Abstract
This study contains the nutlet morpho-anatomical characters of 12 taxa, 9 of which are endemic, belonging to subsection Multibracteolatae of section Fragilicaulis of the genus Stachys from Turkey in a systematical context with utilizing cluster and principal component analyses. Morphological characteristics such as the shape, color, size, surfaces and microstructures of the nutlets have been examined with using light and scanning electron microscopes. Anatomically, the structures and thicknesses of the pericarp have been investigated. The consequences have disclosed that the taxa are macro-morphologically different from each other in terms of shape, color, size, presence of wings and trichomes of nutlets. Nutlet sizes range from 2.23 mm to 3.43 mm in length, and from 1.25 mm to 2.22 mm in width. As, S. laetivirens and S. megalodonta subsp. megalodonta are of the largest nutlets, S. megalodonta subsp. mardinensis and S. mardinensis have the smallest nutlets. Unlike the other taxa examined, S. megalodonta subsp. mardinensis and S. baytopiorum bear wing on the nutlet. Also, S. megalodonta subsp. megalodonta is unique with non-glandular trichomes on nutlet among the examined taxa. Nutlet surface ornamentation is clustered into 6 types: reticulate, reticulate-areolate, scalariform, verrucate, alveolate and reticulate-foveate. The most common type is reticulate, while scalariform, alveolate and reticulate-foveate ornamentation types are noticed as taxon-specific. Anatomically, the structure and thickness of the pericarp and its parts are the significant characters that reveal inter-specific correlations among the examined taxa. A diagnostic key is offered for the recognition of the studied taxa based on the nutlet characters.
References
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Akçiçek, E. & Güner, Ö. (2022) A new subspecies of Stachys cretica (Lamiaceae) from Western Turkey. Phytotaxa 539 (3): 257–264. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.539.3.4
Aksoy, A., Özcan, T., Giri?ken, H., Çelik, J. & Dirmenci, T. (2020) A phylogenetic analysis and biogeographical distribution of Teucrium Sect. Teucrium (Lamiaceae) and taxonomic notes for a new species from southwest Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 44: 322–337. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-2002-5
Barthlott, W (1981) Epidermal and seed surface characters of plants: systematic applicability and some evolutionary aspects. Nordic Journal of Botany 1: 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb00704.x
Bhattacharjee, R (1980) Taxonomic studies in Stachys II: A new infrageneric classification of Stachys L. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden 38: 65–96.
Bhattacharjee, R (1982) Stachys. In: Davis, P.H. (ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 7. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 199–262.
Budantsev, A.L. & Lobova, T.A. (1997) Fruit morphology, anatomy and taxonomy of Tribe Nepeteae (Labiatae). Edinburgh Journal of Botany 54: 183–216. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428600004029
Carovi?-Stanko, K., Petek, M., Grdisa, M., Pintar, J., Bedekovic, D., Herak Custic, M. & Satovic, Z. (2016) Medicinal plants of the family of Lamiaceae as functional foods - A Review. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 34: 377–390. https://doi.org/10.17221/504/2015-CJFS
Císarová, M., Hleba, L., Tan?inová, D., Florková, M., Foltinová, D., Charousová, I., Vrbová, K., Božik, M. & Klou?ek, P. (2018) Inhibitory effect of essential oils from some Lamiaceae species on growth of Eurotium spp. isolated from bread. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences 8: 857–862. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2018.8.2.857-862
Ecevit-Genç, G., Özcan, T. & Dirmenci, T. (2017) Nutlet and leaf micromorphology in some Turkish species of Teucrium L. (Lamiaceae). Phytotaxa 321: 71–82. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.312.1.5
Ecevit-Genç, G., Özcan, T., Dirmenci, T. & Arabac?, T. (2020) Mericarp morphology of the genus Origanum (Lamiaceae) and its taxonomic significance in Turkey. Phytotaxa 460 (1): 59–74. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.460.1.3
Erdo?an, E., Akçiçek, A., Selvi, S. & Tümen, D. (2011) Comparative morphological and ecological studies of two Stachys species (sect. Eriostomum, subsect. Germanicae) grown in Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 17990–17996. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.2979
Eshratifar, M., Attar, F. & Magdigholi, K. (2011) Micromorphological studies on nutlet and leaf indumentum of genus Teucrium L. (Lamiaceae) in Iran. Turkish Journal of Botany 35: 25–35. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-0902-5
Falciani, L. (1997) Systematic Revision of Stachys Sect. Eriostomum (Hoffmans. & Link) Dumort. in Italy. Lagascalia 19: 187–238.
