Abstract
Alyssum kaynakiae is an endemic biennial species growing in Southwest Anatolia, Turkey. In this study, the morphology of this taxon was revised, and its anatomical, palynological, and karyological characteristics were analysed for the first time. Alyssum kaynakiae has been considered part of the traditional Alyssum sect. Gamosepalum. Alyssum kaynakiae has diploid chromosome number 2n=16. It has a primary structure in the root and stem, collenchyma located under the epidermis in the root and under the cortex layer in the stem, and vascular bundles varying between 9 to 11. Leaves are isolateral, stomata are at the same level as the epidermis, and both sides of the leaves have lepidote hairs. Its palynological features are compatible with the Brassicaceae family, with its pollen type being tricolpate, its pollen shape being prolate, and its ornamentation being reticulate.
References
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Al-Shehbaz, I.A., Mutlu, B. & Dönmez, A.A. (2007) The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) of Turkey, Updated. Turkish Journal of Botany 31: 327–336.
Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2012) A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Taxon 61 (5): 931–954. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.615002
Amina, H., Ahmad, M., Bhatti, G.R., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Butt, M.A., Bahadur, S., Haq, I.-U., Ghufran, M.A., Lubna, Ahmad, S. & Ashfaq, S. (2020) Microscopic investigation of pollen morphology of Brassicaceae from Central Punjab-Pakistan. Microscopy Research & Technique 83: 446–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23432
Anjum, N.A., Gill, Ahmad, I., Pacheco, M., Duarte, A.C., Umar, S., Khan, N.A. & Pereira, M.E. (2012) The Plant Family Brassicaceae: An Introduction. In: Anjum, N., Ahmad, I., Pereira, M., Duarte, A., Umar, S. & Khan, N. (Eds.) The Plant Family Brassicaceae. Environmental Pollution, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3913-0_1
Appel, O. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2003) Cruciferae. In: Kubitzki K, Bayer C (Eds.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, pp. 75-174. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07255-4_17
Ba?er, B., Baygeldi, Z. & ?ahin, B. (2018) Pollen morphology of some Alyssum L. (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology 8 (2): 60–68. https://doi.org/10.17678/beuscitech.402885
Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (1862) Genera Plantarum. Vol. 1, Reeve, London.
Boissier, E. (1867) Flora Orientalis. Vol. l. H. Georg, Basel & Genève, XXXIV + 1017 pp.
Bulbul, A.S., Varlik, K., Armagan, M. & Arslan, A. (2019) Fruits, seeds and pollen morphology of Alyssum L. (Brassicaceae) and their taxonomic value. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 28 (3): 2199–2219.
Cetlová, V., Zozomová-Lihová, J., Melichárková, A., Mártonfiová, L. & Španiel, S. (2021) Multiple drivers of high species diversity and endemism among Alyssum annuals in the Mediterranean: the evolutionary significance of the Aegean hotspot. Frontiers in Plant Science 12: 627909. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.627909
Dudley, T.R. (1964) Synopsis of the genus Alyssum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45: 57–100. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.185685
Dudley, T.R. (1965a) Alyssum L. In: Davis, P.H. (Ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 362–409.
Dudley, T.R. (1965b) Studies in Alyssum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 46: 195–196. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.185697
Emberger, M.L. & Maire, R.C.J.E. (1932) Alyssum antiatlanticum Emb. & Maire In: Maire, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord 23: 165.
Erdtman, G. (1966) Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. New York and London: Hafner Publishing Company.
