Abstract
Backusella is morphologically and phylogenetically related to Mucor. Previously, due to various morphological similarities, distinction between these two genera was difficult and various Backusella species were classified within Mucor. However, in the last decade, with the advent of molecular phylogeny, the phylogenetic placement of the genus and its representative taxa was stabilised. In this study, a Backusella strain was isolated from soil samples in Thailand. A combination of morphology, phylogeny and physiology was used to characterize it. Phylogenetic analyses using the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and large subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (28S) genetic markers showed that the isolate is sister to Backusella gigacellularis. The new isolate is characterised by the production of simple or sympodially branched sporangiophores bearing a terminal sporangium. Columellae of sporangia are ellipsoidal, oblong to cylindrical, pyriform, and conical, often constricted in the centre. Sporangiola are globose to subglobose, often produced in short sympodially branched sporophores containing 4–8 sporangiospores each. The isolate grows on a relatively narrow temperature range of 15 °C–28 °C. The results of the three approaches indicated the novelty of the species. This is the first record of Backusella in Thailand.
References
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<p>Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and high-performance computing. <em>Nature methods</em> 9: 772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109</p>
<p>de Hoog, G.S. & Van Den Ende, A.H.G.G. (1998) Molecular diagnostics of clinical strains of filamentous Basidiomycetes: Molekulare diagnostik klinischer stämme filamentöser Basidiomyzeten. <em>Mycoses</em> 41: 183–189.</p>
<p>de Souza, J.I., Marano, A.V., Pires-Zottarelli, C.L.A., Chambergo, F.S. & Harakava, R. (2014) A new species of <em>Backusella</em> (Mucorales) from a Cerrado reserve in Southeast Brazil. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 13: 975–980. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11557-014-0981-3</p>
<p>Ellis, J.J. & Hesseltine, C.W. (1969) Two New Members of the Mucorales. <em>Mycologia</em> 61: 863–872. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1969.12018810</p>
<p>Hoffmann, K., Pawłowska, J., Walther, G., Wrzosek, M., de Hoog, G.S., Benny, G.L., Kirk, P.M. & Voigt, K. (2013) The family structure of the Mucorales: a synoptic revision based on comprehensive multigene-genealogies. <em>Persoonia</em> 30: 57–76. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158513x666259</p>
<p>Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 17: 754–755. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754</p>
<p>Hyde, K.D., Jeewon, R., Chen, Y.-J., Bhunjun, C.S., Calabon, M.S., Jiang, H.-B., Lin, C.-G., Norphanphoun, C., Sysouphanthong, P., Pem, D., Tibpromma, S., Zhang, Q., Doilom, M., Jayawardena, R.S., Liu, J.-K., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Phukhamsakda, C., Phookamsak, R., Al-Sadi, A.M., Thongklang, N., Wang, Y., Gafforov, Y., Gareth Jones, E.B. & Lumyong, S. (2020) The numbers of fungi: is the descriptive curve flattening? <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 103: 219–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00458-2</p>
<p>Hyde, K.D., Norphanphoun, C., Chen, J., Dissanayake, A.J., Doilom, M., Hongsanan, S., Jayawardena, R.S., Jeewon, R., Perera, R.H., Thongbai, B., Wanasinghe, D.N., Wisitrassameewong, K., Tibpromma, S. & Stadler, M. (2018) Thailand’s amazing diversity: up to 96% of fungi in northern Thailand may be novel. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 93: 215–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0415-7</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Toh, H. (2008) Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. <em>Briefings in Bioinformatics</em> 9: 286–298. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbn013</p>
<p>Kirk, P. (2012) Nomenclatural novelties Backusellaceae, Lentamycetaceae, Rhizopodaceae. <em>Index Fungorum</em> 11.</p>
<p>Kozlov, A.M., Darriba, D., Flouri, T., Morel, B. & Stamatakis, A. (2019) RAxML-NG: a fast, scalable and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 35: 4453–4455. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz305</p>
<p>Lima, D.X., Voigt, K., de Souza, C.A.F., de Oliveira, R.J.V., Souza-Motta, C.M. & Santiago, A.L.C.M. de A. (2016) Description of <em>Backusella constricta</em> sp. nov. (Mucorales, ex Zygomycota) from the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, including a key to species of <em>Backusella</em>. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 289: 59–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.289.1.4</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. <em>In:</em> <em>2010 Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE)</em>. pp. 1–8.</p>
<p>Nguyen, T.T.T. & Lee, H.B. (2018) Isolation and characterization of three zygomycetous fungi in Korea: <em>Backusella circina</em>, <em>Circinella muscae</em>, and <em>Mucor ramosissimus</em>. <em>Mycobiology</em> 46: 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2018.1538071</p>
<p>Nguyen, T.T.T., Voigt, K., Santiago, A.L.C.M. de A., Kirk, P.M. & Lee, H.B. (2021) Discovery of novel <em>Backusella</em> (Backusellaceae, Mucorales) isolated from invertebrates and toads in Cheongyang, Korea. <em>Journal of Fungi </em>7: 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070513</p>
<p>Pidoplichko, N. & Milka, A. (1971) <em>Atlas of mucoralean fungi.</em> Acad. Sci. Ukranian SSR Kiev. pp. 188.</p>
<p>Senanayake, I., Rathnayaka, A., Marasinghe, D., Calabon, M., Lee, H., Hurdeal, V., Dissanayake, L., Wijesinghe, S., Nguyen, T., Goonasekara, I., Abeywickrama, P., Bhunjun, C., Jayawardena, R., Wanasinghe, D., Jeewon R, Bhat, D. & Xiang, M. (2020) Morphological approaches in studying fungi: collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. <em>Mycosphere</em> 11: 2678–2754. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20</p>
<p>Trifinopoulos, J., Nguyen, L.-T., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2016) W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 44: W232–W235. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw256</p>
<p>Urquhart, A.S., Douch, J.K., Heafield, T.A., Buddie, A.G. & Idnurm, A. (2021) Diversity of backusella (Mucoromycotina) in south-eastern australia revealed through polyphasic taxonomy. <em>Persoonia: Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi</em> 46: 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.46.01</p>
<p>Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several <em>Cryptococcus</em> species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology</em> 172: 4238. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</p>
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<p>Walther, G., Wagner, L. & Kurzai, O. (2019) Updates on the taxonomy of mucorales with an emphasis on clinically important taxa. <em>Journal of Fungi</em> 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5040106</p>
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