Abstract
Gladiolus alanyensis is described and illustrated as a new species from Alanya, Antalya Province in South Anatolia, Turkey. In this study, the diagnostic morphological features, distribution, habitat and ecological characteristics, and conservation status of the new species are reported. It grows in calcareous areas and is morphologically close to G. anatolicus. Affinities and differences to other species such as G. triphyllus and G. humilis are also commented. Seed micromorphological characteristics of G. alanyensis, G. anatolicus and G. humilis are examined and compared using LM and SEM analyses.
References
Aytaç, Z. & Duman, H. (2004) Six new taxa (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey. Annales Botanici Fennici 41: 213–221.
Barthlott, W. (1981) Epidermal and seed surface characters of plants: systematic applicability and some evolutionary aspects. Nordic Journal of Botany 1 (3): 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb00704.x
Barthlott, W., Neinhuis, C., Cutler, D., Ditsch, F., Meusel, I., Theisen, I. & Wilhelmi, H. (1998) Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 126 (3): 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1006/bojl.1997.0137
Bilgili, B., Sa??ro?lu, M., ?eker, M. & Duman, H. (2016) Dichoropetalum alanyensis (Apiaceae), a new species from South Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 40: 201–208. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1410-45
Bilgili, B., Coppi, A. & Selvi, F. (2012) Nonea dumanii sp. nov.(Boraginaceae) from the Taurus mountains (South Turkey). Nordic Journal of Botany 30: 546–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01552.x
Boissier, P.E. (1882) Flora Orientalis, vol. 5 (1). Basel, Geneva, 428 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.20323
Chernyakovskaya, E.G. (1968) Gladiolus L. In: Komorov, V.L. (ed.) Flora of USSR, vol. 4. Printed in Jerusalem (English version), pp. 440–448.
Duman, H, (1994) A new species from South Anatolia Aethionema alanyae (Brassicaceae). Karaca Arboretum Magazine 2: 171–176.
Duman, H. (1998) A new species of Minuartia L. (Caryophyllaceae) from South Anatolia. Karaca Arboretum Magazine 4: 159–162.
Duman, H. (2001) A new species of Arabis L. (Brassicaceae) from South Anatolia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 87–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb01109.x
Duman, H. & Anderberg, A.A. (1999) An undescribed species of Pentanema Cass. Asteraceae-Inuleae) from Turkey, with notes on the phylogenetic status of the genus. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 129: 333–338.
Duman, H., Aytaç, Z., Ekici, M., Karavelio?ullar?, F.A., Dönmez, A. & Duran, A. (1996) Three new species (Labiatae) from Turkey. Flora Mediterranea 5: 221–228.
Duran, A., Do?an, B. & Ay, H. (2011) Bilacunaria aksekiensis (Apiaceae), a new species from South Anatolia, Turkey. Annales Botanici Fennici 48: 361–367. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.048.0408
Eker, I & Sa??ro?lu, M. (2021) Gladiolus izzet-baysalii (Iridaceae, Crocoideae), a new species from Turkey. Phytotaxa 527: 97–106. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.527.2.2
Erol, O., Uzen, E. & Küçüker, O. (2006) Preliminary SEM Observations on the Seed Testa Structure of Gladiolus L. Species from Turkey. International Journal of Botany 2 (2): 125–127. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2006.125.127
Goldblatt, P. (1996) Gladiolus in Tropical Africa, Systematics Biology & Evolution. Timber Press, Portland, pp. 7–9.
Goldblatt, P. & Manning, J.C. (2002) Evidence for moth and butterfly pollination in Gladiolus (Iridaceae-Crocoideae). Annales of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89: 110–124. https://doi.org/10.2307/3298660
Goldblatt, P. & Manning, J.C. (2008) The Iris Family: Natural History and Classification. Timber Press, Portland, 290 pp.
