Abstract
Taxonomy of the South American Portulaca is advancing considerably but many problems and knowledge gaps still remain. As a result of further investigation of the genus, P. ferricola is here proposed as new name to replace, at species rank, the hitherto overlooked P. mucronulata var. microphylla. P. ferricola is a species endemic to ironstone grasslands from eastern Bolivia and central-western Brazil, whose conservation status is here assessed as Endangered (EN). In addition to a discussion of the taxonomy, ecology, and conservation status of the species, we also provide photographs of herbarium specimens and the species in natura.
References
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<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dauby, G., Stévart, T., Droissart, V., Cosiaux, A., Deblauwe, V., Simo-Droissart, M., Sosef, M.S.M., Lowry II, P.P., Schatz, G.E., Gereau, R.E. & Couvreur, T.L.P. (2017) ConR: an R package to assist large scale multi-species preliminary conservation assessments using distribution data. Ecology and Evolution 7: 11292–11303. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3704</span></span></span>
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<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hassemer, G., Prado, J. & Baldini, R.M. (2020) Diagnoses and descriptions in Plant Taxonomy: are we making proper use of them? Taxon 69: 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12200</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hauman, L.L. (1925) Notes Floristiques (Dicotylédones de L’Argentine). Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 32: 395–474.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W.G., Borsch, T., Mering, S.V., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G., Ochoterena, H., Oxelman, B., Rabeler, R.K., Sánchez, A., Schlumpberger, B.O. & Uotila, P. (2015) A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. Willdenowia 45: 281–383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Holzhammer, E. (1955) Die amerikanischen arten der gattung Gomphrena L. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung. München 2: 178–257.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hooker, W.J. (1829) Portulaca grandiflora. Large-flowered purslane. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 56: 2885.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1, 2 ed. IUCN, Gland. 32 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">IUCN (2022) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 25 July 2022)</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jacquin, N.J. (1781) Icones Plantarum Rariorum, vol. 1. C.F. Wapler, Wien, 20 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Legrand, D. (1945) Sobre algumas especies austroamericanas nuevas o criticas, del genero Portulaca. Comunicaciones Botanicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 1: 1–10.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Legrand, C.D. (1949) Las especies del género Portulaca en la Argentina. Lilloa 17: 311–376.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Legrand, C.D. (1953) Notas sobre Portulaca. Comunicaciones Botánicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 2: 1–21.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Legrand, D. (1958) Desmembración del género Portulaca II, adiciones y correcciones. Comunicaciones Botánicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 3: 1–17.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Legrand, C.D. (1962) Las especies americanas de Portulaca. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo 7: 1–147.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lima, M,S., Takahasi, A., Damasceno-Junior, G.A. & Araujo, A.C. (2019) Checklist of the flora in ironstone outcrops at the Urucum Plateau, Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul. Biota Neotropica 19: 1–25. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2018-0708</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 560 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mez, C. (1896) Bromeliaceae. In: de Candolle, A.P. de (Ed.) Monographiae Phanerogamarum IX. Masson & Cie., Paris, 990 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ocampo, G. (2013) Morphological characterization of seeds in Portulacaceae. Phytotaxa 141: 1?24. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.141.1.1</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ocampo, G. (2018) A new perennial species of Portulaca (Portulacaceae) from central Mexico. Phytotaxa 347: 89–95. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.347.1.6</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ocampo, G. (2019) Portulaca almeviae (Portulacaceae), a new species from the Pacific coast of Mexico. Phytotaxa 413: 289–295. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.413.4.4</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ocampo, G. & Columbus, J.T. (2012) Molecular phylogenetics, historical biogeography, and chromosome number evolution in Portulaca (Portulacaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63: 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.017</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Richard, A. (1845) Botanique. Plantes Vasculaires. In: Sagra, R. (Ed.) Histoire Physique, Politique et Naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba, vol. 10. Bertrand, Paris, 663 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Simon, B.K. & Jacobs, S.W.L. (2003) Megathyrsus, a new generic name for Panicum subgenus Megathyrsus. Austrobaileya 6: 571?574.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sivaramakrishna, P. & Yugandhar, P. (2020) A new species of the genus Portulaca L. (Portulacaceae) from the Eastern Ghats, India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 13: 755–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2020.08.010</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Takahasi, A. & Meirelles, S.T. (2014) Ecologia da vegetação herbácea de bancadas lateríticas (cangas) em Corumbá, MS, Brasil. Hoehnea 41: 515–528. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-63/2013</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thiers, B. (2022 [continuously updated]) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 9 August 2022)</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159: 1–254. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</span></span></span>
Villarroel, D., Aramayo, G.M., Martínez, M.T., Proença, C.E.B., Munhoz, C.B.R., Klitgaard, B.B., Pinto-Ledezma, J.N. & Nee, M.H. (2017) Natural history of Cerro Mutún: VI. Checklist, status of conservation and new records for Bolivia. Kempffiana 13: 29–74.