Gabr, D.G.I. (2018) Taxonomic Importance of Pollen Morphology for Some Species of Brassicaceae. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 21 (5): 215–223. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2018.215.223
Karabacak, O., Duran, A. & Çelik, M. (2016) Alyssum amasianum (Brassicaceae), a new species from North Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 40: 402–411. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1508-2
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. (2020) Petiole Anatomy of 21 Representatives of Tribe Alysseae (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature 23 (6): 1535–1544. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.722766
Khalik, K.A., Van den Berg, R.G., Van der Maesen, L.J.G., El Hadidi, M.N. (2002) Pollen morphology of some tribes of Brassicaceae from Egypt and its systematic implications. Feddes Repertorium 113 (3–4): 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-239X(200208)113:3/4<211::AID-FEDR211>3.0.CO;2-A
Koch, W.D.J. (1836) Synopsis florae germanicae et helveticae. F. Wilmans, Francofurti ad Moenum [Frankfurt am Main], 102 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6629
Koti, S., Reddy, K.R., Kakani, V.G., Zhao, D. & Reddy, V.R. (2004) Soybean (Glycine max) pollen germination characteristics, flower, and pollen morphology in response to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation. Annals of Botany 94 (6): 855–864. https://doi.org/10.1093/ab/mch212
Kuprianova, L.A. (1967) Apertures of pollen grains and their evolution in angiosperms. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 3: 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(67)90041-3
Kür?at, M., Civelek, ?., Kandil, A. (2008) Alyssum harputicum Dudley’in (Brassicaceae) Morfolojik, Anatomik ve Polen Özellikleri ile Kromozom Say?s? Bak?m?ndan Ara?t?r?lmas?. F?rat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 20 (2): 205–215.
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmia [Stockholm], 1200 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669
Marhold, K. & Lihová, J. (2006) Polyploidy, hybridisation and reticulate evolution: lessons from the Brassicaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 259: 143–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0417-x
Mutlu, B. & Erik, S. (2012) Pollen morphology and its taxonomic significance of the genus Arabis (Brassicaceae) in Turkey. Plant Systematics and Evolution 298: 1931–1946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0692-7
Nazari, Z., Ejtehadi, H. & Kavousi, K. (2013) Taxonomy of Alyssum sect. Gamosepalum on the basis of anatomical properties. Acta Botanica Hungarica 55: 3–4. https://doi.org/10.1556/ABot.56.2014.1-2.13
Raza, A., Hafeez, M.B., Zahra, N., Shaukat, K., Umbreen, S., Tabassum, J., Charagh, S., Khan, R.S.A. & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2020) The Plant Family Brassicaceae: Introduction, Biology, And Importance. In: Hasanuzzaman, M. (Eds.) The Plant Family Brassicaceae. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6345-4_1
Rešetnik, I., Satovic, Z., Schneeweiss, GM. & Liber, Z. (2013) Phylogenetic relationships in Brassicaceae tribe Alysseae inferred from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69 (3): 772–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.026
Salmerón-Sánchez, E., Fuertes-Aguilar, J., Španiel, S., Pérez-García, F.J., Merlo, E., Garrido-Becerra, J.A. & Mota, J. (2018) Plant evolution in alkaline magnesium-rich soils: A phylogenetic study of the Mediterranean genus Hormathophylla (Cruciferae: Alysseae) based on nuclear and plastid sequences. PLoS ONE 13: e0208307. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208307
Španiel, S., Kempa, M., Salmerón-Sánchez, E., Fuertes-Aguilar, J., Mota, JF., Al-Shehbaz, IA., German, DA., Olšavská, K., Šingliarová, B., Zozomová-Lihová, J. & Marhold, K. (2015) AlyBase: database of names, chromosome numbers, and ploidy levels of Alysseae (Brassicaceae), with a new generic concept of the tribe. Plant Systematics and Evolution 301: 2463–2491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-015-1257-3
Zhou, T., Lianli, L., Guang, Y. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2001) Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). In: Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds.) Flora of China. Vol. 8. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. pp. 1–193.
Uysal, T., Bozkurt, M., Tugay, O., Ertu?rul, K., ?im?ek Sezer, E.N. & Köse, Y.B. (2017) Karyomorphology of Turkish species in Centaurea sections Centaurea and Phalolepis (Asteraceae) and implications for taxonomy. Plant Biosystems 151 (6): 949–964. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1218967
Walker, J.W. (1974) Aperture evolution in the pollen of primitive angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 61: 1112–1137. https://doi.org/10.2307/2441929
Warwick, S.I., Sauder, C.A. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Alysseae (Brassicaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequences. Botany Botanique 86: 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1139/B08-013
Wodehouse, R.P. (1935) Pollen Grains. Mc Grew Hill, New York.