Goldbaltt, P., Rodríguez, A., Powell, M.P., Jonathan Davies, T., Manning, J.C., van der Bank, M. & Savolainen, V. (2008) Iridaceae ‘Out of Australasia’? Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Divergence Time Based on Plastid DNA Sequences. Systematic Botany 33: 495–508. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364408785679806
Güner, A. (2012) Gladiolus L. In: Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M.T. (Eds.) Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarl? Bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyi?it Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Ara?t?rmalar? Derne?i Yay?n?, Istanbul, pp. 535. [in Turkish]
Halbritter, H., Ulrich, S., Grímsson, F., Weber, M., Zetter, R., Hesse, M., Buchner, R., Svojtka, M. & Frosch-Radivo, A. (2018) Illustrated Pollen Terminology. Second Edition. Springer, Wien, 487 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71365-6
Hamilton, A.P. (1980) Gladiolus L. In: Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A. & Valentine, D.H. (eds.) Flora europaea, vol. 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 101–102.
Hesse, M., Halbritter, H., Zetter, R., Weber, M., Buchner, R., Frosch-Radivo, A. & Ulrich, S. (2009) Pollen Terminology: An illustrated handbook. Springer, Wien, 266 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-79894-2
IPNI (2022) International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Available from: http://www.ipni.org (accessed 24 April 2022).
IUCN (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 24 April 2022).
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. (2015) Morphological and anatomical features of seeds of Turkish Romulea taxa (Iridaceae) and their taxonomic significance. Acta Botanica Croatica 74: 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/botcro-2015-0005
Karaismailo?lu, M.C., ??k, L., Çiftçi, A. & Erol, O. (2018) Seed structure of some taxa of the genus Crocus L. (Iridaceae) series Crocus. Turkish Journal of Botany 42: 722–731. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1712-17
Ker Gawler, J.B. (1807) [992] Gladiolus hirsutus (?). Leafless-flowering shaggy corn-flag. In: Sims, J. (ed.) Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol. 25. S. Couchman, London.
Koç, M., Hamzaoglu, E. & Aksoy, A. (2019) A new species and five new combinations of Sabulina (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey. Folia Geobotanica 54: 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-019-09348-1
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm]. pp. 36–37. https.//doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.37656
Meikle, R.D. (1985) Flora of Cyprus, vol. 2. The Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 1569–1572.
Menemen, Y., Aytaç, Z. & Kandemir, A. (2016) Türkçe bilimsel bitki adlar? yönergesi (Directive of Turkish scientific plant names). Ba?bahçe Bilim Dergisi 3: 1–3 (in Turkish).
Özhatay, H. & Mathew, B. (1995) New taxa and notes on the genus Allium (Alliaceae) in Turkey and Arabia. Kew Bulletin 50: 723–731. https://doi.org/10.2307/4110233
Parolly, G. & Nordt, B. (2005) A further new Peucedanum species (Apiaceae) from the Taurus Mts, Turkey. Willdenowia 35: 97–105.
Pimenov, M.G. & Kljuykov, E.V. (2011) Two new species and a new combination in Turkish Dichoropetalum (Apiaceae). Annales Botanici Fennici 48: 337–342. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.048.0405
Post, G.E. & Dinsmore, J.E. (1933) Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai, vol. 2. American Press, Beirut, Lebanon, pp. 602–604.
POWO (2022) Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 24 April 2022).
Punt, W., Hoen, P.P., Blackmore, S., Nilsson, S. & Le Thomas, A. (2007) Glossary of Pollen and Spore Terminology. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 143: 1–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.06.008
Sa??ro?lu, M. & Akgül, G. (2014) Gladiolus osmaniyensis (Iridaceae), a new species from South Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 38: 31–36. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1209-60
Sa??ro?lu, M. & Duman, H. (2010) Ferula brevipedicellata and F. duranii (Apiaceae), two new species from Anatolia, Turkey. Annales Botanici Fennici 47: 293–300. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.047.0405
Sa??ro?lu, M. & Eker, I. (2021) Gladiolus aladagensis (Iridaceae), a new species from Turkey. Phytotaxa 478: 151–161. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.11
Stapf, O. (1885) Beitrage Zur Flora von Lycien, Carien und Mesopotamien. Plantae collectae Dre. Felix Luschen ann. 1881, 1882, 1883. I. Theil. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 50 (2): 73–120.
