Abstract
Allium jichouense from Sichuan Province, southwestern China is described as a new species. It grows exclusively on alpine screes or gravelly slopes at higher altitudes of 4,300–4,500 m. Morphologically, it resembles A. sikkimense in bulb and floral features, but differs significantly in its falcate or curled, commonly reddish-purple pigmented leaves, scapes and spathe-valves. Phylogenetic analyses confirm that the new species belongs to A. sect. Sikkimensia and is nested within different populations of A. sikkimense. The possible scenarios are discussed for the embedded phylogenetic relationship of A. jichouense within A. sikkimense. A detailed morphological description, illustrations and habit features of the new species are given.
References
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<p>Baker, J.G. (1874) On the Alliums of India, China and Japan. <em>Journal of Botany, British and Foreign</em> 12: 292–293.</p>
<p>Crawford, D.J. (2010) Progenitor-derivative species pairs and plant speciation. <em>Taxon</em> 59 (5): 1413–1423. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.595008</p>
<p>Diels, L. (1912) Plantae Chinenses Forrestianae. New and imperfectly known species. <em>Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh</em> 5: 161–304.</p>
<p>Ekberg, L. (1969) Studies in the genus <em>Allium</em>. II. A new subgenus and new sections from Asia. <em>Botaniska Notiser</em> 122: 57–68.</p>
<p>Friesen, N., Fritsch, R.M. & Blattner, F.R. (2006) Phylogeny and intrageneric classification of <em>Allium</em> (Alliaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences. <em>Aliso</em> 22: 372–395. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.31</p>
<p>Gutiérrez, E.E. & Garbino, G.S.T. (2018) Species delimitation based on diagnosis and monophyly, and its importance for advancing mammalian taxonomy. <em>Zoological Research</em> 39 (5): 301–308. https://doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.037</p>
<p>Hanelt, P. & Fritsch, R. (1994) Notes on some infrageneric taxa in <em>Allium</em> L. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 49: 559–564.</p>
<p>Herden, T., Hanelt, P. & Friesen, N. (2016) Phylogeny of <em>Allium</em> L. subgenus <em>Anguinum</em> (G.Don. ex W.D.J.Koch) N.Friesen (Amaryllidaceae). <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 95: 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.11.004</p>
<p>Huang, D.Q. (2014) Molecular systematic of <em>Allium</em> subgenus <em>Cyathophora</em>, sects. <em>Bromatorrhiza</em> and <em>Sikkimensia</em> (Amaryllidaceae) and intraspecific genetic differentiation of <em>A. wallichii</em>. Ph.D Thesis. Sichuan University. Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 149 pp.</p>
<p>Huang, D.Q., Yang, J.T., Zhou, C.J., Zhou, S.D. & He, X.J. (2014) Phylogenetic reappraisal of <em>Allium</em> subgenus <em>Cyathophora</em> (Amaryllidaceae) and related taxa, with a proposal of two new sections. <em>Journal of Plant Research </em>127: 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-013-0617-8</p>
<p>Jang, J.E., Park, J.S., Jung, J.Y., Kim, D.K., Yang, S.Y. & Choi, H.J. (2021) Notes on <em>Allium</em> section <em>Rhizirideum</em> (Amaryllidaceae) in South Korea and northeastern china: With a new species from Ulleungdo island. <em>PhytoKeys </em>176 (4): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.176.63378</p>
<p>Jin, J.J., Yu, W.B., Yang, J.B., Song, Y., Yi, T.S. & Li, D.Z. (2020) GetOrganelle: a fast and versatile toolkit for accurate de novo assembly of organelle genomes. <em>Genome Biology</em> 21: 241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02154-5</p>
<p>Koch, W.D.J. (1837) <em>Synopsis florae Germanicae et Helveticae: exhibens stirpes phanerogamas et vasculares rite cognitas, quae in Germania, Hervetia, Borussia et Istria sponte crescunt atque in hominum usum copiosius coluntur. Index generum, specierum et synonymorum</em>. Francofurti ad Moenum: Sumptibus Friederici Wilmans (1838), pp. 714–721</p>
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<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em> vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 560 pp.</p>
<p>Li, M.J., Yu, H.X., Guo, X.L. & He, X.J. (2021) Out of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and rapid radiation across Eurasia for <em>Allium</em> section <em>Daghestanica</em> (Amaryllidaceae). <em>AoB PLANTS</em> 13: plab017. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plab017</p>
