Abstract
This paper comprehensively discusses anatomical features of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey. These are compared with the current subgeneric classification. Anatomical structures, including transverse sections of the root, stem (scape) and leaf, and surface sections of the leaves are illustrated based on the 420 preparations obtained from 42 OTUs (populations) belonging to 18 taxa. Densities of stomata and epidermis cells per unit leaf area (mm2), stomatal index and ratio of stomata index on the leaf surfaces were also calculated. Cluster and principal component analyses (PCA) were employed, and all results were compared at the population level. In this anatomical study, some significant differences were found among Tulipa taxa, especially at the infrageneric and interspecific levels. The results of anatomical investigations are consistent with published results of previous morphological and molecular analyses. The results of cluster analysis and PCA support the classifications of Veldkamp & Zonneveld and Christenhusz et al. including three subgenera, Eriostemones, Tulipa and Clusianae, but subgenus Orithyia was not included in this study because it is absent from Turkey. Subgenus Eriostemones is divided into two sections, Sylvestres and Saxatiles, following treatments by Baker and Eker et al. In subgenus Tulipa, although morphometric analyses partially supported the taxonomic grouping previously proposed as three separate sections, Tulipa, Tulipanum and Eichleres, it also clearly indicates that considering them as a single section (Tulipa) is perhaps a better option.
References
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<p>Eker, İ., Babaç, M.T. & Koyuncu, M. (2014) Revision of the genus <em>Tulipa</em> L. (Liliaceae) in Turkey. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 1: 1–112. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.157.1.1</p>
<p>Eker, İ., Yıldırım, H. & Altıoğlu, Y. (2016) <em>Tulipa cinnabarina</em> subsp. <em>toprakii</em> (Liliaceae), a new subspecies from southwestern Anatolia. <em>PhytoKeys</em> 69: 65–70. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.69.9302</p>
<p>Eker, İ. (2018) <em>Tulipa</em> L. <em>In:</em> Güner A, Kandemir A, Menemen Y, Yıldırım H, Aslan S, Ekşi G, Güner I, Çimen AÖ (Eds.) <em>Resimli Türkiye Florası</em> 2, ANG Vakfı Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 880–926. [in Turkish]</p>
<p>Eker, İ. (2019) Tunika Tüylerinin Yerleşimi ve Çiçek Rengi Varyasyon Aralıklarının <em>Tulipa</em> L. Cinsinin Taksonomisindeki Önemi. <em>Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi</em> 6: 1–9. [in Turkish]</p>
<p>Fahn, A. (1982) <em>Plant anatomy</em>, 3rd Ed. Pergamon, Oxford, 588 pp.</p>
<p>Fay, M.F., Borland, K., Stranc, P., Chase, M.W. (2001) Phylogenetics of the genus <em>Tulipa</em> (Liliaceae): evidence from five plastid DNA regions.<em> In:</em> <em>Botany 2001 Abstracts </em>165. Botanical Society of America, St. Louis.</p>
<p>Freyn, J.F. (1896) Über neue und bemerkenswerthe orientalische Pflanzenarten<em>. Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier</em> 4: 178–200.</p>
<p>Hall, A.D. (1940) <em>The genus Tulipa</em>. Royal Horticultural Society, London, 171 pp.</p>
<p>Herbert, W. (1844) <em>Tulipa humilis</em>. <em>Edwards’s Botanical Register</em> 30 (Misc.): 30.</p>
<p>Honda, M. (1935) <em>Amana</em>, a new genus of Liliaceae. <em>Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan</em> 6: 19–21.</p>
<p>IPNI (2022) <em>The international plant names index</em>. Available from: http://www.ipni.org, (accessed 24 February 2022).</p>
<p>IUCN (2016) Red List guidance documents-IUCN standards and petitions subcommittee.<em> In:</em> <em>Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria</em>, version 12. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Accessed 1 June 2019)</p>
<p>Jensen, W.A. (1962) <em>Botanical histochemistry: principles and practice</em>. Freeman, San Francisco and London, 408 pp.</p>
<p>Kandemir, N. & Özkan, M. (2000) Liliaceae familyasına ait iki endemik takson üzerinde morfolojik ve anatomik çalışmalar. <em>Fırat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi</em> 12: 1–17.</p>
<p>Koch, K.H.E. (1849) Beiträge zu einer Flora des Orientes. <em>Linnaea</em> 22: 177–338.</p>
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<p>Kosenko, V.N. (1992) Pollen morphology and systematic problems of the Liliaceae family. <em>Botanicheskij Zhurnal (Leningrad)</em> 77: 1–15 (in Russian).</p>
<p>Levesque, R. (2007) <em>SPSS programming and data management: a guide for SPSS and SAS users</em>, fourth edition. SPSS, Chicago, 522 pp.</p>
<p>Link, J.H.F. (1799) Nachricht von einer Reise nach Portugal nebst botanischen Bemerkungen. <em>Journal für die Botanik</em> 2: 297–326.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Tulipa</em>. <em>Species plantarum,</em> 1. Salvius, Stockholm, pp. 305–306.</p>
<p>Marais, W. (1980) Notes on<em> Tulipa</em>. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 35: 257–259. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114569</p>
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