Smith, J.E. (1806) Florae Graecae Prodromus, vol. 1. Typis R. Taylor et socii, London, 442 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6653
Szczepaniak, M., Kami?ski, R., Kuta, E., S?omka, A., Heise, W. & Cie?lak, E. (2016) Natural hybridization between Gladiolus palustris and G. imbricatus inferred from morphological, molecular and reproductive evidence. Preslia 88: 137–161.
Tan, K. & Edmondson, J.R. (1984) Gladiolus L. In: Davis, P.H. (ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, vol. 8. Edinburg University Press, Edinburg, pp. 441–450.
Tan, K., Mathew, B. & Baytop, A. (2006) Gladiolus attilae (Iridaceae), a new species from East Anatolia, Turkey. Phytologia Balcanica 12 (1): 71–73.
Tek?en, M. (2022) Gladiolus L. In: Güner, A., Kandemir, A., Menemen, Y., Y?ld?r?m, H., Aslan, S., Çimen, A.Ö., Güner, I. Ek?i Bona, G. & ?en Gökmen, F. (eds.) Illustrated Flora of Turkey, vol. 3a. ANG Vakf? Nezahat Gökyi?it Botanik Bahçesi Yay?nlar?, Istanbul, pp. 447–479.
Tek?en, M., Duman, H. & Sa??ro?lu, M. (2021) A new Gladiolus (Iridaceae) species from East Anatolia, Turkey: Gladiolus hamzaoglui. Phytotaxa 496: 245–260. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.496.3.3
Tek?en, M. & Sa??ro?lu, M. (2021) Lectotypification of some Gladiolus /K?l?çotu (Iridaceae) species and synonyms in Turkey. Bagbahce Bilim Dergisi 8: 25–37. [in Turkish] https://doi.org/10.35163/bagbahce.848834
Thiers, B. (2022) [continuously updated] Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 24 April 2022).
WCSP (2022) World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ (accessed 24 April 2022).
Wendelbo, P. & Mathew, B. (1975) Gladiolus L. In: Rechinger, K.H. (ed.) Flora iranica, vol. 112. Akad. Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz, pp. 69–74.
Zhygalova, S.L., Futorna, O.A. & Levanets, A. (2014) Micromorphological study (ultrastructure of lamina surface, seeds, ultrasculpture of pollen grains) of Gladiolus L. species (Iridaceae Juss.) of Ukrainian flora. Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 2 (4): 21–27. https.//doi.org/10.1515/environ-2015-0046
Barthlott, W. (1981) Epidermal and seed surface characters of plants: systematic applicability and some evolutionary aspects. Nordic Journal of Botany 1 (3): 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb00704.x
Barthlott, W., Neinhuis, C., Cutler, D., Ditsch, F., Meusel, I., Theisen, I. & Wilhelmi, H. (1998) Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 126 (3): 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1006/bojl.1997.0137
Bilgili, B., Sa??ro?lu, M., ?eker, M. & Duman, H. (2016) Dichoropetalum alanyensis (Apiaceae), a new species from South Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 40: 201–208. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1410-45
Bilgili, B., Coppi, A. & Selvi, F. (2012) Nonea dumanii sp. nov.(Boraginaceae) from the Taurus mountains (South Turkey). Nordic Journal of Botany 30: 546–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01552.x
Boissier, P.E. (1882) Flora Orientalis, vol. 5 (1). Basel, Geneva, 428 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.20323
Chernyakovskaya, E.G. (1968) Gladiolus L. In: Komorov, V.L. (ed.) Flora of USSR, vol. 4. Printed in Jerusalem (English version), pp. 440–448.
Duman, H, (1994) A new species from South Anatolia Aethionema alanyae (Brassicaceae). Karaca Arboretum Magazine 2: 171–176.
Duman, H. (1998) A new species of Minuartia L. (Caryophyllaceae) from South Anatolia. Karaca Arboretum Magazine 4: 159–162.
Duman, H. (2001) A new species of Arabis L. (Brassicaceae) from South Anatolia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 87–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb01109.x
Duman, H. & Anderberg, A.A. (1999) An undescribed species of Pentanema Cass. Asteraceae-Inuleae) from Turkey, with notes on the phylogenetic status of the genus. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 129: 333–338.
