Abstract
The Neotropical genus Chusquea, with 197 described species, is the most diverse genus of bamboo worldwide. Mexico has 24 species of Chusquea representing two of the five subgenera: Chusquea subg. Chusquea and C. subg. Swallenochloa. Nineteen species belong to subg. Chusquea and just five to subg. Swallenochloa. Chusquea enigmatica, classified in subg. Chusquea, and C. septentrionalis, classified in subg. Swallenochloa, were both described from vegetative material. Based on recent fieldwork in the Mexican states of Durango, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, and Sinaloa, we found new populations of C. enigmatica outside of the original localities in Hidalgo and San Luis Potosí. In San Luis Potosí, we found one population was flowering. For C. septentrionalis we found a new locality in Durango in which all individuals in the population were flowering, and a new population from Sinaloa. Here, we present emended morphological descriptions, illustrations, comparative tables, and a distribution map for C. enigmatica and C. septentrionalis. The reproductive characters of C. enigmatica are compared to C. lanceolata, whereas those of C. septentrionalis are compared to C. bilimekii and C. perotensis. We transfer C. enigmatica and C. gibcooperi, which share an unusual branching pattern involving intra- and extravaginal branching on the same plant, to subg. Swallenochloa. We also establish the C. lanceolata informal group within this subgenus to include C. enigmatica, C. gibcooperi and C. lanceolata, which share leptomorph rhizomes.
References
Attigala, L., Fuentes, A.F. & Clark, L.G. (2017) Chusquea sect. Tenellae (Bambuseae, Bambusoideae, Poaceae), a taxonomic revision of a new section from South America. Phytotaxa 324: 239–265. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.324.3.2
Clark, L.G. (1989) Systematics of Chusquea section Swallenochloa, section Verticillatae, section Serpentes, and section Longifoliae (Poaceae–Bambusoideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 27: 1–127. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25027724
Clark, L.G. (1997) Diversity, biogeography and evolution of Chusquea. In: Chapman, G. (ed.) The bamboos. Linnean Society symposium series no. 19. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 33–44.
Clark, L.G., Cortés, G. & Cházaro, M. (1997) An unusual new species of Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Mexico. Systematic Botany 22: 219–228. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2419454
Ehrhart, J.F. (1788) Beitra?ge zur Naturkunde, und den damit verwandten Wissenschaften, besonders der botanik, chemie, haus- und landwirthschaft, arzneigelahrtheit und apothekerkunst. Hannover & Osnabru?ck. 22 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44806
Fadrique, B., Pianissola, E.M., Feeley, K.J. & Clark, L.G. (2019) A preliminary revision of Chusquea subgenus Swallenochloa (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) in Peru including the description of two new species and the resurrection of two other species. Phytotaxa 418: 171–194. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.418.2.3
Fisher, A.E., Clark, L.G. & Kelchner, S.A. (2014) Molecular phylogeny estimation of the bamboo genus Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and description of two new subgenera. Systematic Botany 39: 829–844. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X681554
Fisher, A., Triplett, J.K., Ho, C.-S., Schiller, A., Oltrogge, K., Schroder, E., Kelchner, S. & Clark, L.G. (2009) Paraphyly in the Chusqueinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae). Systematic Botany 34: 673–683. https://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364409790139790
Fournier, E. (1886) Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans L’Ameìrique Centrale. Seconde partie Gramineìes. Recherches Botaniques, Paris, 160 pp.
Franklin, D.C. (2004) Synchrony and asynchrony: observations and hypotheses for the flowering wave in a long-lived semelparous bamboo. Journal of Biogeography 31: 773–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01057.x
Kunth, C.S. (1822) Sur le genre Bambusa. Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 95: 148–151.
Lamson-Scribner, F. & Smith, J.G. (1897) Some Mexican grasses collected by E. W. Nelson in Mexico, 1894–95. Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture, U.S.D.A. 4: 11–16.
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum. Tomus I. Imp. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 560 pp.
Lundell, C.L. (1937) Studies of Mexican and Central American plants II (a). Phytologia 1: 212–222.
McClure, F.A. (1973) Genera of bamboos native to the New World (Gramineae: Bambusoideae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 9: 1–148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.9
McMurchie, E.A., Peterson, B., Leandro, T.H.D., Londoño, X. & Clark, L.G. (2022) A revision of Chusquea sect. Serpentes (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) including two new species from South America. Systematic Botany. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512572275007
Morton, C.V. (1935) New species of plant from Guatemala. Phytologia 1: 145–150.