Yeloff, D., Blokker, P., Boelen, P., Rozema, J. (2008) Is Pollen Morphology of Salix Polaris Affected by Enhanced UV-B Irradiation? Results from a Field Experiment in High Arctic Tundra. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40 (4): 770–774. https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(07-045)[YELOFF]2.0.CO;2
Y?lmaz, Ö. (2012) Alyssum kaynakiae sp. nov. (sect. Gamosepalum, Brassicaceae) from southwest Anatolia, Turkey. Nordic Journal of Botany 30: 190–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2011.01402.x
Al-Shehbaz, I.A., Mutlu, B. & Dönmez, A.A. (2007) The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) of Turkey, Updated. Turkish Journal of Botany 31: 327–336.
Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2012) A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Taxon 61 (5): 931–954. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.615002
Amina, H., Ahmad, M., Bhatti, G.R., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Butt, M.A., Bahadur, S., Haq, I.-U., Ghufran, M.A., Lubna, Ahmad, S. & Ashfaq, S. (2020) Microscopic investigation of pollen morphology of Brassicaceae from Central Punjab-Pakistan. Microscopy Research & Technique 83: 446–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23432
Anjum, N.A., Gill, Ahmad, I., Pacheco, M., Duarte, A.C., Umar, S., Khan, N.A. & Pereira, M.E. (2012) The Plant Family Brassicaceae: An Introduction. In: Anjum, N., Ahmad, I., Pereira, M., Duarte, A., Umar, S. & Khan, N. (Eds.) The Plant Family Brassicaceae. Environmental Pollution, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3913-0_1
Appel, O. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2003) Cruciferae. In: Kubitzki K, Bayer C (Eds.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, pp. 75-174. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07255-4_17
Ba?er, B., Baygeldi, Z. & ?ahin, B. (2018) Pollen morphology of some Alyssum L. (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology 8 (2): 60–68. https://doi.org/10.17678/beuscitech.402885
Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (1862) Genera Plantarum. Vol. 1, Reeve, London.
Boissier, E. (1867) Flora Orientalis. Vol. l. H. Georg, Basel & Genève, XXXIV + 1017 pp.
Bulbul, A.S., Varlik, K., Armagan, M. & Arslan, A. (2019) Fruits, seeds and pollen morphology of Alyssum L. (Brassicaceae) and their taxonomic value. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 28 (3): 2199–2219.
Cetlová, V., Zozomová-Lihová, J., Melichárková, A., Mártonfiová, L. & Španiel, S. (2021) Multiple drivers of high species diversity and endemism among Alyssum annuals in the Mediterranean: the evolutionary significance of the Aegean hotspot. Frontiers in Plant Science 12: 627909. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.627909
Dudley, T.R. (1964) Synopsis of the genus Alyssum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45: 57–100. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.185685
Dudley, T.R. (1965a) Alyssum L. In: Davis, P.H. (Ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 362–409.
Dudley, T.R. (1965b) Studies in Alyssum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 46: 195–196. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.185697
Emberger, M.L. & Maire, R.C.J.E. (1932) Alyssum antiatlanticum Emb. & Maire In: Maire, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord 23: 165.
Erdtman, G. (1966) Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. New York and London: Hafner Publishing Company.
Gabr, D.G.I. (2018) Taxonomic Importance of Pollen Morphology for Some Species of Brassicaceae. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 21 (5): 215–223. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2018.215.223
Karabacak, O., Duran, A. & Çelik, M. (2016) Alyssum amasianum (Brassicaceae), a new species from North Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 40: 402–411. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1508-2
Karaismailo?lu, M.C. (2020) Petiole Anatomy of 21 Representatives of Tribe Alysseae (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature 23 (6): 1535–1544. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.722766
Khalik, K.A., Van den Berg, R.G., Van der Maesen, L.J.G., El Hadidi, M.N. (2002) Pollen morphology of some tribes of Brassicaceae from Egypt and its systematic implications. Feddes Repertorium 113 (3–4): 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-239X(200208)113:3/4<211::AID-FEDR211>3.0.CO;2-A
Koch, W.D.J. (1836) Synopsis florae germanicae et helveticae. F. Wilmans, Francofurti ad Moenum [Frankfurt am Main], 102 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6629
Koti, S., Reddy, K.R., Kakani, V.G., Zhao, D. & Reddy, V.R. (2004) Soybean (Glycine max) pollen germination characteristics, flower, and pollen morphology in response to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation. Annals of Botany 94 (6): 855–864. https://doi.org/10.1093/ab/mch212
Kuprianova, L.A. (1967) Apertures of pollen grains and their evolution in angiosperms. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 3: 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(67)90041-3
Kür?at, M., Civelek, ?., Kandil, A. (2008) Alyssum harputicum Dudley’in (Brassicaceae) Morfolojik, Anatomik ve Polen Özellikleri ile Kromozom Say?s? Bak?m?ndan Ara?t?r?lmas?. F?rat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 20 (2): 205–215.
