Abstract
The article presents a find of Carex ×favratii (Carex echinata × C. paniculata) in Romania, whose genetic relationships with its putative parents was tested using AFLP and microsatellite data. The putative hybrid was genetically intermediate between the parental taxa, i.e. C. echinata and C. paniculata. A morphological analysis shows ten intermediary characters, six ones closer to C. echinata, five closer to C. paniculata, and three unique, whereas the perigynium and achene characters could not be evaluated due to hybrid sterility (with exception of the type of perigynium). The morphological features supported by molecular markers strongly support the hybrid nature of the collected plants. The results provide evidence that a hybrid between these species really occurs in nature.
References
<p>Abudureheman, B., Liu, H., Zhang, D., Guan, K. & Zhang, Y. (2014) The responses of the quantitative characteristics of a ramet population of the ephemeroid rhizomatous sedge <em>Carex physodes</em> to the moisture content of the soil in various locations on sand dunes. <em>The Science World Journal </em>2014: 20186. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/120186</p>
<p>Bergeron, A. & Pellerin, S. (2014) <em>Carex ×cayouettei</em> (Cyperaceae), a new intersectional sedge hybrid from southern Québec, Canada. <em>Phytoneuron</em> 52: 1–11.</p>
<p>Blackstock, N. & Ashton, P.A. (2010) Genetic markers and morphometric analysis reveal past hybridization and introgression in putative <em>Carex flava</em> L. s. str. (Cyperaceae) hybrid populations. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 287: 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0287-0</p>
<p>Boott, F.M.B. (1838) <em>Carex recta</em> Boott in Hooker W.J. <em>Flora Boreali-Americana. II.</em> H.G. Bohn, Covent Garden, London 328 pp.</p>
<p>Bugg, C., Smith, C., Blackstock, N., Simpson, D. & Ashton, P.A. (2013) Consistent and variable leaf anatomical characters in <em>Carex </em>(Cyperaceae). <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society </em>172: 371–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12029</p>
<p>Catling, P.M. (1993) <em>Carex castanea</em> × <em>Carex debilis</em>, a new natural hybrid from Ontario. <em>Rhodora</em> 95: 129–136.</p>
<p>Cayouette, J. & Catling, P.M. (1992) Hybridization in the genus <em>Carex</em> with special reference to North America. <em>Botanical Review</em> 58: 351–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858773</p>
<p>Christ, H. (1885) Nouveau catalogue des Carex d´Europe. <em>Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique</em> 24: 10–20.</p>
<p>Christ, H. (1889) Second appendice au nouveau catalogue des Carex d’Europe. <em>Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique</em> 28: 165–167.</p>
<p>Dumortier, B.C.J. (1827) <em>Florula Belgica</em>. Casterman, Tournay, 172 pp.</p>
<p>Escudero, M., Eaton, D.A.R., Hahn, M. & Hipp, A.L. (2014) Genotyping-by-sequencing as a tool to infer phylogeny and ancestral hybridization: A case study in <em>Carex </em>(Cyperaceae). <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 79: 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.026</p>
<p>Escudero, M., Hipp, A.L. & Luceño, M. (2010) Karyotype stability and predictors of chromosome number variation in sedges: A study in <em>Carex </em>section <em>Spirostachyae </em>(Cyperaceae). <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 57: 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.009</p>
<p>Ford, B.A., Ghazvini, H., Naczi, R.F.C. & Starr, J.R. (2012) Phylogeny of <em>Carex</em> subg. <em>Vignea</em> (Cyperaceae) based on Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and nrDNA Data. <em>Systematic Botany </em>37: 913–925. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364412X656464</p>
<p>Ford, B.A., Ball, P.W. & Ritland, K. (1993) Genetic and macromorphologic evidence bearing on the evolution of members of <em>Carex</em> section <em>Vesicariae</em> (Cyperaceae) and their natural hybrids. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 71: 486–500. https://doi.org/10.1139/b93-053</p>
<p>Fries, E.M. (1945) <em>Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae</em> 1. Uppsaliae. 258 pp.</p>
<p>Gray, A. (1848) <em>Manual of Botany of the Northern United States</em>. J. Munroe, Boston & J.Chapman, London. 710 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.128844</p>
<p>Heathcote, C.A., Davies, M.S. & Etherington, J.R. (1987) Phenotypic flexibility of <em>Carex flacca</em> Schreb. Tolerance of soil flooding by populations from contrasting habitats. <em>New Phytologist</em> 105: 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00875.x</p>