Pianissola, E.M., Parma, D.F., Santos-Gonçalves, A.P. & Clark, L.G. (2018) Two new species of Chusquea subg. Swallenochloa (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil, and complete description of C. caparaoensis. Phytotaxa 358: 235–250. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.358.3.2
Raddi, G. (1823) Agrostografia brasiliensis. Tipographia G. Nerici, Lucca, 58 pp.
Ruiz-Sánchez, E., Castro-Castro, A. & Clark, L.G. (2017) Chusquea septentrionalis sp. nov. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the Madrean region in Durango, Mexico. Nordic Journal of Botany 35: 546–551. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01606
Ruiz-Sanchez, E. & Clark, L.G. (2013) Two new species of Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from Mexico, one of them morphologically unusual, and a key to the Mexican sections of Chusquea. Phytotaxa 92: 1–12. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.92.1.1
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Clark, L.G., Londoño, X., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Cortés Rodríguez, G. (2015a) Morphological keys to the genera and species of bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) of Mexico. Phytotaxa 236: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.236.1.1
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Clark, L.G. (2014a) A new endangered species of Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the Acatlaìn volcano in central Veracruz, Mexico, and keys to the Mexican Chusquea species. Phytotaxa 163: 16–26. httpa://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.163.1.2
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Clark, L.G. (2014b) Chusquea nedjaquithii (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Chusqueinae), a new endemic species from Oaxaca, Mexico. Phytotaxa 184: 23–30. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.184.1.3
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T., Cortés, G. & Clark, L.G. (2015b) Chusquea gibcooperi (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Chusqueinae) a new species endemic to Mexico. Brittonia 67: 227–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9377-1
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Clark, L.G. (2022) A new species of Chusquea sect. Serpentes (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Chusqueinae) endemic to Oaxaca, Mexico. Phytotaxa 542: 199–232. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.542.2.7
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Munguía-Lino, G., Vargas-Amado, G. & Rodríguez, A. (2020) Diversity, endemism and conservation status of native Mexican woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 192: 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz062
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Romero-Guzmán, R., Flores-Argüelles, A., Ortiz-Brunel, J.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021b) Chusquea contrerasii and C. guzmanii (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae), two new endemic species from Jalisco, Mexico. Phytotaxa 497: 285–297. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.3.7
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Tyrrell, C.D., Londoño, X., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021a) Diversity, distribution, and classification of Neotropical woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in the 21st Century. Botanical Sciences 99: 198–228. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2722
Soderstrom, T.R. & Young, S.M. (1983) A guide to collecting bamboos. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 70 (1): 128–136. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399010]
Thiers, B. (2022) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Published at http://sweetgum. nybg. org/science/ih/ (last accessed 16 April 2020)
Vorontsova, M.S., Clark, L.G., Dransfield, J., Govaerts, R. & Baker, W.J. (2016) World Checklist of Bamboos and Rattans. INBAR Technical Report No. 37. International Network of Bamboo & Rattan, Beijing, 466 pp.
Clark, L.G. (1989) Systematics of Chusquea section Swallenochloa, section Verticillatae, section Serpentes, and section Longifoliae (Poaceae–Bambusoideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 27: 1–127. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25027724
Clark, L.G. (1997) Diversity, biogeography and evolution of Chusquea. In: Chapman, G. (ed.) The bamboos. Linnean Society symposium series no. 19. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 33–44.
Clark, L.G., Cortés, G. & Cházaro, M. (1997) An unusual new species of Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Mexico. Systematic Botany 22: 219–228. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2419454
Ehrhart, J.F. (1788) Beitra?ge zur Naturkunde, und den damit verwandten Wissenschaften, besonders der botanik, chemie, haus- und landwirthschaft, arzneigelahrtheit und apothekerkunst. Hannover & Osnabru?ck. 22 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44806
Fadrique, B., Pianissola, E.M., Feeley, K.J. & Clark, L.G. (2019) A preliminary revision of Chusquea subgenus Swallenochloa (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) in Peru including the description of two new species and the resurrection of two other species. Phytotaxa 418: 171–194. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.418.2.3
Fisher, A.E., Clark, L.G. & Kelchner, S.A. (2014) Molecular phylogeny estimation of the bamboo genus Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and description of two new subgenera. Systematic Botany 39: 829–844. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X681554
Fisher, A., Triplett, J.K., Ho, C.-S., Schiller, A., Oltrogge, K., Schroder, E., Kelchner, S. & Clark, L.G. (2009) Paraphyly in the Chusqueinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae). Systematic Botany 34: 673–683. https://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364409790139790
Fournier, E. (1886) Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans L’Ameìrique Centrale. Seconde partie Gramineìes. Recherches Botaniques, Paris, 160 pp.
