Abstract
This study contains the nutlet morpho-anatomical characters of 12 taxa, 9 of which are endemic, belonging to subsection Multibracteolatae of section Fragilicaulis of the genus Stachys from Turkey in a systematical context with utilizing cluster and principal component analyses. Morphological characteristics such as the shape, color, size, surfaces and microstructures of the nutlets have been examined with using light and scanning electron microscopes. Anatomically, the structures and thicknesses of the pericarp have been investigated. The consequences have disclosed that the taxa are macro-morphologically different from each other in terms of shape, color, size, presence of wings and trichomes of nutlets. Nutlet sizes range from 2.23 mm to 3.43 mm in length, and from 1.25 mm to 2.22 mm in width. As, S. laetivirens and S. megalodonta subsp. megalodonta are of the largest nutlets, S. megalodonta subsp. mardinensis and S. mardinensis have the smallest nutlets. Unlike the other taxa examined, S. megalodonta subsp. mardinensis and S. baytopiorum bear wing on the nutlet. Also, S. megalodonta subsp. megalodonta is unique with non-glandular trichomes on nutlet among the examined taxa. Nutlet surface ornamentation is clustered into 6 types: reticulate, reticulate-areolate, scalariform, verrucate, alveolate and reticulate-foveate. The most common type is reticulate, while scalariform, alveolate and reticulate-foveate ornamentation types are noticed as taxon-specific. Anatomically, the structure and thickness of the pericarp and its parts are the significant characters that reveal inter-specific correlations among the examined taxa. A diagnostic key is offered for the recognition of the studied taxa based on the nutlet characters.
References
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<p>Carović-Stanko, K., Petek, M., Grdisa, M., Pintar, J., Bedekovic, D., Herak Custic, M. & Satovic, Z. (2016) Medicinal plants of the family of Lamiaceae as functional foods - A Review. <em>Czech Journal of Food Sciences </em>34: 377–390. https://doi.org/10.17221/504/2015-CJFS</p>
<p>Císarová, M., Hleba, L., Tančinová, D., Florková, M., Foltinová, D., Charousová, I., Vrbová, K., Božik, M. & Klouček, P. (2018) Inhibitory effect of essential oils from some Lamiaceae species on growth of <em>Eurotium</em> spp. isolated from bread. <em>Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences </em>8: 857–862. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2018.8.2.857-862</p>
<p>Ecevit-Genç, G., Özcan, T. & Dirmenci, T. (2017) Nutlet and leaf micromorphology in some Turkish species of <em>Teucrium</em> L. (Lamiaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 321: 71–82. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.312.1.5</p>
<p>Ecevit-Genç, G., Özcan, T., Dirmenci, T. & Arabacı, T. (2020) Mericarp morphology of the genus <em>Origanum</em> (Lamiaceae) and its taxonomic significance in Turkey. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 460 (1): 59–74. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.460.1.3</p>
<p>Erdoğan, E., Akçiçek, A., Selvi, S. & Tümen, D. (2011) Comparative morphological and ecological studies of two <em>Stachys</em> species (sect. <em>Eriostomum</em>, subsect. <em>Germanicae</em>) grown in Turkey. <em>African Journal of Biotechnology</em> 10: 17990–17996. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.2979</p>
<p>Eshratifar, M., Attar, F. & Magdigholi, K. (2011) Micromorphological studies on nutlet and leaf indumentum of genus <em>Teucrium</em> L. (Lamiaceae) in Iran. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em> 35: 25–35. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-0902-5</p>
<p>Falciani, L. (1997) Systematic Revision of <em>Stachys</em> Sect. <em>Eriostomum</em> (Hoffmans. & Link) Dumort. in Italy. <em>Lagascalia</em> 19: 187–238.</p>
<p>Güner, Ö., Akçiçek, E. & Dirmenci, T. (2021) A new <em>Stachys</em> species from Turkey: <em>Stachys siirtensis</em> (Lamiaceae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 516 (3): 252–262. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.516.3.4</p>
<p>Güner, Ö. & Ferrer-Galego, P.P. (2021) Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on some <em>Stachys</em> taxa (Lamiaceae). <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em> 45: 69–82. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-2010-12</p>
<p>Güner, Ö., Selvi, S., Altınordu, F. & Martin, E. (2019) The analysis of some biological data on <em>Stachys</em> <em>kurdica</em> (Lamiaceae) in Turkey. <em>Phytologia Balcanica</em> 25 (3): 271–280.</p>
<p>Harley, R.M., Atkins, S., Budantsev, A.L., Cantino, P.D. & Conn, B.J. (2004) Labiatae.<em> In: </em>Kadereit, J.W. (ed.) <em>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants</em>, Vol. VII. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons (Lamiales except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Berlin, Germany: Springer, pp. 167–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18617-2_11</p>
<p>Husain, S.Z., Marin, P.D., Silic, C., Qaiser, M. & Petcovic, B. (1990) A micromorphological study of some representative genera in the tribe <em>Saturejeae</em> (Lamiaceae). <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 103: 59–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb00174.x</p>
<p>Jamzad, Z., Harley, M.M., Ingrouille, M., Simmonds, M.S.J. & Jalili, A. (2000) Pollen exine and nutlet surface morphology of the annual species of <em>Nepeta</em> L. (Lamiaceae) in Iran.<em> In: </em>Harley, M.M., Morton, G.M. & Blackmore, S. (eds.) <em>Pollen and Spores: Morphology and Biology.</em> Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.</p>
<p>Karaismailoğlu, M.C. (2015) Morphological and anatomical features of seeds of Turkish <em>Romulea</em> taxa (Iridaceae) and their taxonomic significance. <em>Acta Botanica Croatica</em> 74: 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/botcro-2015-0005</p>
<p>Karaismailoğlu, M.C. (2017) Palynological features of eleven <em>Aethionema</em> taxa from Turkey and their systematic implications. <em>Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy</em> 24: 197–204. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v24i2.35115</p>
<p>Karaismailoğlu, M.C. (2019) Comparative morphology and anatomy of seeds of some <em>Aethionema</em> WT Aiton (Brassicaceae) taxa from Turkey. <em>Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy</em> 26: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v26i1.41911</p>
<p>Karaismailoğlu, M.C. & Erol, O. (2018) Seed structure and its taxonomic implications for genus <em>Thlaspi</em> sensu lato sections <em>Nomisma</em>, <em>Thlaspi</em>, and <em>Pterotropis</em> (Brassicaceae). <em>Turkish Journal of Botany </em>42: 591–609. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1709-28</p>
<p>Karaismailoğlu, M.C. & Güner, Ö. (2019) Nutlet structures of subsection <em>Fragiles</em> of the genus <em>Stachys</em> (Lamiaceae) from Turkey and their systematic applications. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany </em>43: 659–672. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1812-31</p>
<p>Karaismailoğlu, M.C. & Güner, Ö. (2021) Trichome micromorphology of the genus <em>Stachys</em> sect. <em>Fragilicaulis</em> subsect. <em>Fragilis</em> and its taxonomic implications. <em>Plant Biosystems</em> 155 (4): 833–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2020.1801874</p>
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