Güner, Ö., Akçiçek, E. & Dirmenci, T. (2021) A new Stachys species from Turkey: Stachys siirtensis (Lamiaceae). Phytotaxa 516 (3): 252–262. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.516.3.4
Güner, Ö. & Ferrer-Galego, P.P. (2021) Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on some Stachys taxa (Lamiaceae). Turkish Journal of Botany 45: 69–82. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-2010-12
Güner, Ö., Selvi, S., Alt?nordu, F. & Martin, E. (2019) The analysis of some biological data on Stachys kurdica (Lamiaceae) in Turkey. Phytologia Balcanica 25 (3): 271–280.
Harley, R.M., Atkins, S., Budantsev, A.L., Cantino, P.D. & Conn, B.J. (2004) Labiatae. In: Kadereit, J.W. (ed.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol. VII. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons (Lamiales except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Berlin, Germany: Springer, pp. 167–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18617-2_11
Husain, S.Z., Marin, P.D., Silic, C., Qaiser, M. & Petcovic, B. (1990) A micromorphological study of some representative genera in the tribe Saturejeae (Lamiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 103: 59–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb00174.x
Jamzad, Z., Harley, M.M., Ingrouille, M., Simmonds, M.S.J. & Jalili, A. (2000) Pollen exine and nutlet surface morphology of the annual species of Nepeta L. (Lamiaceae) in Iran. In: Harley, M.M., Morton, G.M. & Blackmore, S. (eds.) Pollen and Spores: Morphology and Biology. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. (2015) Morphological and anatomical features of seeds of Turkish Romulea taxa (Iridaceae) and their taxonomic significance. Acta Botanica Croatica 74: 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/botcro-2015-0005
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. (2017) Palynological features of eleven Aethionema taxa from Turkey and their systematic implications. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 24: 197–204. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v24i2.35115
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. (2019) Comparative morphology and anatomy of seeds of some Aethionema WT Aiton (Brassicaceae) taxa from Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 26: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v26i1.41911
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. & Erol, O. (2018) Seed structure and its taxonomic implications for genus Thlaspi sensu lato sections Nomisma, Thlaspi, and Pterotropis (Brassicaceae). Turkish Journal of Botany 42: 591–609. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1709-28
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. & Güner, Ö. (2019) Nutlet structures of subsection Fragiles of the genus Stachys (Lamiaceae) from Turkey and their systematic applications. Turkish Journal of Botany 43: 659–672. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1812-31
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. & Güner, Ö. (2021) Trichome micromorphology of the genus Stachys sect. Fragilicaulis subsect. Fragilis and its taxonomic implications. Plant Biosystems 155 (4): 833–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2020.1801874
Karamian, R., Behjou, A.M. & Ranjbar, M. (2012) Anatomical findings of Onobrychis sect. Heliobrychis (Fabaceae) in Iran and their taxonomic implications. Turkish Journal of Botany 36: 27–37. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1010-2
Kaya, A. & Dirmenci, T. (2008) Nutlet surface micromorphology of the genus Nepeta L. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 32: 103–112.
Kaya, A., Sat?l, F. & Gögel, F. (2009) Nutlet surface micromorphology of Turkish Satureja (Lamiaceae). Biologia 64: 902–907. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-009-0156-x
Khosroshahi, E.E. & Salmaki, Y. (2018) Nutlet micromorphology and its systematic implications in Phlomoides Moench (Lamiaceae). Nova Biologica Reperta 5: 82–94. https://doi.org/10.29252/nbr.5.1.82
Kovach, W.L. (2007) MVSP - A MultiVariate Statistical Package for Windows, Ver. 3.1. Pentraeth, UK: Kovach Computing Services.
Marin, P.D., Duletic, S. & Petcovic, B. (1996) Nutlet ornamentation in selected Salvia L. species (Lamiaceae). Flora Mediterranea 6: 203–211.
