Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 572 No. 1: 8 November 2022
Type: Article
Published: 2022-11-08
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.572.1.5
Page range: 74-86
Abstract views: 70
PDF downloaded: 5

Calliblepharis yasutakei sp. nov. and Hypnea tsudae sp. nov. (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta): novel diversity from the Hawaiian Islands

School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
NOAA, Papahânaumokuâkea Marine National Monument, 1845 Wasp Boulevard, Building 176, Honolulu, HI 96818, USA
Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 66 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
COI Cystocloniaceae Lisianski MCE macroalgae phylogeny rbcL SSU Aglae

Abstract

Surveys of Hawaiian macroalgae over the past 15 years have yielded numerous specimens representing species new to science. Calliblepharis yasutakei sp. nov. is here described based on a plant collected at a depth of 98 m from Kapou, Papahânaumokuâkea Marine National Monument, Hawaiʻi. Phylogenetic analyses of three molecular markers (COI, rbcL, and SSU) and analyses of morphological features were used to describe the new species in the family Cystocloniaceae. Calliblepharis yasutakei sp. nov. grouped with C. fimbriata, C. rammediorum, C. occidentalis and C. jolyi in a clade with full support for the rbcL analysis, representing a distinct lineage within the genus. Phylogenetic and vegetative morphological comparisons demonstrated that the new Hawaiian species is most closely related to C. rammediorum from Israel (rbcL similarity of 96.3%), although no female reproductive structures were found to allow a more comprehensive comparison. In order to determine whether C. yasutakei represents the first confirmed report of the genus Calliblepharis in the Hawaiian Islands, phylogenetic and morphological analysis of the Hawaiian Hypnea saidana (=Calliblepharis saidana) specimen accessioned at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum was performed. These analyses demonstrated that this specimen belongs to a new species in the genus Hypnea, which is here described as H. tsudae sp. nov. C. yasutakei, in addition to being a new species, is also reported as the first confirmed record of the genus Calliblepharis in the Hawaiian archipelago, and the description of H. tsudae brings the number of species for this genus in Hawaiʻi to eight.

References

<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #090911;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>Abbott, I.A. (1999) </em></span></span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Marine red algae of the Hawaiian Islands</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, 477 pp.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Cabrera, F.P., Huisman, J.M., Spalding, H.L., Kosaki, R.K. &amp; Sherwood, A.R. (2021) Diversity of Kallymeniaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) associated with Hawaiian mesophotic reefs, with the description of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Psaromenia laulamaula</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> sp. nov. and </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Meredithia hawaiiensis</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> sp. nov. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>European Journal of Phycology</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 57: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2021.1891462</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Cabrera, R., O’Shields, B., Diaz-Larrea, J. &amp; López-Bautista, J.M. (2020) Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the genus </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Hypnea</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta) in Cuba. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Caribbean Journal of Science</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 50: 74–85. https://doi.org/10.18475/cjos.v50i1.a10</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Campbell, J.T, Freshwater, D.W. &amp; Bailey, J.C. (2022) Systematics of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Hypnea</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta) from coastal North Carolina, with a first report of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Calliblepharis saidana</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> from the United States Atlantic Coast. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Botanica Marina</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 65: 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2021-0067</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Chiovitti, A., Kraft, G.T., Bacic, A., Craik, D.J., Munro, S.L.A. &amp; Liao, M.L. (1998) Carrageenans from Australian representatives of the family Cystocloniaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta), with description of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Calliblepharis celatospora</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> sp. nov., and transfer of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Austroclonium</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> to the family Areschougiaceae. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Journal of Phycology</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 34: 515–535. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1998.340515.x</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">D’Archino, R., Nelson, A., Yang, M.Y. &amp; Kim, M.S. (2015) New record of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Hypnea flexicaulis</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> in New Zealand and description of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Calliblepharis psammophilus</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> sp. nov. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Botanica Marina</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 58: 485–497. https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2015-0053</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Díaz-Tapia, P., Boo, S.M., Geraldino, P.J.L., Maneiro, I., Bárbara, I. &amp; Hommersand, M.H. (2013) Morphology and systematics of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Calliblepharis hypneoides</em></span><span lang="en-GB">, sp. nov. (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>European Journal of Phycology</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 48: 380–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2013.844860</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Dixon, P.S. &amp; Irvine, L.M. (1977) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Seaweeds of the British Isles. </em></span><span lang="en-GB">Vol. 1. Rhodophyta. Part 1, Introduction, Nemaliales, Gigartinales. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 252 pp. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: a multiple sequence alignment method with reduced time and space complexity. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>BMC Bioinformatics</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 5: 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-5-113</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Gavio, B. &amp; Fredericq, S. (2002) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Grateloupia turuturu</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) is the correct name of the non-native species in the Atlantic known as </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Grateloupia doryphora</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>European Journal of Phycology</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 37: 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967026202003839</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Geraldino, P.J.L., Yang, E.C., Kim, M.S. &amp; Boo, S.M. (2009) Systematics of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Hypnea asiatica</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> sp. nov. (Hypneaceae, Rhodophyta) based on morphology and nrDNA SSU, plastid </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>rbc</em></span><span lang="en-GB">L, and mitochondrial </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>cox</em></span><span lang="en-GB">1. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Taxon</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 58: 606–616. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.582023</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Geraldino, P.J.L., Riosmena-Rodriguez, R., Liao, L.M. &amp; Boo, S.M. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships within the genus </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Hypnea</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta), with a description of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>H. caespitosa</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> sp. nov. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Journal of Phycology</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 46: 336–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00804.x</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Guiry, M.D. &amp; Guiry, G.M. (2022) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>AlgaeBase</em></span><span lang="en-GB">. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Available from: http://www.algaebase.org/ (accessed 25 May 2022).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Hoffman, R., Wynne, M.J. &amp; Saunders, G.W. (2018) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Calliblepharis rammediorum</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> sp. nov. (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from the Israeli Levant Mediterranean Sea. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Cryptogamie, Algologie</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 39: 109–121. https://doi.org/10.7872/crya/v39.iss1.2018.109</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Huelsenbeck, J.P., Ronquist, F. &amp; Hall, B. (2003) MrBayes: a program for the Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Version 3.0 b4.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Huisman, J.M., Abbott, I.A. &amp; Smith, C.M. (2007) Hawaiian reef plants. University of Hawaiʻi Sea Grant College Program. Honolulu, 264 pp.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Huisman, J.M. (2018) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Algae of Australia: Marine Benthic Algae of North-Western Australia.</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 2. Red Algae. Clayton: CSIRO Publishing and the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS). Australia, 688 pp.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Jesus, P.B., Nauer, F., Lyra, G.M., Cassano, V., Oliveira, M.C., Nunes, J.M.C. &amp; Schnadelbach, A.S. (2016) Species delimitation and phylogenetic analyses of some cosmopolitan species of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Hypnea </em></span><span lang="en-GB">(Rhodophyta) reveal synonyms and misapplied names to </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>H. cervicornis</em></span><span lang="en-GB">, including a new species from Brazil</span><span lang="en-GB"><em>. Journal of Phycology </em></span><span lang="en-GB">52: 774–792. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12436</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Kang, J.C. &amp; Kim, M.S. (2013) A novel species </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Symphyocladia glabra</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> sp. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from Korea based on morphological and molecular analyses. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Algae</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 28: 149–160. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2013.28.2.149</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Kim, M.S., Kim, S.Y. &amp; Nelson, W.A. (2010) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Symphyocladia lithophila</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> sp. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales), a new Korean red algal species based on morphology and </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>rbc</em></span><span lang="en-GB">L sequences. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Botanica Marina</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 53: 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1515/BOT.2010.031</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Kützing, F.T. (1843) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Phycologia generalis oder anatomie, physiologie und systemkunde der Tange.