<p>Li, Q.Q., Zhou, S.D., Huang, D.Q., He, X.J. & Wei, X.Q. (2016) Molecular phylogeny, divergence time estimates and historical biogeography within one of the world’s largest monocot genera. <em>AoB PLANTS</em> 8: plw041. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plw041</p>
<p>Li, X.H., Zhu, X.X., Niu, Y. & Sun, H. (2014) Phylogenetic clustering and overdispersion for alpine plants along elevational gradient in the Hengduan Mountains Region, southwest China. <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</em> 52 (3): 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12027</p>
<p>Mayr, E. (1954) Change of genetic environment and evolution. <em>In</em>: Huxley, J., Hardy, A.C. & Ford, E.B. (Eds.) <em>Evolution as a process</em>. Allen & Unwin, London, pp. 157–180.</p>
<p>Mittermeier, R.A., Turner, W.R., Larsen, F.W., Brooks, T.M. & Gascon, C. (2011) <em>Global biodiversity conservation: the critical role of hotspots</em>. Biodiversity hotspots, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 3–22.</p>
<p>Musarella, C.M., Brullo, S. & del Galdo, G.G. (2020) Contribution to the orophilous cushion-like vegetation of central-southern and insular Greece. <em>Plants</em> 9 (12):1678. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121678</p>
<p>Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) MrModelTest 2.2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.</p>
<p>Redouté, P.J. (1804) <em>Les Liliacées 2</em>. Didot Jeune, Paris, sine pag.</p>
<p>Regel, E. (1887) Allii species Asiae Centralis in Asia Media a Turcomania desertisque Araliensibus et Caspicis usque ad Mongoliam crescentes. <em>Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada. Acta Horti Petropolitani. St. Petersburg</em> 10: 278–362.</p>
<p>Rendle, A.B. & D.Sc., M.A. (1906) New monocotyledons from China and Tibet. <em>Journal of Botany, British and Foreign</em> 44: 41–46.</p>
<p>Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 19: 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</p>
<p>Sinitsyna, T.A., Herden, T. & Friesen, N. (2016) Dated phylogeny and biogeography of the Eurasian <em>Allium</em> section <em>Rhizirideum</em> (Amaryllidaceae). <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 302 (9): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-016-1333-3</p>
<p>Smith, W.W. (1914) Diagnoses specierum novarum in herbario Horti Regii Botanici Edinburgensis cognitarum (Species chinenses) LI–CII. <em>Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh</em> 8: 176–177.</p>
<p>Sun, H., Zhang, J.W., Deng, T. & Boufford, D.E. (2017) Origins and evolution of plant diversity in the Hengduan Mountains, China. <em>Plant diversity</em> 39 (4): 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2017.09.004</p>
<p>Swofford, D.L. (2003) <em>PAUP* Version 4.0b10: Phylogenetic Analysis using Parsimony* and other Methods</em>. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2022) [Continuously updated] Index Herbariorum: A global Directory of Public Herbaria and Associated Staff. New York Botanical Garden. [http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/]</p>
<p>Traub, H.P. (1972) Genus <em>Allium</em> L. - subgenera, sections and subsections. <em>Plant Life</em> 28: 132–137.</p>
<p>Tscholokaschvili, N.B. (1965) New series <em>Daghestanica</em> Tscholok. from section <em>Rhizirideum</em> Don of genus <em>Allium</em>. <em>Zametki po Sistematike i Geografii Rastenii</em>. <em>Akademiia nauk Gruzinskoi SSR</em> 25: 83–102. [in Russian]</p>
<p>Wang, F.T. & Tang, T. (1937) Notes on Chinese Liliaceae IV. <em>Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, Botany</em> 7: 281–304.</p>
<p>Wendelbo, P. (1969) New Subgenera, Sections and Species of <em>Allium</em>. <em>Botaniska Notiser </em>122: 25–37.</p>
<p>Xie, C., Xie, D.F., Zhong, Y., Guo, X.L., Liu, Q., Zhou, S.D. & He, Y.J. (2019) The effect of Hengduan Mountains Region (HMR) uplift to environmental changes in the HMR and its eastern adjacent area: Tracing the evolutionary history of <em>Allium</em> section <em>Sikkimensia</em> (Amaryllidaceae). <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 130: 380–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.011</p>