Martin, E., Alt?nordu, F., Güner, Ö. & Akçiçek, E. (2016) Karyological studies of six endemic species of Stachys (Lamiaceae) subsect. Fragiles from Turkey. Cytologia 81: 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.81.231
Moon, H.K. & Hong, S.P. (2006) Nutlet morphology and anatomy of the genus Lycopus (Lamiaceae: Mentheae). Journal of Plant Research 119: 633–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-006-0023-6
Özdöl, T., Güner, Ö., Sefal?, A., Akçiçek, E., Dirmenci, T. & Y?ld?r?m, H. (2022) Three new records for the flora of Turkey: Campanula lyrata subsp. icarica (Campanulaceae), Erysimum aureum (Brassicaceae) and Stachys benthamiana (Lamiaceae). Phytotaxa 531 (2): 147–150. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.531.2.8
Perrino, E.V., Valerio, F., Jallali, S., Trani, A. & Mezzapesa, G.N. (2021) Ecological and Biological Properties of Satureja cuneifolia Ten. and Thymus spinulosus Ten.: Two Wild Officinal Species of Conservation Concern in Apulia (Italy). A Preliminary Survey. Plants 10, 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071431
Pinke, G., Dunai, É. & Czúcz, B. (2021) Rise and fall of Stachys annua (L.) L. in the Carpathian Basin: a historical review and prospects for its revival. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 68 (7): 3039–3053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01219-z
Polat, R., Cakilcioglu, U., Selvi, S., Türkmen, Z. & Kandemir, A. (2017) The anatomical and micromorphological properties of three endemic and medicinal Salvia species (Lamiaceae) in Erzincan (Turkey). Plant Biosystems 151: 63–73.
POWO. (2022) Stachys L. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325931-2 (accessed 29 March 2022).
Ryding, O. (1992) Pericarp structure and phylogeny within Lamiaceae subfamily Nepetoideae tribe Ocimeae. Nordic Journal of Botany 12: 273–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1992.tb01304.x
Ryding, O. (1994) Pericarp structure and phylogeny of Lamiaceae subfamily Pogostemonoideae. Nordic Journal of Botany 14: 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1994.tb00572.x
Ryding, O. (2001) Myxocarpy in the Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) with notes on myxodiaspory in general. Systematics and Geography of Plants 71: 503–514. https://doi.org/10.2307/3668696
Salmaki, Y., Zarre, S. & Jamzad, J. (2008) Nutlet micromorphology and its systematic implication in Stachys L. (Lamiaceae) in Iran. Feddes Repert 119: 607–621. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.200811187
Sat?l, F., Kaya, A., Akçiçek, E. & Dirmenci, T. (2012) Nutlet micromorphology of Turkish Stachys sect. Eriostomum (Lamiaceae) and its systematic implications. Nordic Journal of Botany 30 (3): 352–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2011.01306.x
Scheen, A.C., Bendiksby, M., Ryding, O., Mathiesen, C. & Albert, V.A. (2010) Molecular phylogenetics, character evolution and suprageneric classification of Lamioideae (Lamiaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97: 191–219. https://doi.org/10.3417/2007174
Stearn, W.T. (1985) Botanical Latin: History, Grammar Syntax, Terminology, and Vocabulary. London, UK: David & Charles.
Valerio, F., Mezzapesa, G.N., Ghannouchi, A., Mondelli, D., Logrieco, A.F. & Perrino, E.V. (2021) Characterization and antimicrobial properties of essential oils from four wild taxa of Lamiaceae family growing in Apulia. Agronomy 11 (7): 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071431
Wojciechowska, B. (1966) Morphology and anatomy of fruits and seeds in the family Labiatae with particular respect to medicinal species. Systematic Botany Monographs 21: 82–133.
Akçiçek, E., Dirmenci, T. & Dündar, E. (2012) Taxonomical notes on Stachys sect. Eriostomum (Lamiaceae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 36: 217–234. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1102-19
Akçiçek, E. & Güner, Ö. (2022) A new subspecies of Stachys cretica (Lamiaceae) from Western Turkey. Phytotaxa 539 (3): 257–264. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.539.3.4
Aksoy, A., Özcan, T., Giri?ken, H., Çelik, J. & Dirmenci, T. (2020) A phylogenetic analysis and biogeographical distribution of Teucrium Sect. Teucrium (Lamiaceae) and taxonomic notes for a new species from southwest Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 44: 322–337. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-2002-5
Barthlott, W (1981) Epidermal and seed surface characters of plants: systematic applicability and some evolutionary aspects. Nordic Journal of Botany 1: 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb00704.x
Bhattacharjee, R (1980) Taxonomic studies in Stachys II: A new infrageneric classification of Stachys L. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden 38: 65–96.
Bhattacharjee, R (1982) Stachys. In: Davis, P.H. (ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 7. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 199–262.