Duman, H., Aytaç, Z., Ekici, M., Karavelio?ullar?, F.A., Dönmez, A. & Duran, A. (1996) Three new species (Labiatae) from Turkey. Flora Mediterranea 5: 221–228.
Duran, A., Do?an, B. & Ay, H. (2011) Bilacunaria aksekiensis (Apiaceae), a new species from South Anatolia, Turkey. Annales Botanici Fennici 48: 361–367. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.048.0408
Eker, I & Sa??ro?lu, M. (2021) Gladiolus izzet-baysalii (Iridaceae, Crocoideae), a new species from Turkey. Phytotaxa 527: 97–106. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.527.2.2
Erol, O., Uzen, E. & Küçüker, O. (2006) Preliminary SEM Observations on the Seed Testa Structure of Gladiolus L. Species from Turkey. International Journal of Botany 2 (2): 125–127. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2006.125.127
Goldblatt, P. (1996) Gladiolus in Tropical Africa, Systematics Biology & Evolution. Timber Press, Portland, pp. 7–9.
Goldblatt, P. & Manning, J.C. (2002) Evidence for moth and butterfly pollination in Gladiolus (Iridaceae-Crocoideae). Annales of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89: 110–124. https://doi.org/10.2307/3298660
Goldblatt, P. & Manning, J.C. (2008) The Iris Family: Natural History and Classification. Timber Press, Portland, 290 pp.
Goldbaltt, P., Rodríguez, A., Powell, M.P., Jonathan Davies, T., Manning, J.C., van der Bank, M. & Savolainen, V. (2008) Iridaceae ‘Out of Australasia’? Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Divergence Time Based on Plastid DNA Sequences. Systematic Botany 33: 495–508. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364408785679806
Güner, A. (2012) Gladiolus L. In: Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M.T. (Eds.) Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarl? Bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyi?it Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Ara?t?rmalar? Derne?i Yay?n?, Istanbul, pp. 535. [in Turkish]
Halbritter, H., Ulrich, S., Grímsson, F., Weber, M., Zetter, R., Hesse, M., Buchner, R., Svojtka, M. & Frosch-Radivo, A. (2018) Illustrated Pollen Terminology. Second Edition. Springer, Wien, 487 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71365-6
Hamilton, A.P. (1980) Gladiolus L. In: Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A. & Valentine, D.H. (eds.) Flora europaea, vol. 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 101–102.
Hesse, M., Halbritter, H., Zetter, R., Weber, M., Buchner, R., Frosch-Radivo, A. & Ulrich, S. (2009) Pollen Terminology: An illustrated handbook. Springer, Wien, 266 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-79894-2
IPNI (2022) International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Available from: http://www.ipni.org (accessed 24 April 2022).
IUCN (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 24 April 2022).
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. (2015) Morphological and anatomical features of seeds of Turkish Romulea taxa (Iridaceae) and their taxonomic significance. Acta Botanica Croatica 74: 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/botcro-2015-0005
Karaismailo?lu, M.C., ??k, L., Çiftçi, A. & Erol, O. (2018) Seed structure of some taxa of the genus Crocus L. (Iridaceae) series Crocus. Turkish Journal of Botany 42: 722–731. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1712-17
Ker Gawler, J.B. (1807) [992] Gladiolus hirsutus (?). Leafless-flowering shaggy corn-flag. In: Sims, J. (ed.) Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol. 25. S. Couchman, London.
Koç, M., Hamzaoglu, E. & Aksoy, A. (2019) A new species and five new combinations of Sabulina (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey. Folia Geobotanica 54: 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-019-09348-1
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm]. pp. 36–37. https.//doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.37656
Meikle, R.D. (1985) Flora of Cyprus, vol. 2. The Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 1569–1572.
Menemen, Y., Aytaç, Z. & Kandemir, A. (2016) Türkçe bilimsel bitki adlar? yönergesi (Directive of Turkish scientific plant names). Ba?bahçe Bilim Dergisi 3: 1–3 (in Turkish).