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmia [Stockholm], 1200 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669
Marhold, K. & Lihová, J. (2006) Polyploidy, hybridisation and reticulate evolution: lessons from the Brassicaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 259: 143–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0417-x
Mutlu, B. & Erik, S. (2012) Pollen morphology and its taxonomic significance of the genus Arabis (Brassicaceae) in Turkey. Plant Systematics and Evolution 298: 1931–1946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0692-7
Nazari, Z., Ejtehadi, H. & Kavousi, K. (2013) Taxonomy of Alyssum sect. Gamosepalum on the basis of anatomical properties. Acta Botanica Hungarica 55: 3–4. https://doi.org/10.1556/ABot.56.2014.1-2.13
Raza, A., Hafeez, M.B., Zahra, N., Shaukat, K., Umbreen, S., Tabassum, J., Charagh, S., Khan, R.S.A. & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2020) The Plant Family Brassicaceae: Introduction, Biology, And Importance. In: Hasanuzzaman, M. (Eds.) The Plant Family Brassicaceae. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6345-4_1
Rešetnik, I., Satovic, Z., Schneeweiss, GM. & Liber, Z. (2013) Phylogenetic relationships in Brassicaceae tribe Alysseae inferred from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69 (3): 772–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.026
Salmerón-Sánchez, E., Fuertes-Aguilar, J., Španiel, S., Pérez-García, F.J., Merlo, E., Garrido-Becerra, J.A. & Mota, J. (2018) Plant evolution in alkaline magnesium-rich soils: A phylogenetic study of the Mediterranean genus Hormathophylla (Cruciferae: Alysseae) based on nuclear and plastid sequences. PLoS ONE 13: e0208307. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208307
Španiel, S., Kempa, M., Salmerón-Sánchez, E., Fuertes-Aguilar, J., Mota, JF., Al-Shehbaz, IA., German, DA., Olšavská, K., Šingliarová, B., Zozomová-Lihová, J. & Marhold, K. (2015) AlyBase: database of names, chromosome numbers, and ploidy levels of Alysseae (Brassicaceae), with a new generic concept of the tribe. Plant Systematics and Evolution 301: 2463–2491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-015-1257-3
Zhou, T., Lianli, L., Guang, Y. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2001) Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). In: Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds.) Flora of China. Vol. 8. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. pp. 1–193.
Uysal, T., Bozkurt, M., Tugay, O., Ertu?rul, K., ?im?ek Sezer, E.N. & Köse, Y.B. (2017) Karyomorphology of Turkish species in Centaurea sections Centaurea and Phalolepis (Asteraceae) and implications for taxonomy. Plant Biosystems 151 (6): 949–964. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1218967
Walker, J.W. (1974) Aperture evolution in the pollen of primitive angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 61: 1112–1137. https://doi.org/10.2307/2441929
Warwick, S.I., Sauder, C.A. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Alysseae (Brassicaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequences. Botany Botanique 86: 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1139/B08-013
Wodehouse, R.P. (1935) Pollen Grains. Mc Grew Hill, New York.
Yeloff, D., Blokker, P., Boelen, P., Rozema, J. (2008) Is Pollen Morphology of Salix Polaris Affected by Enhanced UV-B Irradiation? Results from a Field Experiment in High Arctic Tundra. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40 (4): 770–774. https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(07-045)[YELOFF]2.0.CO;2
Y?lmaz, Ö. (2012) Alyssum kaynakiae sp. nov. (sect. Gamosepalum, Brassicaceae) from southwest Anatolia, Turkey. Nordic Journal of Botany 30: 190–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2011.01402.x