Abstract
A new natural hybrid, Holcoglossum ×kunmingense, from Yunnan (southeastern China) is described and illustrated. This orchid morphologically most resembles H. sinicum, but differs from callus sides swollen (vs. without sides swollen) and forming 2 ridges (vs. no ridge), all sepals and petals with thick pink (vs. pink) midrib on the reverse side. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and matK sequence and morphological comparisons are provided to support this novel hybrid. Additional evidence is needed to identify the parental species and confirm the possible hybrid origin.
References
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<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jin, X.H., Qin, H.N. & Chen, S.C. (2004) A new species of Holcoglossum (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae) from China. Kew Bulletin 59, 633–635. https://doi.org/10.2307/4110926</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jin, X.H., Chen, S.C. & Li, D.Z. (2007) Holcoglossum nujiangense (orchidaceae: Aeridinae) - a new species and its pollination system. Nordic Journal of Botany 25 (1–2): 125–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0107-055X.2007.00018_25.x</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jin, X.H. & Jeffrey, J.W. (2009) Holcoglossum Schltr. In: Wu, C.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (Eds.) Flora of China 25. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 499–502. </span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jin, X.H., Zhang, T., Gu, Z.J. & Li, D.Z. (2007) Cytological studies on the genus Holcoglossum (Orchidaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 154 (2): 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00654.x</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B.Q., Wong, T.K.F., von Haeseler, A. & Jermiin, L.S. (2017) ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods 14: 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Liu, Z.J., Chen, L.J., Chen, S.C., Cai, J., Tsai, W.C., Hsiao, Y.Y., Ma, X.Y. & Zhang, G.Q. (2016) Paraholcoglossum and Tsiorchis, Two New Orchid Genera Established by Molecular and Morphological Analyses of the Holcoglossum Alliance. PloS one 6 (10): e24864. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024864</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Miller, J.T. & Bayer, R.J. (2001) Molecular phylogenetics of Acacia (Fabaceae: Mimosodieae) based on the chloroplast matK coding sequence and flanking trnK intron spacer regions. American Journal of Botany 88: 697–705. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657071</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Minh, B.Q., Nguyen, M.A. & von Haeseler, A. (2013) Ultrafast approximation for phylogenetic bootstrap. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 1188–1195. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst024</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nguyen, L.T., Schmidt, H.A., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2015) IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 32: 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Mark, P.V.D., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Hohna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Schlechter, R. (1919) Orchideologiae Sino-Japonicae Prodromus. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 4: 1–297.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Seidenfaden, G. (1988) The orchid genera in Thailand XIV. Fifty-nine vandoid genera. Opera Botanica 95: 304–308.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Talavera, G. & Castresana, J. (2007) Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. Systematic Biology 56: 564–577.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tsi, Z.H. (1999) Holcoglossum Schltr. In: Tsi, Z.H. (Eds.) Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae 19. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 420–427.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Urbatsch, L.E., Baldwin, B.G. & Donoghue, M.J. (2000) Phylogeny of the coneflowers and relatives (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and chlorplast DNA restriction site data. Systematic Botany 25 (3): 539–565. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666695</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Xiang, X.G., Li, D.Z., Jin, X.H., Hu, H., Zhou, H.L., Jin,W.T. & Lai, Y.J. (2012) Monophyly or paraphyly--the taxonomy of Holcoglossum (Aeridinae: Orchidaceae). PloS one 7 (12): e52050. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052050</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ya, J.D., Lin, D.L., Han, Z.D., Cai, L., Zhang, Z.R., He, D.M., Jin, X.-H. & Yu, W.-B. (2021) Three new species of Liparis s.l. (Orchidaceae: Malaxideae) from Southwest China based on morphological characters and phylogenetic evidence. Plant Diversity 43 (05): 401–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2021.01.006</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Yukawa, T. (2000) Holcoglossum tsii (Orchidaceae)–a new species from China. Annals of Tsukuba Botanical Garden 19: 1–3.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chen, Y.B., Xie, M., Guo, S.T., Zheng, X.Y. & Li, H. (2019) Complete plastid genome of Holcoglossum tsii (Orchidaceae, Aeridinae) and phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources 5 (1): 281–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1700838</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Christenson, E.A. (1987) An infrageneric classification of Holcoglossum Schltr. (Orchidaceae: Sarcanthinae) with a keyto the genera of the Aerides-Vanda Alliance. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden 44: 249–256.