Abstract
The Neotropical genus Chusquea, with 197 described species, is the most diverse genus of bamboo worldwide. Mexico has 24 species of Chusquea representing two of the five subgenera: Chusquea subg. Chusquea and C. subg. Swallenochloa. Nineteen species belong to subg. Chusquea and just five to subg. Swallenochloa. Chusquea enigmatica, classified in subg. Chusquea, and C. septentrionalis, classified in subg. Swallenochloa, were both described from vegetative material. Based on recent fieldwork in the Mexican states of Durango, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, and Sinaloa, we found new populations of C. enigmatica outside of the original localities in Hidalgo and San Luis Potosí. In San Luis Potosí, we found one population was flowering. For C. septentrionalis we found a new locality in Durango in which all individuals in the population were flowering, and a new population from Sinaloa. Here, we present emended morphological descriptions, illustrations, comparative tables, and a distribution map for C. enigmatica and C. septentrionalis. The reproductive characters of C. enigmatica are compared to C. lanceolata, whereas those of C. septentrionalis are compared to C. bilimekii and C. perotensis. We transfer C. enigmatica and C. gibcooperi, which share an unusual branching pattern involving intra- and extravaginal branching on the same plant, to subg. Swallenochloa. We also establish the C. lanceolata informal group within this subgenus to include C. enigmatica, C. gibcooperi and C. lanceolata, which share leptomorph rhizomes.
References
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<p>Clark, L.G. (1989) Systematics of <em>Chusquea</em> section <em>Swallenochloa</em>, section <em>Verticillatae</em>, section <em>Serpentes</em>, and section <em>Longifoliae</em> (Poaceae–Bambusoideae). <em>Systematic Botany Monographs</em> 27: 1–127. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25027724</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (1997) Diversity, biogeography and evolution of <em>Chusquea</em>.<em> In: </em>Chapman, G. (ed.) <em>The bamboos</em>. Linnean Society symposium series no. 19. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 33–44.</p>
<p>Clark, L.G., Cortés, G. & Cházaro, M. (1997) An unusual new species of <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Mexico. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 22: 219–228. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2419454</p>
<p>Ehrhart, J.F. (1788) <em>Beiträge zur Naturkunde, und den damit verwandten Wissenschaften, besonders der botanik, chemie, haus- und landwirthschaft, arzneigelahrtheit und apothekerkunst. </em>Hannover & Osnabrück. 22 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44806</p>
<p>Fadrique, B., Pianissola, E.M., Feeley, K.J. & Clark, L.G. (2019) A preliminary revision of <em>Chusquea</em> subgenus <em>Swallenochloa</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) in Peru including the description of two new species and the resurrection of two other species. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 418: 171–194. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.418.2.3</p>
<p>Fisher, A.E., Clark, L.G. & Kelchner, S.A. (2014) Molecular phylogeny estimation of the bamboo genus <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and description of two new subgenera. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 39: 829–844. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X681554</p>
<p>Fisher, A., Triplett, J.K., Ho, C.-S., Schiller, A., Oltrogge, K., Schroder, E., Kelchner, S. & Clark, L.G. (2009) Paraphyly in the Chusqueinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae). <em>Systematic Botany</em> 34: 673–683. https://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364409790139790</p>
<p>Fournier, E. (1886) <em>Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans L’Ameìrique Centrale.</em> Seconde partie Gramineìes. Recherches Botaniques, Paris, 160 pp.</p>
<p>Franklin, D.C. (2004) Synchrony and asynchrony: observations and hypotheses for the flowering wave in a long-lived semelparous bamboo. <em>Journal of Biogeography</em> 31: 773–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01057.x</p>
<p>Kunth, C.S. (1822) Sur le genre <em>Bambusa</em>. <em>Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts</em> 95: 148–151.</p>
<p>Lamson-Scribner, F. & Smith, J.G. (1897) Some Mexican grasses collected by E. W. Nelson in Mexico, 1894–95. <em>Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture, U.S.D.A.</em> 4: 11–16.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum. Tomus I</em>. Imp. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 560 pp.</p>
<p>Lundell, C.L. (1937) Studies of Mexican and Central American plants II (a). <em>Phytologia</em> 1: 212–222.</p>
<p>McClure, F.A. (1973) Genera of bamboos native to the New World (Gramineae: Bambusoideae). <em>Smithsonian Contributions to Botany</em> 9: 1–148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.9</p>
<p>McMurchie, E.A., Peterson, B., Leandro, T.H.D., Londoño, X. & Clark, L.G. (2022) A revision of <em>Chusquea</em> sect. <em>Serpentes</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) including two new species from South America. <em>Systematic Botany</em>. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512572275007</p>
<p>Morton, C.V. (1935) New species of plant from Guatemala. <em>Phytologia </em>1: 145–150.</p>
<p>Pianissola, E.M., Parma, D.F., Santos-Gonçalves, A.P. & Clark, L.G. (2018) Two new species of <em>Chusquea </em>subg. <em>Swallenochloa </em>(Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil, and complete description of <em>C. caparaoensis. Phytotaxa </em>358: 235–250<em>. </em>https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.358.3.2</p>