<p>Xu, J.M. (1980) Monocotyledoneae-Liliaceae <em>Allium</em> L. <em>In</em>: Wang, F.T. & Tang, T. (Eds.) <em>Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae</em> 14. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 170–272, 283–285.</p>
<p>Xu, J.M. & Kamelin, R.V. (2000) <em>Allium</em> L. <em>In</em>: Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds.) <em>Flora of China</em> 24 (Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 165–202.</p>
<p>Baker, J.G. (1874) On the Alliums of India, China and Japan. <em>Journal of Botany, British and Foreign</em> 12: 292–293.</p>
<p>Crawford, D.J. (2010) Progenitor-derivative species pairs and plant speciation. <em>Taxon</em> 59 (5): 1413–1423. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.595008</p>
<p>Diels, L. (1912) Plantae Chinenses Forrestianae. New and imperfectly known species. <em>Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh</em> 5: 161–304.</p>
<p>Ekberg, L. (1969) Studies in the genus <em>Allium</em>. II. A new subgenus and new sections from Asia. <em>Botaniska Notiser</em> 122: 57–68.</p>
<p>Friesen, N., Fritsch, R.M. & Blattner, F.R. (2006) Phylogeny and intrageneric classification of <em>Allium</em> (Alliaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences. <em>Aliso</em> 22: 372–395. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.31</p>
<p>Gutiérrez, E.E. & Garbino, G.S.T. (2018) Species delimitation based on diagnosis and monophyly, and its importance for advancing mammalian taxonomy. <em>Zoological Research</em> 39 (5): 301–308. https://doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.037</p>
<p>Hanelt, P. & Fritsch, R. (1994) Notes on some infrageneric taxa in <em>Allium</em> L. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 49: 559–564.</p>
<p>Herden, T., Hanelt, P. & Friesen, N. (2016) Phylogeny of <em>Allium</em> L. subgenus <em>Anguinum</em> (G.Don. ex W.D.J.Koch) N.Friesen (Amaryllidaceae). <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 95: 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.11.004</p>
<p>Huang, D.Q. (2014) Molecular systematic of <em>Allium</em> subgenus <em>Cyathophora</em>, sects. <em>Bromatorrhiza</em> and <em>Sikkimensia</em> (Amaryllidaceae) and intraspecific genetic differentiation of <em>A. wallichii</em>. Ph.D Thesis. Sichuan University. Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 149 pp.</p>
<p>Huang, D.Q., Yang, J.T., Zhou, C.J., Zhou, S.D. & He, X.J. (2014) Phylogenetic reappraisal of <em>Allium</em> subgenus <em>Cyathophora</em> (Amaryllidaceae) and related taxa, with a proposal of two new sections. <em>Journal of Plant Research </em>127: 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-013-0617-8</p>
<p>Jang, J.E., Park, J.S., Jung, J.Y., Kim, D.K., Yang, S.Y. & Choi, H.J. (2021) Notes on <em>Allium</em> section <em>Rhizirideum</em> (Amaryllidaceae) in South Korea and northeastern china: With a new species from Ulleungdo island. <em>PhytoKeys </em>176 (4): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.176.63378</p>
<p>Jin, J.J., Yu, W.B., Yang, J.B., Song, Y., Yi, T.S. & Li, D.Z. (2020) GetOrganelle: a fast and versatile toolkit for accurate de novo assembly of organelle genomes. <em>Genome Biology</em> 21: 241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02154-5</p>
<p>Koch, W.D.J. (1837) <em>Synopsis florae Germanicae et Helveticae: exhibens stirpes phanerogamas et vasculares rite cognitas, quae in Germania, Hervetia, Borussia et Istria sponte crescunt atque in hominum usum copiosius coluntur. Index generum, specierum et synonymorum</em>. Francofurti ad Moenum: Sumptibus Friederici Wilmans (1838), pp. 714–721</p>
<p>Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) Mega7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 33: 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em> vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 560 pp.</p>
<p>Li, M.J., Yu, H.X., Guo, X.L. & He, X.J. (2021) Out of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and rapid radiation across Eurasia for <em>Allium</em> section <em>Daghestanica</em> (Amaryllidaceae). <em>AoB PLANTS</em> 13: plab017. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plab017</p>
<p>Li, Q.Q., Zhou, S.D., Huang, D.Q., He, X.J. & Wei, X.Q. (2016) Molecular phylogeny, divergence time estimates and historical biogeography within one of the world’s largest monocot genera. <em>AoB PLANTS</em> 8: plw041. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plw041</p>
