M., Tibpromma, S., Camporesi, E., Bulgakov, T.S., Dissanayake, A.J., Senanayake, I.C., Dai, D.Q., Tang, L.Z., Khan, S., Zhang, H., Promputtha, I., Cai, L., Chomnunti, P., Zhao, R.L., Lumyong, S., Boonmee, S., Wen, T.C., Mortimer, P.E. & Xu, J.C. (2019) Fungal diversity notes 929–1035: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungi. <em>Fungal diversity</em> 95 (1): 1–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00421-w</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Škubla, P. (2006) <em>Lactarius hrdovensis</em>, a new species of section <em>Uvidi </em>from Slovakia. <em> Czech Mycology</em> 58 (1–2): 67–73. https://doi.org/10.33585/cmy.58104</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Talavera, G. & Castresana, J. (2007) Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 56: 564–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701472164</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wang, Y. & Xie, Z.X. (1984) Study of <em>Lactarius </em>from Northeast of China. <em>Acta Mycologia Sinica</em> 3 (2): 81–86.</span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Barge, E.G., Cripps, C.L. & Osmundson, T.W. (2016) Systematics of the ectomycorrhizal genus <em>Lactarius</em> in the Rocky Mountain alpine zone. <em>Mycologia</em> 108 (2): 414–440. https://doi.org/10.3852/15-177</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Buyck, B., Hofstetter, V., Verbeken, A. & Walleyn, R. (2010) Proposals to conserve or reject names. 1919 Proposal to conserve <em>Lactarius</em> nom. cons. Basidiomycota with a conserved type. <em>Taxon</em> 59 (1): 295–296. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.591031</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Clark, K., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Lipman, D.J., Ostell, J. & Sayers, E.W. (2016) GenBank. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 44: D67–D72. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv1276</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Das, K., Verbeken, A. & Nuytinck, J. (2015) Morphology and phylogeny of four new <em>Lactarius</em> species from Himalayan India. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 130 (1): 105–130. https://doi.org/10.5248/130.105</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Das, K., Verbeken, A., Chakraborty, D., Avchar, R. & Baghela, A. (2017) Morphological and phylogenetic evidence for two new <em>Lactarius</em> species (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from India. <em>Cryptogamie, Mycologie</em> 38 (4): 453–467. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym/v38.iss4.2017.453</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Delgat, L., Courtecuisse, R., De Crop, E., Hampe, F., Hofmann, T.A., Manz, C., Piepenbring, M., Roy, M. & Verbeken, A. (2020) <em>Lactifluus</em> (Russulaceae) diversity in Central America and the Caribbean: melting pot between realms. <em>Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi</em> 44 (1): 278–300. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.10</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Edler, D., Klein, J., Antonelli, A. & Silvestro, D. (2021) raxmlGUI 2.0: a graphical interface and toolkit for phylogenetic analyses using RAxML. <em>Methods in Ecology and Evolution</em> 12: 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13512</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghosh, A., Bera, I., Chakraborty, D., Hembrom, M.E., Verbeken, A. & Das, K. (2022) A new edible species of <em>Lactifluus</em> (Russulaceae) from Shorea robusta dominated forests in tropical India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 564 (3): 277–287. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.564.3.1</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Heilmann-Clausen, J., Verbeken, A. & Vesterholt, J. (1998) <em>The Genus Lactarius.</em> The Danish Mycological Society, Denmark, 287 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hesler, L.R. & Smith, A.H. (1979) North American species of<em> Lactarius</em>. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, USA.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Imazeki, R., Otani, Y. & Hongo, T. (1998)<em> Nihon-no-Kinoko. </em>Fungi of Japan, Yama-Kei Publishers Co., Ltd., Tokyo. 