Franklin, D.C. (2004) Synchrony and asynchrony: observations and hypotheses for the flowering wave in a long-lived semelparous bamboo. Journal of Biogeography 31: 773–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01057.x
Kunth, C.S. (1822) Sur le genre Bambusa. Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 95: 148–151.
Lamson-Scribner, F. & Smith, J.G. (1897) Some Mexican grasses collected by E. W. Nelson in Mexico, 1894–95. Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture, U.S.D.A. 4: 11–16.
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum. Tomus I. Imp. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 560 pp.
Lundell, C.L. (1937) Studies of Mexican and Central American plants II (a). Phytologia 1: 212–222.
McClure, F.A. (1973) Genera of bamboos native to the New World (Gramineae: Bambusoideae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 9: 1–148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.9
McMurchie, E.A., Peterson, B., Leandro, T.H.D., Londoño, X. & Clark, L.G. (2022) A revision of Chusquea sect. Serpentes (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) including two new species from South America. Systematic Botany. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512572275007
Morton, C.V. (1935) New species of plant from Guatemala. Phytologia 1: 145–150.
Pianissola, E.M., Parma, D.F., Santos-Gonçalves, A.P. & Clark, L.G. (2018) Two new species of Chusquea subg. Swallenochloa (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil, and complete description of C. caparaoensis. Phytotaxa 358: 235–250. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.358.3.2
Raddi, G. (1823) Agrostografia brasiliensis. Tipographia G. Nerici, Lucca, 58 pp.
Ruiz-Sánchez, E., Castro-Castro, A. & Clark, L.G. (2017) Chusquea septentrionalis sp. nov. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the Madrean region in Durango, Mexico. Nordic Journal of Botany 35: 546–551. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01606
Ruiz-Sanchez, E. & Clark, L.G. (2013) Two new species of Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from Mexico, one of them morphologically unusual, and a key to the Mexican sections of Chusquea. Phytotaxa 92: 1–12. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.92.1.1
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Clark, L.G., Londoño, X., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Cortés Rodríguez, G. (2015a) Morphological keys to the genera and species of bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) of Mexico. Phytotaxa 236: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.236.1.1
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Clark, L.G. (2014a) A new endangered species of Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the Acatlaìn volcano in central Veracruz, Mexico, and keys to the Mexican Chusquea species. Phytotaxa 163: 16–26. httpa://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.163.1.2
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Clark, L.G. (2014b) Chusquea nedjaquithii (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Chusqueinae), a new endemic species from Oaxaca, Mexico. Phytotaxa 184: 23–30. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.184.1.3
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T., Cortés, G. & Clark, L.G. (2015b) Chusquea gibcooperi (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Chusqueinae) a new species endemic to Mexico. Brittonia 67: 227–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9377-1
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Clark, L.G. (2022) A new species of Chusquea sect. Serpentes (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Chusqueinae) endemic to Oaxaca, Mexico. Phytotaxa 542: 199–232. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.542.2.7
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Munguía-Lino, G., Vargas-Amado, G. & Rodríguez, A. (2020) Diversity, endemism and conservation status of native Mexican woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 192: 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz062
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Romero-Guzmán, R., Flores-Argüelles, A., Ortiz-Brunel, J.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021b) Chusquea contrerasii and C. guzmanii (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae), two new endemic species from Jalisco, Mexico. Phytotaxa 497: 285–297. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.3.7
Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Tyrrell, C.D., Londoño, X., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021a) Diversity, distribution, and classification of Neotropical woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in the 21st Century. Botanical Sciences 99: 198–228. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2722
Soderstrom, T.R. & Young, S.M. (1983) A guide to collecting bamboos. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 70 (1): 128–136. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399010]
Thiers, B. (2022) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Published at http://sweetgum. nybg. org/science/ih/ (last accessed 16 April 2020)
Vorontsova, M.S., Clark, L.G., Dransfield, J., Govaerts, R. & Baker, W.J. (2016) World Checklist of Bamboos and Rattans. INBAR Technical Report No. 37. International Network of Bamboo & Rattan, Beijing, 466 pp.