Budantsev, A.L. & Lobova, T.A. (1997) Fruit morphology, anatomy and taxonomy of Tribe Nepeteae (Labiatae). Edinburgh Journal of Botany 54: 183–216. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428600004029
Carovi?-Stanko, K., Petek, M., Grdisa, M., Pintar, J., Bedekovic, D., Herak Custic, M. & Satovic, Z. (2016) Medicinal plants of the family of Lamiaceae as functional foods - A Review. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 34: 377–390. https://doi.org/10.17221/504/2015-CJFS
Císarová, M., Hleba, L., Tan?inová, D., Florková, M., Foltinová, D., Charousová, I., Vrbová, K., Božik, M. & Klou?ek, P. (2018) Inhibitory effect of essential oils from some Lamiaceae species on growth of Eurotium spp. isolated from bread. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences 8: 857–862. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2018.8.2.857-862
Ecevit-Genç, G., Özcan, T. & Dirmenci, T. (2017) Nutlet and leaf micromorphology in some Turkish species of Teucrium L. (Lamiaceae). Phytotaxa 321: 71–82. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.312.1.5
Ecevit-Genç, G., Özcan, T., Dirmenci, T. & Arabac?, T. (2020) Mericarp morphology of the genus Origanum (Lamiaceae) and its taxonomic significance in Turkey. Phytotaxa 460 (1): 59–74. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.460.1.3
Erdo?an, E., Akçiçek, A., Selvi, S. & Tümen, D. (2011) Comparative morphological and ecological studies of two Stachys species (sect. Eriostomum, subsect. Germanicae) grown in Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 17990–17996. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.2979
Eshratifar, M., Attar, F. & Magdigholi, K. (2011) Micromorphological studies on nutlet and leaf indumentum of genus Teucrium L. (Lamiaceae) in Iran. Turkish Journal of Botany 35: 25–35. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-0902-5
Falciani, L. (1997) Systematic Revision of Stachys Sect. Eriostomum (Hoffmans. & Link) Dumort. in Italy. Lagascalia 19: 187–238.
Güner, Ö., Akçiçek, E. & Dirmenci, T. (2021) A new Stachys species from Turkey: Stachys siirtensis (Lamiaceae). Phytotaxa 516 (3): 252–262. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.516.3.4
Güner, Ö. & Ferrer-Galego, P.P. (2021) Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on some Stachys taxa (Lamiaceae). Turkish Journal of Botany 45: 69–82. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-2010-12
Güner, Ö., Selvi, S., Alt?nordu, F. & Martin, E. (2019) The analysis of some biological data on Stachys kurdica (Lamiaceae) in Turkey. Phytologia Balcanica 25 (3): 271–280.
Harley, R.M., Atkins, S., Budantsev, A.L., Cantino, P.D. & Conn, B.J. (2004) Labiatae. In: Kadereit, J.W. (ed.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol. VII. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons (Lamiales except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Berlin, Germany: Springer, pp. 167–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18617-2_11
Husain, S.Z., Marin, P.D., Silic, C., Qaiser, M. & Petcovic, B. (1990) A micromorphological study of some representative genera in the tribe Saturejeae (Lamiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 103: 59–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb00174.x
Jamzad, Z., Harley, M.M., Ingrouille, M., Simmonds, M.S.J. & Jalili, A. (2000) Pollen exine and nutlet surface morphology of the annual species of Nepeta L. (Lamiaceae) in Iran. In: Harley, M.M., Morton, G.M. & Blackmore, S. (eds.) Pollen and Spores: Morphology and Biology. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. (2015) Morphological and anatomical features of seeds of Turkish Romulea taxa (Iridaceae) and their taxonomic significance. Acta Botanica Croatica 74: 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/botcro-2015-0005
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. (2017) Palynological features of eleven Aethionema taxa from Turkey and their systematic implications. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 24: 197–204. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v24i2.35115
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. (2019) Comparative morphology and anatomy of seeds of some Aethionema WT Aiton (Brassicaceae) taxa from Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 26: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v26i1.41911
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. & Erol, O. (2018) Seed structure and its taxonomic implications for genus Thlaspi sensu lato sections Nomisma, Thlaspi, and Pterotropis (Brassicaceae). Turkish Journal of Botany 42: 591–609. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1709-28
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. & Güner, Ö. (2019) Nutlet structures of subsection Fragiles of the genus Stachys (Lamiaceae) from Turkey and their systematic applications. Turkish Journal of Botany 43: 659–672. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1812-31
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. & Güner, Ö. (2021) Trichome micromorphology of the genus Stachys sect. Fragilicaulis subsect. Fragilis and its taxonomic implications. Plant Biosystems 155 (4): 833–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2020.1801874
Karamian, R., Behjou, A.M. & Ranjbar, M. (2012) Anatomical findings of Onobrychis sect. Heliobrychis (Fabaceae) in Iran and their taxonomic implications. Turkish Journal of Botany 36: 27–37. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1010-2
Kaya, A. & Dirmenci, T. (2008) Nutlet surface micromorphology of the genus Nepeta L. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 32: 103–112.