<p>Hendrichs, M., Michalski, S., Begerow, D., Oberwinkler, F. & Hellwig, F.H. (2004) Phylogenetic relationship in <em>Carex</em>, subgenus <em>Vignea </em>(Cyperaceae), based on ITS sequences. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 246: 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-004-0127-1</p>
<p>Hipp, A.L., Rothrock, P.E., Reznicek, A.A. & Berry, P.E. (2007) Chromosome Number Changes Associated with Speciation in Sedges: a Phylogenetic Study in <em>Carex</em> section <em>Ovales</em> (Cyperaceae) Using AFLP Data. <em>Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany</em> 23: 193–203. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20072301.14</p>
<p>Hipp, A.L., Rothrock, P.E. & Roalson, E.H. (2009) The evolution of chromosome arrangements in <em>Carex</em> (Cyperaceae). <em>Botanical Review</em> 75: 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-008-9022-8</p>
<p>Holmgren, P.K., Holmgren, N.H. & Barnett, L.C. (1998) Online updates version of <em>Index Herbariorum</em> Part I: The herbaria of the World, 8<sup>th</sup> edn. [http://www.nybg.org/bsci/ih/ih.html]</p>
<p>Jiménez-Mejías, P., Escudero, M., Guerra-Cárdenas, S., Lye, K.A. & Luceño, M. (2011) Taxonomic delimitation and drivers of speciation in the Ibero-North African <em>Carex </em>sect. <em>Phacocystis </em>river-shore group (<em>Cyperaceae</em>). <em>American Journal of Botany </em>98: 1855–1867. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1100120</p>
<p>Jiménez-Mejías, P., Luceño, M., Wilson, K.L., Waterway, M.J. & Roalson, E.R. (2016) Clarification of the use of the terms perigynium and utricle in <em>Carex</em> L. (Cyperaceae). <em>Systematic Botany</em> 41: 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364416X692488</p>
<p>Kaplan, Z., Danihelka, J., Štěpánková, J., Ekrt, L., Chrtek, J. jr., Zázvorka, J., Grulich, V., Řepka, R., Prančl, J., Ducháček, M., Kúr, P., Šumberová, K. & Brůna, J. (2016) Distributions of vascular plants in the Czech Republic. Part 2. <em>Preslia</em> 88: 229–322. https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.115</p>
<p>Kaplan, Z., Danihelka, J., Koutecký, P., Šumberová, K., Ekrt, L., Grulich, V., Řepka, R., Hroudová, Z., Štěpánková, J., Dvořák, V., Dančák, M., Dřevojan, P. & Wild, J. (2017) Distributions of vascular plants in the Czech Republic. Part 4. <em>Preslia</em> 89: 115–201. https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.115</p>
<p>King, M.G. & Roalson, E.H. (2009) Isolation and characterisation of 11 microsatellite loci from <em>Carex macrocephala </em>(Cyperaceae). <em>Conservation Genetics</em> 10: 531–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-008-9558-5</p>
<p>Koopman, J. (2011) <em>Carex Europaea. The genus Carex L. </em>(<em>Cyperaceae</em>) <em>in Europe</em>, 1. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim. 726 pp.</p>
<p>Korpelainen, H., Virtanen, V., Kostamo, K. & Väre, H. (2010) Hybridization and introgression in <em>Carex aquatilis</em> and <em>C. paleacea</em>. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 287: 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0307-0</p>
<p>Košnar, J., Štech, M. & Koutecký, P. (2012) Environmental control of clonal growth in <em>Carex nigra</em>: What can be masked under the name <em>Carex nigra </em>subsp. <em>juncella </em>in the Czech Republic? <em>Flora</em> 207: 294–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2011.12.001</p>
<p>Kunth, C.S. (1837) <em>Enumeratio Plantarum </em>(<em>Cyperographia synoptica</em>) 2. Stutgardiae, Tubingae. 591 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em>. Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Holmiae. 560 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1755) <em>Centuria I Plantarum</em>. L. M. Höjer, Regio Acad. Typogr. Uppsaliae. 35 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1767): <em>Mantissa Plantarum. Generum editionis VI. et specierum editionis II. </em>Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. Holmiæ. 142 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.119809</p>
<p>Meinshausen, K.F. (1901) Die Cyperaceen der Flora Russlands. <em>Trudy botaničeskogo sada</em> 18: 221–415.</p>
<p>Murray, J.A. (1773) <em>Prodromus Designationis Stirpium Gottingensium cum Figuris Aeneis</em>. Gottingae. 252 pp.</p>
<p>Nakamatte, E. & Lye, K.A. (2007) AFLP-based differentiation in north Atlantic species of <em>Carex</em> sect. <em>Phacocystis. Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 25: 318–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0107-055X.2007.00116.x</p>
<p>Ohsako, T. & Yamane, K. (2007) Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Asiatic sand sedge, <em>Carex kobomugi</em> Ohwi (Cyperaceae). <em>Molecular Ecology Notes</em> 7: 1023–1025.</p>
<p>Peakall, R. & Smouse, P.E. (2012) GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research—an update. <em>Bioinformatics </em>28: 2537–2539. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460</p>