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Christenson, E.A. (1998) Two new species of Holcoglossum Schltr. (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae) from China. Lindleyana 13: 121–124.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fan, J., Qin, H.N., Li, D.Z. & Jin, X.H. (2009) Molecular Phylogeny and Biography of Holcoglossum (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae) Based on Nuclear ITS, and Chloroplast trnL-F and matK. Taxon 58 (3): 849–861. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.583013</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Govaerts, R., Bernet, P., Kratochvil, K., Gerlach, G., Carr, G., Alrich, P., Pridgeon, A.M., Pfahl, J., Campacci, M.A., Holland Baptista, D., Tigges, H., Shaw, J., Cribb, P., George, A., Kreuz, K. & Wood, J.J. (2017) World Checklist of Orchidaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Guindon, S., Dufayard, J.F., Lefort, V., Anisimova, M., Hordijk, W. & Gascuel, O. (2010) New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology 59: 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq010</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">IUCN (2021) The IUCN red list of threatened species, Version 2021.3. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U.K. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (accessed 9 January 2022)</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jin, X.H., Qin, H.N. & Chen, S.C. (2004) A new species of Holcoglossum (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae) from China. Kew Bulletin 59, 633–635. https://doi.org/10.2307/4110926</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jin, X.H., Chen, S.C. & Li, D.Z. (2007) Holcoglossum nujiangense (orchidaceae: Aeridinae) - a new species and its pollination system. Nordic Journal of Botany 25 (1–2): 125–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0107-055X.2007.00018_25.x</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jin, X.H. & Jeffrey, J.W. (2009) Holcoglossum Schltr. In: Wu, C.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (Eds.) Flora of China 25. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 499–502. </span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jin, X.H., Zhang, T., Gu, Z.J. & Li, D.Z. (2007) Cytological studies on the genus Holcoglossum (Orchidaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 154 (2): 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00654.x</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B.Q., Wong, T.K.F., von Haeseler, A. & Jermiin, L.S. (2017) ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods 14: 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Liu, Z.J., Chen, L.J., Chen, S.C., Cai, J., Tsai, W.C., Hsiao, Y.Y., Ma, X.Y. & Zhang, G.Q. (2016) Paraholcoglossum and Tsiorchis, Two New Orchid Genera Established by Molecular and Morphological Analyses of the Holcoglossum Alliance. PloS one 6 (10): e24864. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024864</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Miller, J.T. & Bayer, R.J. (2001) Molecular phylogenetics of Acacia (Fabaceae: Mimosodieae) based on the chloroplast matK coding sequence and flanking trnK intron spacer regions. American Journal of Botany 88: 697–705. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657071</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Minh, B.Q., Nguyen, M.A. & von Haeseler, A. (2013) Ultrafast approximation for phylogenetic bootstrap. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 1188–1195. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst024</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nguyen, L.T., Schmidt, H.A., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2015) IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 32: 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Mark, P.V.D., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Hohna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Schlechter, R. (1919) Orchideologiae Sino-Japonicae Prodromus. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 4: 1–297.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Seidenfaden, G. (1988) The orchid genera in Thailand XIV. Fifty-nine vandoid genera. Opera Botanica 95: 304–308.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Talavera, G. & Castresana, J. (2007) Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. Systematic Biology 56: 564–577.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tsi, Z.H. (1999) Holcoglossum Schltr. In: Tsi, Z.H. (Eds.) Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae 19. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 420–427.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Urbatsch, L.E., Baldwin, B.G. & Donoghue, M.J. (2000) Phylogeny of the coneflowers and relatives (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and chlorplast DNA restriction site data. Systematic Botany 25 (3): 539–565. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666695</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Xiang, X.G., Li, D.Z., Jin, X.H., Hu, H., Zhou, H.L., Jin,W.T. & Lai, Y.J. (2012) Monophyly or paraphyly--the taxonomy of Holcoglossum (Aeridinae: Orchidaceae). PloS one 7 (12): e52050. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052050</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ya, J.D., Lin, D.L., Han, Z.D., Cai, L., Zhang, Z.R., He, D.M., Jin, X.-H. & Yu, W.-B. (2021) Three new species of Liparis s.l. (Orchidaceae: Malaxideae) from Southwest China based on morphological characters and phylogenetic evidence. Plant Diversity 43 (05): 401–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2021.01.006</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Yukawa, T. (2000) Holcoglossum tsii (Orchidaceae)–a new species from China. Annals of Tsukuba Botanical Garden 19: 1–3.</span></span></span>