<p>Raddi, G. (1823) <em>Agrostografia brasiliensis</em>. Tipographia G. Nerici, Lucca, 58 pp.</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sánchez, E., Castro-Castro, A. & Clark, L.G. (2017) <em>Chusquea</em> <em>septentrionalis</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the Madrean region in Durango, Mexico. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 35: 546–551. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01606</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E. & Clark, L.G. (2013) Two new species of <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from Mexico, one of them morphologically unusual, and a key to the Mexican sections of <em>Chusquea</em>. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 92: 1–12. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.92.1.1</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Clark, L.G., Londoño, X., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Cortés Rodríguez, G. (2015a) Morphological keys to the genera and species of bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) of Mexico. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 236: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.236.1.1</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Clark, L.G. (2014a) A new endangered species of <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the Acatlaìn volcano in central Veracruz, Mexico, and keys to the Mexican <em>Chusquea</em> species. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 163: 16–26. httpa://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.163.1.2</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Clark, L.G. (2014b) <em>Chusquea nedjaquithii</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Chusqueinae), a new endemic species from Oaxaca, Mexico. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 184: 23–30. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.184.1.3</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T., Cortés, G. & Clark, L.G. (2015b) <em>Chusquea gibcooperi</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Chusqueinae) a new species endemic to Mexico. <em>Brittonia</em> 67: 227–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9377-1</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Clark, L.G. (2022) A new species of <em>Chusquea</em> sect. <em>Serpentes</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Chusqueinae) endemic to Oaxaca, Mexico. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 542: 199–232. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.542.2.7</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Munguía-Lino, G., Vargas-Amado, G. & Rodríguez, A. (2020) Diversity, endemism and conservation status of native Mexican woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae). <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 192: 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz062</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Romero-Guzmán, R., Flores-Argüelles, A., Ortiz-Brunel, J.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021b) <em>Chusquea contrerasii </em>and <em>C. guzmanii </em>(Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae), two new endemic species from Jalisco, Mexico. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 497: 285–297. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.3.7</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Tyrrell, C.D., Londoño, X., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021a) Diversity, distribution, and classification of Neotropical woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in the 21st Century. <em>Botanical Sciences</em> 99: 198–228. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2722</p>
<p>Soderstrom, T.R. & Young, S.M. (1983) A guide to collecting bamboos. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden </em>70 (1): 128–136. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399010]</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2022) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Published at http://sweetgum. nybg. org/science/ih/ (last accessed 16 April 2020)</p>
<p>Vorontsova, M.S., Clark, L.G., Dransfield, J., Govaerts, R. & Baker, W.J. (2016) <em>World Checklist of Bamboos and Rattans</em>. INBAR Technical Report No. 37. International Network of Bamboo & Rattan, Beijing, 466 pp.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (1989) Systematics of <em>Chusquea</em> section <em>Swallenochloa</em>, section <em>Verticillatae</em>, section <em>Serpentes</em>, and section <em>Longifoliae</em> (Poaceae–Bambusoideae). <em>Systematic Botany Monographs</em> 27: 1–127. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25027724</p>
<p>Clark, L.G. (1997) Diversity, biogeography and evolution of <em>Chusquea</em>.<em> In: </em>Chapman, G. (ed.) <em>The bamboos</em>. Linnean Society symposium series no. 19. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 33–44.</p>
<p>Clark, L.G., Cortés, G. & Cházaro, M. (1997) An unusual new species of <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Mexico. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 22: 219–228. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2419454</p>
<p>Ehrhart, J.F. (1788) <em>Beiträge zur Naturkunde, und den damit verwandten Wissenschaften, besonders der botanik, chemie, haus- und landwirthschaft, arzneigelahrtheit und apothekerkunst. </em>Hannover & Osnabrück. 22 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44806</p>
<p>Fadrique, B., Pianissola, E.M., Feeley, K.J. & Clark, L.G. (2019) A preliminary revision of <em>Chusquea</em> subgenus <em>Swallenochloa</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) in Peru including the description of two new species and the resurrection of two other species. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 418: 171–194. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.418.2.3</p>
<p>Fisher, A.E., Clark, L.G. & Kelchner, S.A. (2014) Molecular phylogeny estimation of the bamboo genus <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and description of two new subgenera. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 39: 829–844. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X681554</p>
<p>Fisher, A., Triplett, J.K., Ho, C.-S., Schiller, A., Oltrogge, K., Schroder, E., Kelchner, S. & Clark, L.G. (2009) Paraphyly in the Chusqueinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae). <em>Systematic Botany</em> 34: 673–683. https://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364409790139790</p>
<p>Fournier, E. (1886) <em>Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans L’Ameìrique Centrale.</em> Seconde partie Gramineìes. Recherches Botaniques, Paris, 160 pp.</p>