<p>Li, X.H., Zhu, X.X., Niu, Y. & Sun, H. (2014) Phylogenetic clustering and overdispersion for alpine plants along elevational gradient in the Hengduan Mountains Region, southwest China. <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</em> 52 (3): 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12027</p>
<p>Mayr, E. (1954) Change of genetic environment and evolution. <em>In</em>: Huxley, J., Hardy, A.C. & Ford, E.B. (Eds.) <em>Evolution as a process</em>. Allen & Unwin, London, pp. 157–180.</p>
<p>Mittermeier, R.A., Turner, W.R., Larsen, F.W., Brooks, T.M. & Gascon, C. (2011) <em>Global biodiversity conservation: the critical role of hotspots</em>. Biodiversity hotspots, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 3–22.</p>
<p>Musarella, C.M., Brullo, S. & del Galdo, G.G. (2020) Contribution to the orophilous cushion-like vegetation of central-southern and insular Greece. <em>Plants</em> 9 (12):1678. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121678</p>
<p>Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) MrModelTest 2.2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.</p>
<p>Redouté, P.J. (1804) <em>Les Liliacées 2</em>. Didot Jeune, Paris, sine pag.</p>
<p>Regel, E. (1887) Allii species Asiae Centralis in Asia Media a Turcomania desertisque Araliensibus et Caspicis usque ad Mongoliam crescentes. <em>Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada. Acta Horti Petropolitani. St. Petersburg</em> 10: 278–362.</p>
<p>Rendle, A.B. & D.Sc., M.A. (1906) New monocotyledons from China and Tibet. <em>Journal of Botany, British and Foreign</em> 44: 41–46.</p>
<p>Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 19: 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</p>
<p>Sinitsyna, T.A., Herden, T. & Friesen, N. (2016) Dated phylogeny and biogeography of the Eurasian <em>Allium</em> section <em>Rhizirideum</em> (Amaryllidaceae). <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 302 (9): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-016-1333-3</p>
<p>Smith, W.W. (1914) Diagnoses specierum novarum in herbario Horti Regii Botanici Edinburgensis cognitarum (Species chinenses) LI–CII. <em>Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh</em> 8: 176–177.</p>
<p>Sun, H., Zhang, J.W., Deng, T. & Boufford, D.E. (2017) Origins and evolution of plant diversity in the Hengduan Mountains, China. <em>Plant diversity</em> 39 (4): 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2017.09.004</p>
<p>Swofford, D.L. (2003) <em>PAUP* Version 4.0b10: Phylogenetic Analysis using Parsimony* and other Methods</em>. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2022) [Continuously updated] Index Herbariorum: A global Directory of Public Herbaria and Associated Staff. New York Botanical Garden. [http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/]</p>
<p>Traub, H.P. (1972) Genus <em>Allium</em> L. - subgenera, sections and subsections. <em>Plant Life</em> 28: 132–137.</p>
<p>Tscholokaschvili, N.B. (1965) New series <em>Daghestanica</em> Tscholok. from section <em>Rhizirideum</em> Don of genus <em>Allium</em>. <em>Zametki po Sistematike i Geografii Rastenii</em>. <em>Akademiia nauk Gruzinskoi SSR</em> 25: 83–102. [in Russian]</p>
<p>Wang, F.T. & Tang, T. (1937) Notes on Chinese Liliaceae IV. <em>Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, Botany</em> 7: 281–304.</p>
<p>Wendelbo, P. (1969) New Subgenera, Sections and Species of <em>Allium</em>. <em>Botaniska Notiser </em>122: 25–37.</p>
<p>Xie, C., Xie, D.F., Zhong, Y., Guo, X.L., Liu, Q., Zhou, S.D. & He, Y.J. (2019) The effect of Hengduan Mountains Region (HMR) uplift to environmental changes in the HMR and its eastern adjacent area: Tracing the evolutionary history of <em>Allium</em> section <em>Sikkimensia</em> (Amaryllidaceae). <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 130: 380–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.011</p>
<p>Xu, J.M. (1980) Monocotyledoneae-Liliaceae <em>Allium</em> L. <em>In</em>: Wang, F.T. & Tang, T. (Eds.) <em>Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae</em> 14. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 170–272, 283–285.</p>
<p>Xu, J.M. & Kamelin, R.V. (2000) <em>Allium</em> L. <em>In</em>: Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds.) <em>Flora of China</em> 24 (Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 165–202.</p>