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Buining, A.F.H. & Brederoo, A.J. (1975) Discocactus ferricola. Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten 26: 2–3.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Coelho, A.A.O.P. & Giulietti, A.M. (2010) O gênero Portulaca L. (Portulacaceae) no Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 24: 655–670. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062010000300009</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dauby, G., Stévart, T., Droissart, V., Cosiaux, A., Deblauwe, V., Simo-Droissart, M., Sosef, M.S.M., Lowry II, P.P., Schatz, G.E., Gereau, R.E. & Couvreur, T.L.P. (2017) ConR: an R package to assist large scale multi-species preliminary conservation assessments using distribution data. Ecology and Evolution 7: 11292–11303. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3704</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ESRI—Environmental Systems Research Institute (2014) ArcGIS for desktop advanced. Release 10.2.2. Redlands, CA.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ferraz, J.R., Rossetto, E.F.S., Ribeiro, J.E.L.S. & Hassemer, G. (2022) Taxonomic notes on the South American Portulaca (Portulacaceae) II: synonymization of P. diegoi under P. hatschbachii. Phytotaxa. [in press]</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hassemer, G., Prado, J. & Baldini, R.M. (2020) Diagnoses and descriptions in Plant Taxonomy: are we making proper use of them? Taxon 69: 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12200</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hauman, L.L. (1925) Notes Floristiques (Dicotylédones de L’Argentine). Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 32: 395–474.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hernández-Ledesma, P., Berendsohn, W.G., Borsch, T., Mering, S.V., Akhani, H., Arias, S., Castañeda-Noa, I., Eggli, U., Eriksson, R., Flores-Olvera, H., Fuentes-Bazán, S., Kadereit, G., Klak, C., Korotkova, N., Nyffeler, R., Ocampo, G., Ochoterena, H., Oxelman, B., Rabeler, R.K., Sánchez, A., Schlumpberger, B.O. & Uotila, P. (2015) A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. Willdenowia 45: 281–383. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45301</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Holzhammer, E. (1955) Die amerikanischen arten der gattung Gomphrena L. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung. München 2: 178–257.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hooker, W.J. (1829) Portulaca grandiflora. Large-flowered purslane. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 56: 2885.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1, 2 ed. IUCN, Gland. 32 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">IUCN (2022) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 25 July 2022)</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jacquin, N.J. (1781) Icones Plantarum Rariorum, vol. 1. C.F. Wapler, Wien, 20 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Legrand, D. (1945) Sobre algumas especies austroamericanas nuevas o criticas, del genero Portulaca. Comunicaciones Botanicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 1: 1–10.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Legrand, C.D. (1949) Las especies del género Portulaca en la Argentina. Lilloa 17: 311–376.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Legrand, C.D. (1953) Notas sobre Portulaca. Comunicaciones Botánicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 2: 1–21.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Legrand, D. (1958) Desmembración del género Portulaca II, adiciones y correcciones. Comunicaciones Botánicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 3: 1–17.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Legrand, C.D. (1962) Las especies americanas de Portulaca. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo 7: 1–147.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lima, M,S., Takahasi, A., Damasceno-Junior, G.A. & Araujo, A.C. (2019) Checklist of the flora in ironstone outcrops at the Urucum Plateau, Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul. Biota Neotropica 19: 1–25. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2018-0708</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 560 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mez, C. (1896) Bromeliaceae. In: de Candolle, A.P. de (Ed.) Monographiae Phanerogamarum IX. Masson & Cie., Paris, 990 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ocampo, G. (2013) Morphological characterization of seeds in Portulacaceae. Phytotaxa 141: 1?24. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.141.1.1</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ocampo, G. (2018) A new perennial species of Portulaca (Portulacaceae) from central Mexico. Phytotaxa 347: 89–95. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.347.1.6</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ocampo, G. (2019) Portulaca almeviae (Portulacaceae), a new species from the Pacific coast of Mexico. Phytotaxa 413: 289–295. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.413.4.4</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ocampo, G. & Columbus, J.T. (2012) Molecular phylogenetics, historical biogeography, and chromosome number evolution in Portulaca (Portulacaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63: 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.017</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Richard, A. (1845) Botanique. Plantes Vasculaires. In: Sagra, R. (Ed.) Histoire Physique, Politique et Naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba, vol. 10. Bertrand, Paris, 663 pp.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Simon, B.K. & Jacobs, S.W.L. (2003) Megathyrsus, a new generic name for Panicum subgenus Megathyrsus. Austrobaileya 6: 571?574.</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sivaramakrishna, P. & Yugandhar, P. (2020) A new species of the genus Portulaca L. (Portulacaceae) from the Eastern Ghats, India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 13: 755–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2020.08.010</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Takahasi, A. & Meirelles, S.T. (2014) Ecologia da vegetação herbácea de bancadas lateríticas (cangas) em Corumbá, MS, Brasil. Hoehnea 41: 515–528. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-63/2013</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thiers, B. (2022 [continuously updated]) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 9 August 2022)</span></span></span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159: 1–254. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</span></span></span>
Villarroel, D., Aramayo, G.M., Martínez, M.T., Proença, C.E.B., Munhoz, C.B.R., Klitgaard, B.B., Pinto-Ledezma, J.N. & Nee, M.H. (2017) Natural history of Cerro Mutún: VI. Checklist, status of conservation and new records for Bolivia. Kempffiana 13: 29–74.