<p>Franklin, D.C. (2004) Synchrony and asynchrony: observations and hypotheses for the flowering wave in a long-lived semelparous bamboo. <em>Journal of Biogeography</em> 31: 773–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01057.x</p>
<p>Kunth, C.S. (1822) Sur le genre <em>Bambusa</em>. <em>Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts</em> 95: 148–151.</p>
<p>Lamson-Scribner, F. & Smith, J.G. (1897) Some Mexican grasses collected by E. W. Nelson in Mexico, 1894–95. <em>Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture, U.S.D.A.</em> 4: 11–16.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum. Tomus I</em>. Imp. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 560 pp.</p>
<p>Lundell, C.L. (1937) Studies of Mexican and Central American plants II (a). <em>Phytologia</em> 1: 212–222.</p>
<p>McClure, F.A. (1973) Genera of bamboos native to the New World (Gramineae: Bambusoideae). <em>Smithsonian Contributions to Botany</em> 9: 1–148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.9</p>
<p>McMurchie, E.A., Peterson, B., Leandro, T.H.D., Londoño, X. & Clark, L.G. (2022) A revision of <em>Chusquea</em> sect. <em>Serpentes</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) including two new species from South America. <em>Systematic Botany</em>. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512572275007</p>
<p>Morton, C.V. (1935) New species of plant from Guatemala. <em>Phytologia </em>1: 145–150.</p>
<p>Pianissola, E.M., Parma, D.F., Santos-Gonçalves, A.P. & Clark, L.G. (2018) Two new species of <em>Chusquea </em>subg. <em>Swallenochloa </em>(Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil, and complete description of <em>C. caparaoensis. Phytotaxa </em>358: 235–250<em>. </em>https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.358.3.2</p>
<p>Raddi, G. (1823) <em>Agrostografia brasiliensis</em>. Tipographia G. Nerici, Lucca, 58 pp.</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sánchez, E., Castro-Castro, A. & Clark, L.G. (2017) <em>Chusquea</em> <em>septentrionalis</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the Madrean region in Durango, Mexico. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 35: 546–551. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01606</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E. & Clark, L.G. (2013) Two new species of <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from Mexico, one of them morphologically unusual, and a key to the Mexican sections of <em>Chusquea</em>. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 92: 1–12. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.92.1.1</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Clark, L.G., Londoño, X., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Cortés Rodríguez, G. (2015a) Morphological keys to the genera and species of bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) of Mexico. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 236: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.236.1.1</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Clark, L.G. (2014a) A new endangered species of <em>Chusquea</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the Acatlaìn volcano in central Veracruz, Mexico, and keys to the Mexican <em>Chusquea</em> species. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 163: 16–26. httpa://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.163.1.2</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Clark, L.G. (2014b) <em>Chusquea nedjaquithii</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Chusqueinae), a new endemic species from Oaxaca, Mexico. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 184: 23–30. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.184.1.3</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T., Cortés, G. & Clark, L.G. (2015b) <em>Chusquea gibcooperi</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Chusqueinae) a new species endemic to Mexico. <em>Brittonia</em> 67: 227–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9377-1</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Mejía-Saulés, M.T. & Clark, L.G. (2022) A new species of <em>Chusquea</em> sect. <em>Serpentes</em> (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Chusqueinae) endemic to Oaxaca, Mexico. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 542: 199–232. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.542.2.7</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Munguía-Lino, G., Vargas-Amado, G. & Rodríguez, A. (2020) Diversity, endemism and conservation status of native Mexican woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae). <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 192: 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz062</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Romero-Guzmán, R., Flores-Argüelles, A., Ortiz-Brunel, J.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021b) <em>Chusquea contrerasii </em>and <em>C. guzmanii </em>(Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae), two new endemic species from Jalisco, Mexico. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 497: 285–297. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.3.7</p>
<p>Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Tyrrell, C.D., Londoño, X., Oliveira, R.P. & Clark, L.G. (2021a) Diversity, distribution, and classification of Neotropical woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in the 21st Century. <em>Botanical Sciences</em> 99: 198–228. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2722</p>
<p>Soderstrom, T.R. & Young, S.M. (1983) A guide to collecting bamboos. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden </em>70 (1): 128–136. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399010]</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2022) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Published at http://sweetgum. nybg. org/science/ih/ (last accessed 16 April 2020)</p>
<p>Vorontsova, M.S., Clark, L.G., Dransfield, J., Govaerts, R. & Baker, W.J. (2016) <em>World Checklist of Bamboos and Rattans</em>. INBAR Technical Report No. 37. International Network of Bamboo & Rattan, Beijing, 466 pp.</p>
<p> </p>