</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> Mit 80 farbig gedruckten Tafeln, gezeichnet und gravirt vom Verfasser. F.A. Brockhaus, Leipzig, Germany. 458 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4746</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Lanfear, R., Frandsen, P.B., Wright, A.M., Senfeld, T. &amp; Calcott, B. (2017) PartitionFinder 2: new methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 34: 772–773. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw260</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. &amp; Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE). IEEE, New Orleans, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Min-Thein, U. &amp; Womersley, H.B.S. (1976) Studies on southern Australian taxa of Solieriaceae, Rhabdoniaceae and Rhodophyllidaceae (Rhodophyta). </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Australian Journal of Botany</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 24: 1–166. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9760001</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Nauer, F., Cassano, V. &amp; Oliveira, M.C. (2015) Description of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Hypnea pseudomusciformis</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> sp. nov., a new species based on molecular and morphological analyses, in the context of the </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>H. musciformis</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> complex (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Journal of Applied Phycology </em></span><span lang="en-GB">27: 2405–2417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0488-y</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Nauer, F., Gurgel, C.F.D., Ayres-Ostrock, L.M., Plastino, E.M. &amp; Oliveira, M.C. (2019a) Phylogeography of the </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Hypnea musciformis</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> species complex (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) with the recognition of cryptic species in the western Atlantic Ocean. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Journal of Phycology</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 55: 676–687. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12848</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Nauer, F., Cassano, V. &amp; Oliveira, M.C. (2019b) Description of two new Caribbean species from the </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Hypnea musciformis </em></span><span lang="en-GB">complex (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta). </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Phytotaxa</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 408: 85–98. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.408.2.1</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Rambaut, A., Drummond, A.J., Xie, D., Baele, G. &amp; Suchard, M.A. (2018) Posterior summarisation in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Systematic Biology </em></span><span lang="en-GB">67: 901–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy032</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Paiano, M.O., Huisman, J.M., Cabrera, F.P., Spalding, H.L., Kosaki, R.K. &amp; Sherwood, A.R. (2020) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Haraldiophyllum hawaiiense</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta): a new mesophotic genus record for the Hawaiian Islands. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Algae </em></span><span lang="en-GB">35: 337–347. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2020.35.11.5</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Russell, D.J. &amp; Balazs, G.H. (1994) Colonization by the alien marine alga </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Hypnea musciformis </em></span><span lang="en-GB">(Wulfen) J. Ag. (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) in the Hawaiian Islands and its utilization by the green turtle, </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Chelonia mydas </em></span><span lang="en-GB">L. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Aquatic Botany </em></span><span lang="en-GB">47: 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(94)90048-5</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Saunders, G.W. &amp; Kraft, G.T. (1994) Small-subunit rRNA gene sequences from representatives of selected families of the Gigartinales and Rhodymeniales (Rhodophyta). 1. Evidence for the Plocamiales ord.nov. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 72: 1250–1263. https://doi.org/10.1139/b94-153</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Saunders, G.W. (2005) Applying DNA barcoding to red macroalgae: a preliminary appraisal holds promise for future applications. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 360: 1879–1888. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1719</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Saunders, G.W. &amp; Moore, T.E. (2013) Refinements for the amplification and sequencing of red algal DNA barcode and RedTol phylogenetic markers: a summary of current primers, profiles, and strategies. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Algae</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 28: 31–43. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2013.28.1.031</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Sherwood, A.R. &amp; Presting, G.G. (2007) Universal primers amplify a 23S rDNA plastid marker in eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Journal of Phycology</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 43: 605–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00341.x</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Sherwood, A.R., Kurihara, A., Conklin, K.Y., Sauvage, T. &amp; Presting, G.G. (2010) The Hawaiian Rhodophyta Biodiversity Survey (2016-2010): a summary of principal findings. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>BMC Plant Biology</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 10: 258. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-10-258</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Sherwood, A.R., Lin, S.M., Wade, R.M., Spalding, H.L., Smith, C.M. &amp; Kosaki, R.K. (2019) Characterization of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Martensia</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Delesseriaceae; Rhodophyta) from shallow and mesophotic habitats in the Hawaiian Islands: description of four new species. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>European Journal of Phycology</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 55: 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2019.1668062</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Sherwood, A.R., Paiano, M.O., Spalding, H.L. &amp; Kosaki, R.K. (2020) Biodiversity of Hawaiian Peyssonneliales (Rhodophyta): </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Sonderophycus copusii </em></span><span lang="en-GB">sp. nov., a new species from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Algae</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 35: 145–155. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2020.35.5.20</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Sherwood, A.R., Paiano, M.O., Wade, R.M., Cabrera, F.C., Spalding, H.L. &amp; Kosaki, R.K. (2021a) Biodiversity of Hawaiian Peyssonneliales (Rhodophyta). 1. Two new species in the genus </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Ramicrusta</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> from Lehua Island. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Pacific Science</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 75: 185–195. https://doi.org/10.2984/75.2.2</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Sherwood, A.R., Paiano, M.O., Cabrera, F.P., Spalding, H.L., Hauk, B.B. &amp; Kosaki, R.K. (2021b) </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Ethelia hawaiiensis</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Etheliaceae, Rhodophyta), a New Mesophotic Marine Alga from Manawai (Pearl and Hermes Atoll), Papahânaumokuâkea Marine National Monument, Hawai‘i. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Pacific Science </em></span><span lang="en-GB">75: 237–246. https://doi.org/10.2984/75.2.6</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Smith, J., Hunter, C. &amp; Smith, C. (2002) Distribution and reproductive characteristics of nonindigenous and invasive marine algae in the Hawaiian Islands. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Pacific Science </em></span><span lang="en-GB">56: 299–315. https://doi.org/10.1353/psc.2002.0030</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Soares, L.P., Fujii, M.T., Díaz-Tapia, P. &amp; Hommersand, M.H. (2019) A molecular and morphological reinvestigation of topotype specimens of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Calliblepharis occidentalis</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta). </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Phycologia</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 58: 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2018.1535741</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Soares, L.P. &amp; Fujii, M.T. (2020) Molecular assessment of flat Cystocloniaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from Brazil with reinstatement of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Calliblepharis jolyi</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> and a new record of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>C. saidana</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> for the Atlantic Ocean. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Phytotaxa</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 439: 243–254. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.439.3.6</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Spalding, H.L., Conklin, K.Y., Smith, C.M., O’Kelly, C.J. &amp; Sherwood, A.R. (2016) New Ulvaceae (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) from mesophotic ecosystems across the Hawaiian Archipelago. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Journal of Phycology</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 52: 40–53.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"> https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12375</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Bioinformatics</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 30: 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Thrainsson, S.A. (1986) Morphological study of some members of the family Cystocloniaceae. MA Thesis, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Tsuda, R.T. (2014) Bibliographic catalogue of the marine benthic algae in the Papahânaumokuâkea Marine National Monument (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands). </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Phytotaxa</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 167: 35–60. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.167.1.2</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Yamagishi, Y. &amp; Masuda, M. (2000) A taxonomic revision of a </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Hypnea charoides-valentiae</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> complex (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) in Japan, with a description of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Hypnea flexicaulis</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> sp. nov. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Phycological Research</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 48: 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1835.2000.tb00127.x</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Yang, M.Y. &amp; Kim, M.S. (2017) Molecular analyses and reproductive structure to verify the generic relationships of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Hypnea</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> and </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Calliblepharis</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> (Cystocloniaceae, Gigartinales), with proposal of </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>C. saidana</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> comb. nov. </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Algae</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> 32: 87–100. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2017.32.5.15</span></span></span></span></p>