712 pp. [in Japanese with Latin names and index]</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kalichman, J., Kirk, P. M. & Matheny, P. B. (2020) A compendium of generic names of agarics and Agaricales. <em>Taxon</em> 69 (3): 425–447. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12240</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Katoh, K., Rozewicki, R. & Yamada, K.D. (2019) MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. <em>Briefings in Bioinformatics</em> 20 (4): 1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) <em>Methuen handbook of colour</em>, 3<sup>rd</sup> Edition. Methuen, London, 252 pp.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution </em>33: 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Le, H.T., Nuytinck, J., Verbeken, A., Lumyong, S. & Desjardin, D.E. (2007) <em>Lactarius </em>in Northern Thailand: 1. <em>Lactarius </em>subgenus <em>Piperites</em>. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 24: 173–224.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lee, H., Wissitrassameewong, K., Park, M.S., Verbeken, A., Eimes, J. & Lim, Y.W. (2019) Taxonomic revision of the genus Lactarius (Russulales, Basidiomycota) in Korea. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 95 (1): 275–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00425-6</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Montoya, L. & Bandala, V.M. (2003) Studies on <em>Lactarius</em>: a new combination and two new species from Mexico. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 85: 393–407.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nagasawa, E. (1998) A primary checklist of the Japanese Agaricales II, The Suborder Russulineae. <em>Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute</em> 36: 36–71.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Persoon, C.H. (1797) <em>Tentamen dispositionis methodicae fungorum in classes, ordines, genera et familias.</em> Cum supplemento adjecto<em>. </em>Lipsiae. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.42674</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Phookamsak, R., Hyde, K.D., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J., Jones, E.B.G., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Raspé, O., Karunarathna, S.C., Wanasinghe, D.N., Hongsanan, S., Doilom, M., Tennakoon, D.S., Machado, A.R., Firmino, A.L., Ghosh, A., Karunarathna, A., Mešić, A., Dutta, A.K., Thongbai, B., Devadatha, B., Norphanphoun, C., Senwanna, C., Wei, D., Pem, D., Ackah, F.K., Wang, G.N., Jiang, H.B., Madrid, H., Lee, H.B., Goonasekara, I.D., Manawasinghe, I.S., Kušan, I., Cano, J., Gené, J., Li, J., Das, K., Acharya, K., Raj, K.N.A., Latha, K.P.D., Chethana, K.W.T., He, M.Q., Due,M., Jadan, M., Martín, M.P., Samarakoon, M.C., Dayarathne, M.C., Raza, M., Park, M.S., Telleria, M.T., Chaiwan, N., Matočec, N., de Silva, N.I., Pereira, O.L., Singh, P.N., Manimohan, P., Uniyal, P., Shang, Q.J., Bhatt, R.P., Perera, R.H., Alvarenga, R.L.M., Nogal-Prata, S., Singh, S.K., Vadthanarat, S., Oh, S.Y., Huang, S.K., Rana, S., Konta, S., Paloi, S., Jayasiri, S.C., Jeon, S.J., Mehmood, T., Gibertoni, T.B., Nguyen, T.T.T., Singh, U., Thiyagaraja, V., Sarma, V.V., Dong, W., Yu, X.D., Lu, Y.Z., Lim, Y.W., Chen, Y., Tkalčec, Z., Zhang, Z.F., Luo, Z.L., Daranagama, D.A., Thambugala, K.M., Tibpromma, S., Camporesi, E., Bulgakov, T.S., Dissanayake, A.J., Senanayake, I.C., Dai, D.Q., Tang, L.Z., Khan, S., Zhang, H., Promputtha, I., Cai, L., Chomnunti, P., Zhao, R.L., Lumyong, S., Boonmee, S., Wen, T.C., Mortimer, P.E. & Xu, J.C. (2019) Fungal diversity notes 929–1035: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungi. <em>Fungal diversity</em> 95 (1): 1–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00421-w</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Škubla, P. (2006) <em>Lactarius hrdovensis</em>, a new species of section <em>Uvidi </em>from Slovakia. <em> Czech Mycology</em> 58 (1–2): 67–73. https://doi.org/10.33585/cmy.58104</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Talavera, G. & Castresana, J. (2007) Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 56: 564–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701472164</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wang, Y. & Xie, Z.X. (1984) Study of <em>Lactarius </em>from Northeast of China. <em>Acta Mycologia Sinica</em> 3 (2): 81–86.</span></span></p>