Özhatay, H. & Mathew, B. (1995) New taxa and notes on the genus Allium (Alliaceae) in Turkey and Arabia. Kew Bulletin 50: 723–731. https://doi.org/10.2307/4110233
Parolly, G. & Nordt, B. (2005) A further new Peucedanum species (Apiaceae) from the Taurus Mts, Turkey. Willdenowia 35: 97–105.
Pimenov, M.G. & Kljuykov, E.V. (2011) Two new species and a new combination in Turkish Dichoropetalum (Apiaceae). Annales Botanici Fennici 48: 337–342. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.048.0405
Post, G.E. & Dinsmore, J.E. (1933) Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai, vol. 2. American Press, Beirut, Lebanon, pp. 602–604.
POWO (2022) Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed 24 April 2022).
Punt, W., Hoen, P.P., Blackmore, S., Nilsson, S. & Le Thomas, A. (2007) Glossary of Pollen and Spore Terminology. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 143: 1–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.06.008
Sa??ro?lu, M. & Akgül, G. (2014) Gladiolus osmaniyensis (Iridaceae), a new species from South Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 38: 31–36. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1209-60
Sa??ro?lu, M. & Duman, H. (2010) Ferula brevipedicellata and F. duranii (Apiaceae), two new species from Anatolia, Turkey. Annales Botanici Fennici 47: 293–300. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.047.0405
Sa??ro?lu, M. & Eker, I. (2021) Gladiolus aladagensis (Iridaceae), a new species from Turkey. Phytotaxa 478: 151–161. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.11
Stapf, O. (1885) Beitrage Zur Flora von Lycien, Carien und Mesopotamien. Plantae collectae Dre. Felix Luschen ann. 1881, 1882, 1883. I. Theil. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 50 (2): 73–120.
Smith, J.E. (1806) Florae Graecae Prodromus, vol. 1. Typis R. Taylor et socii, London, 442 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6653
Szczepaniak, M., Kami?ski, R., Kuta, E., S?omka, A., Heise, W. & Cie?lak, E. (2016) Natural hybridization between Gladiolus palustris and G. imbricatus inferred from morphological, molecular and reproductive evidence. Preslia 88: 137–161.
Tan, K. & Edmondson, J.R. (1984) Gladiolus L. In: Davis, P.H. (ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, vol. 8. Edinburg University Press, Edinburg, pp. 441–450.
Tan, K., Mathew, B. & Baytop, A. (2006) Gladiolus attilae (Iridaceae), a new species from East Anatolia, Turkey. Phytologia Balcanica 12 (1): 71–73.
Tek?en, M. (2022) Gladiolus L. In: Güner, A., Kandemir, A., Menemen, Y., Y?ld?r?m, H., Aslan, S., Çimen, A.Ö., Güner, I. Ek?i Bona, G. & ?en Gökmen, F. (eds.) Illustrated Flora of Turkey, vol. 3a. ANG Vakf? Nezahat Gökyi?it Botanik Bahçesi Yay?nlar?, Istanbul, pp. 447–479.
Tek?en, M., Duman, H. & Sa??ro?lu, M. (2021) A new Gladiolus (Iridaceae) species from East Anatolia, Turkey: Gladiolus hamzaoglui. Phytotaxa 496: 245–260. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.496.3.3
Tek?en, M. & Sa??ro?lu, M. (2021) Lectotypification of some Gladiolus /K?l?çotu (Iridaceae) species and synonyms in Turkey. Bagbahce Bilim Dergisi 8: 25–37. [in Turkish] https://doi.org/10.35163/bagbahce.848834
Thiers, B. (2022) [continuously updated] Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 24 April 2022).
WCSP (2022) World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ (accessed 24 April 2022).
Wendelbo, P. & Mathew, B. (1975) Gladiolus L. In: Rechinger, K.H. (ed.) Flora iranica, vol. 112. Akad. Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz, pp. 69–74.
Zhygalova, S.L., Futorna, O.A. & Levanets, A. (2014) Micromorphological study (ultrastructure of lamina surface, seeds, ultrasculpture of pollen grains) of Gladiolus L. species (Iridaceae Juss.) of Ukrainian flora. Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 2 (4): 21–27. https.//doi.org/10.1515/environ-2015-0046