Abstract
A new species of Macroscepis from Sinaloa, Mexico is described here. Macroscepis sinalobolana is morphologically similar to M. diademata and M. stevensii but differs in its corolla, gynostegial corona, and fruit morphology, as well as its distribution. Descriptions, illustrations, morphological comparisons, and geographic distribution maps of these species, together with its conservation status, are provided. This discovery is important because the diversity of the genus increases to five species in México, with three of them endemic to the country.
References
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Alvarado-Cárdenas, L.O., Lozada-Pérez, L., Islas-Hernández, C.S., Cortez-Castro, E.B., Maya-Mandujano, K. & Chávez-Hernández, M.G. (2020) Apocináceas de ayer y hoy. Conocimiento histórico y reevaluación de la diversidad de Apocynaceae en México. Botanical Sciences 98 (2): 393–416. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2525</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Aublet, J.B.C.F. (1775) Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise. Libraire de la Faculté de Médecine, London & Paris, 621 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A., de la Torre, J. & Scott<span lang="en-GB">,</span> B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool. ZooKeys 150: 117?126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bentham, G. (1884) Notes on Mimoseae, with a synopsis of species. London Journal of Botany 3: 82–112.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">CEDEMUN (Centro Nacional de Desarrollo Municipal). (1986) Enciclopedia de los municipios de México. Secretaría de Gobernación. Ciudad de México: Secretaría de Gobernación. Available from: http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/ (accessed June 2021).</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Endress<span lang="en-GB">,</span> M.E., Meve, U., Middleton<span lang="en-GB">,</span> D.J. & Liede-Schumann, S. (2018) Apocynaceae. In: Kadereit, J.W. & Bittrich, V. (eds.) Flowering Plants. Eudicots. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants 15. Springer International Publishing AG, Switzerland, pp. 207–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5_3</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Harris, J.G. & Harris, M.W. (1994) Plant identification terminology: an illustrated glossary. Spring Lake Publishing, Utah, 216 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hernández-Barón, G.M., Juárez-Jaimes, V. & Campos-Villanueva, Á. (2019) La subfamilia Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) de la región de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 90: e902897. https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2019.90.2897</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hickey, L.J. (1973) Classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves. American Journal of Botany 60 (1): 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973.tb10192.x</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Irwin, H.S. & Barneby, R.C. (1982) Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 35: 588.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed Jan 2021)</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jacquin, N.J. (1798) Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis 3. Opera et sumptibus. Viennae, 80 pp. </span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Juárez-Jaimes, V. & Lozada-Pérez, L. (2003) Asclepiadaceae, Flora del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán 37. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 57 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kunth, K.S. (1819) Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) Vol. 3. Libraire grecque-latine-allemande, Paris, 456 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kunze, H. (1995) Floral morphology of some Gonolobeae (Asclepiadaceae). Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 117: 211–238.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Liede, S. & Kunze, H. (1993) A descriptive system for corona analysis in Asclepiadaceae and Periplocaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 185 (3–4): 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00937663 </span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1767) Mantissa Plantarum 1: 68.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ker Gawler, J.B. (1817) Gonolobus diadematus In: Edwards, S.T. The Botanical Register: consisting of coloured figures of exotic plants cultivated in British gardens; with their history and mode of treatment. </span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Martius, C.F.P. (1824) Nova Genera et Species Plantarum. Typis Lindaueri, Munich, 97 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">McDonnell, A., Parks, M. & Fishbein, M. (2018) Multilocus Phylogenetics of New World Milkweed Vines (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Gonolobinae). Systematic Botany 43 (1): 77–96. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418X697021 </span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Morillo, G. (2007) Macroscepis mesoamericana Morillo, sp. nov. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad del Zulia 24 (Supl. 1): 460–465. [https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/agronomia/article/view/26752]</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Morillo, G. (2012) Aportes al conocimiento de las Gonolobinae (Apocynaceae - Asclepiadoideae). Pittieria 36: 13–57.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Morillo, G. (2013) Aportes al conocimiento de las Gonolobinae II (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae). Pittieria 37: 115–154.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Naturalista (2021) Naturalista, CONABIO, México. Available from: https://www.naturalista.mx/ (accessed January 2020)</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">QGIS, Development Team (2020) QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available from: http://qgis.osgeo.org (accessed January 2020)</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stevens, W.D. (1983) New species and names in Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae. Phytologia 53 (6): 401–405. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.17467</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stevens, W.D. & Morales, J.F. (2009) Apocynaceae. In: Davidse, G., Sousa, S.M., Knapp, M., Chiang, F. & Barrie, F.R. (Eds.) Flora Mesoamericana: Cucurbitaceae a Polemoniaceae. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Biología, Missouri Botanical Garden, The Natural History Museum, pp. 662–768. [ISBN 979-607-02-0901-7]</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Templeton, A.R. (1989) The meaning of species and speciation: a genetic perspective. The units of evolution: Essays on the nature of species 1992: 159–183.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thiers, B. (2021) Index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih (accessed January 2020).