Kaya, A., Sat?l, F. & Gögel, F. (2009) Nutlet surface micromorphology of Turkish Satureja (Lamiaceae). Biologia 64: 902–907. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-009-0156-x
Khosroshahi, E.E. & Salmaki, Y. (2018) Nutlet micromorphology and its systematic implications in Phlomoides Moench (Lamiaceae). Nova Biologica Reperta 5: 82–94. https://doi.org/10.29252/nbr.5.1.82
Kovach, W.L. (2007) MVSP - A MultiVariate Statistical Package for Windows, Ver. 3.1. Pentraeth, UK: Kovach Computing Services.
Marin, P.D., Duletic, S. & Petcovic, B. (1996) Nutlet ornamentation in selected Salvia L. species (Lamiaceae). Flora Mediterranea 6: 203–211.
Martin, E., Alt?nordu, F., Güner, Ö. & Akçiçek, E. (2016) Karyological studies of six endemic species of Stachys (Lamiaceae) subsect. Fragiles from Turkey. Cytologia 81: 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.81.231
Moon, H.K. & Hong, S.P. (2006) Nutlet morphology and anatomy of the genus Lycopus (Lamiaceae: Mentheae). Journal of Plant Research 119: 633–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-006-0023-6
Özdöl, T., Güner, Ö., Sefal?, A., Akçiçek, E., Dirmenci, T. & Y?ld?r?m, H. (2022) Three new records for the flora of Turkey: Campanula lyrata subsp. icarica (Campanulaceae), Erysimum aureum (Brassicaceae) and Stachys benthamiana (Lamiaceae). Phytotaxa 531 (2): 147–150. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.531.2.8
Perrino, E.V., Valerio, F., Jallali, S., Trani, A. & Mezzapesa, G.N. (2021) Ecological and Biological Properties of Satureja cuneifolia Ten. and Thymus spinulosus Ten.: Two Wild Officinal Species of Conservation Concern in Apulia (Italy). A Preliminary Survey. Plants 10, 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071431
Pinke, G., Dunai, É. & Czúcz, B. (2021) Rise and fall of Stachys annua (L.) L. in the Carpathian Basin: a historical review and prospects for its revival. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 68 (7): 3039–3053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01219-z
Polat, R., Cakilcioglu, U., Selvi, S., Türkmen, Z. & Kandemir, A. (2017) The anatomical and micromorphological properties of three endemic and medicinal Salvia species (Lamiaceae) in Erzincan (Turkey). Plant Biosystems 151: 63–73.
POWO. (2022) Stachys L. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325931-2 (accessed 29 March 2022).
Ryding, O. (1992) Pericarp structure and phylogeny within Lamiaceae subfamily Nepetoideae tribe Ocimeae. Nordic Journal of Botany 12: 273–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1992.tb01304.x
Ryding, O. (1994) Pericarp structure and phylogeny of Lamiaceae subfamily Pogostemonoideae. Nordic Journal of Botany 14: 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1994.tb00572.x
Ryding, O. (2001) Myxocarpy in the Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) with notes on myxodiaspory in general. Systematics and Geography of Plants 71: 503–514. https://doi.org/10.2307/3668696
Salmaki, Y., Zarre, S. & Jamzad, J. (2008) Nutlet micromorphology and its systematic implication in Stachys L. (Lamiaceae) in Iran. Feddes Repert 119: 607–621. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.200811187
Sat?l, F., Kaya, A., Akçiçek, E. & Dirmenci, T. (2012) Nutlet micromorphology of Turkish Stachys sect. Eriostomum (Lamiaceae) and its systematic implications. Nordic Journal of Botany 30 (3): 352–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2011.01306.x
Scheen, A.C., Bendiksby, M., Ryding, O., Mathiesen, C. & Albert, V.A. (2010) Molecular phylogenetics, character evolution and suprageneric classification of Lamioideae (Lamiaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97: 191–219. https://doi.org/10.3417/2007174
Stearn, W.T. (1985) Botanical Latin: History, Grammar Syntax, Terminology, and Vocabulary. London, UK: David & Charles.
Valerio, F., Mezzapesa, G.N., Ghannouchi, A., Mondelli, D., Logrieco, A.F. & Perrino, E.V. (2021) Characterization and antimicrobial properties of essential oils from four wild taxa of Lamiaceae family growing in Apulia. Agronomy 11 (7): 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071431
Wojciechowska, B. (1966) Morphology and anatomy of fruits and seeds in the family Labiatae with particular respect to medicinal species. Systematic Botany Monographs 21: 82–133.