</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wight, R. & Arnott, G.A.W. (1834) Leguminosae. Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1. Parbury, Allen & CO., London, 480 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Woodson, R.E. (1941) The North American Asclepiadaceae. I. Perspective of the genera. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 28 (2): 193–244. https://doi.org/10.2307/2394270</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Aublet, J.B.C.F. (1775) Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise. Libraire de la Faculté de Médecine, London & Paris, 621 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A., de la Torre, J. & Scott<span lang="en-GB">,</span> B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool. ZooKeys 150: 117?126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bentham, G. (1884) Notes on Mimoseae, with a synopsis of species. London Journal of Botany 3: 82–112.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">CEDEMUN (Centro Nacional de Desarrollo Municipal). (1986) Enciclopedia de los municipios de México. Secretaría de Gobernación. Ciudad de México: Secretaría de Gobernación. Available from: http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/ (accessed June 2021).</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Endress<span lang="en-GB">,</span> M.E., Meve, U., Middleton<span lang="en-GB">,</span> D.J. & Liede-Schumann, S. (2018) Apocynaceae. In: Kadereit, J.W. & Bittrich, V. (eds.) Flowering Plants. Eudicots. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants 15. Springer International Publishing AG, Switzerland, pp. 207–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5_3</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Harris, J.G. & Harris, M.W. (1994) Plant identification terminology: an illustrated glossary. Spring Lake Publishing, Utah, 216 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hernández-Barón, G.M., Juárez-Jaimes, V. & Campos-Villanueva, Á. (2019) La subfamilia Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) de la región de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 90: e902897. https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2019.90.2897</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hickey, L.J. (1973) Classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves. American Journal of Botany 60 (1): 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973.tb10192.x</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Irwin, H.S. & Barneby, R.C. (1982) Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 35: 588.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed Jan 2021)</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jacquin, N.J. (1798) Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis 3. Opera et sumptibus. Viennae, 80 pp. </span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Juárez-Jaimes, V. & Lozada-Pérez, L. (2003) Asclepiadaceae, Flora del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán 37. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 57 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kunth, K.S. (1819) Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) Vol. 3. Libraire grecque-latine-allemande, Paris, 456 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kunze, H. (1995) Floral morphology of some Gonolobeae (Asclepiadaceae). Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 117: 211–238.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Liede, S. & Kunze, H. (1993) A descriptive system for corona analysis in Asclepiadaceae and Periplocaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 185 (3–4): 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00937663 </span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1767) Mantissa Plantarum 1: 68.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ker Gawler, J.B. (1817) Gonolobus diadematus In: Edwards, S.T. The Botanical Register: consisting of coloured figures of exotic plants cultivated in British gardens; with their history and mode of treatment. </span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Martius, C.F.P. (1824) Nova Genera et Species Plantarum. Typis Lindaueri, Munich, 97 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">McDonnell, A., Parks, M. & Fishbein, M. (2018) Multilocus Phylogenetics of New World Milkweed Vines (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Gonolobinae). Systematic Botany 43 (1): 77–96. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418X697021 </span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Morillo, G. (2007) Macroscepis mesoamericana Morillo, sp. nov. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad del Zulia 24 (Supl. 1): 460–465. [https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/agronomia/article/view/26752]</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Morillo, G. (2012) Aportes al conocimiento de las Gonolobinae (Apocynaceae - Asclepiadoideae). Pittieria 36: 13–57.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Morillo, G. (2013) Aportes al conocimiento de las Gonolobinae II (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae). Pittieria 37: 115–154.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Naturalista (2021) Naturalista, CONABIO, México. Available from: https://www.naturalista.mx/ (accessed January 2020)</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">QGIS, Development Team (2020) QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available from: http://qgis.osgeo.org (accessed January 2020)</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stevens, W.D. (1983) New species and names in Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae. Phytologia 53 (6): 401–405. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.17467</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stevens, W.D. & Morales, J.F. (2009) Apocynaceae. In: Davidse, G., Sousa, S.M., Knapp, M., Chiang, F. & Barrie, F.R. (Eds.) Flora Mesoamericana: Cucurbitaceae a Polemoniaceae. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Biología, Missouri Botanical Garden, The Natural History Museum, pp. 662–768. [ISBN 979-607-02-0901-7]</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Templeton, A.R. (1989) The meaning of species and speciation: a genetic perspective. The units of evolution: Essays on the nature of species 1992: 159–183.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thiers, B. (2021) Index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih (accessed January 2020).</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wight, R. & Arnott, G.A.W. (1834) Leguminosae. Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1. Parbury, Allen & CO., London, 480 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Woodson, R.E. (1941) The North American Asclepiadaceae. I. Perspective of the genera. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 28 (2): 193–244. https://doi.org/10.2307/2394270</span></span></span>