<p>Rieseberg, L.H. (1995) The role of hybridization in evolution: old wine in new skins. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 82: 944–953. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb15711.x</p>
<p>Roalson, E.H., Jiménez-Mejías, P., Hipp, A.L., Benítez-Benítez, C., Bruederle, L.P., Chung, K.-S., Escudero, M., Ford, B.A., Ford, K., Gebauer, S., Gehrke, B., Hahn, M., Hayat, M.Q., Hoffmann, M.H., Jin, X.-F., Kim, S., Larridon, I., Léveillé-Bourret, É., Lu, Y.-F., Luceño, M., Maguilla, E., Márquez-Corro, J.I., Martín-Bravo, A., Masaki, T., Míguez, M., Naczi, R.F.C., Reznicek, A.A., Spalink, D., Starr, J.R., , Villaverde, T., Waterway, M.J., Wilson, K.L. & Zhang, S.-R. (2021) A framework infrageneric classification of <em>Carex</em> (Cyperaceae) and its organizing principle. <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</em> 59: 726–762. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12722</p>
<p>Řepka, R., Veselá, P. & Mráček, J. (2014) Are there hybrids between <em>Carex flacca </em>and <em>C. tomentosa </em>in the Czech Republic and Slovakia? <em>Preslia</em> 86: 367–379.</p>
<p>Schreber, J.C.D. (1771) <em>Spicilegium florae lipsicae</em>. Dykiano, Lipsiae. 148 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6360</p>
<p>Smith, T.W. & Waterway, M.J. (2008) Evaluating species limits and hybridization in the <em>Carex complanata</em> complex using morphology, amplified fragment length polymorphisms, and restriction fragment analysis. <em>Botany</em> 86: 809–826. https://doi.org/10.1139/B08-031</p>
<p>Stenström, A., Jonsson, B.O., Jónsdóttir, I.S., Fagerström, T. & Augner, M. (2001) Genetic variation and clonal diversity in four clonal sedges (<em>Carex</em>) along the Arctic coast of Eurasia. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 10: 497–513. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01238.x</p>
<p>Stenström, A., Jónsdóttir, I.S. & Augner, M. (2002) Genetic and environmental effects on morphology in clonal sedges in the Eurasian Arctic. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 89: 1410–1421. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.9.1410</p>
<p>Urbanek, L. (1998) Morphometric differentiation of <em>Carex ligerica</em> Gay in Poland. <em>Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae </em>67: 263–268. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1998.034</p>
<p>Vegetti, A.C. (2002) Typological reinterpretation of the inflorescences in <em>Cariceae</em> (Cyperaceae). <em>Phyton</em> 42: 159–168.</p>
<p>Villars, D. (1787) <em>Histoire des Plantes de Dauphiné. Vol. 2</em>. Société royale de médecine, Grenoble. 690 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.116232</p>
<p>Volkova, P.A., Shipunov, A.B., Elven, R. & Brochmann, C. (2008) The seashore sedges of the Russian Kola Peninsula: how many species? <em>Flora</em> 203: 523–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2007.09.004</p>
<p>Vos, P., Hogers, R., Bleeker, M., Reijans, M., van de Lee, T., Hornes, M., Frijters, A., Pot, J., Peleman, J., Kuiper, M. & Zabeau, M. (1995) AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 23: 4407–4414. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/23.21.4407</p>
<p>Wahlenberg, G. (1803): Inlending til Caricographien. <em>Kongl. Veteskamps Academiens Nya Handlingar</em> 24: 225–329.</p>
<p>Więcław, H. & Koopman, J. (2013) Numerical analysis of morphology of natural hybrids between <em>Carex hostiana</em> and the members of <em>Carex flava</em> agg. (Cyperaceae). <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 31: 464–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00095.x</p>
<p>Więcław, H. & Wilhelm, M. (2014) Natural Hybridization within the <em>Carex flava </em>Complex (Cyperaceae) in Poland: Morphometric Studies. <em>Annales Botanici Fennici</em> 51: 129–147. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.053.0101</p>
<p>Wronska-Pilarek, D., Janyszek, M. & Jagodzinski, A.M. (2010) Pollen morphology of selected Central European species from subgenera <em>Vignea </em>and <em>Carex </em>(<em>Carex</em>, Cyperaceae) and its relation to taxonomy. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 164: 422–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01093.x</p>
<p>Yu, F., Schneller, J.J., Krüsi, B., Schütz, M., Tang, M. & Wildi, O. (2006) Genetic variability within <em>Carex sempervirens</em> tussocks on contrasting vitality. <em>International Journal of Plant Sciences</em> 167: 513–518. https://doi.org/10.1086/500474</p>
<p>Bergeron, A. & Pellerin, S. (2014) <em>Carex ×cayouettei</em> (Cyperaceae), a new intersectional sedge hybrid from southern Québec, Canada. <em>Phytoneuron</em> 52: 1–11.</p>
<p>Blackstock, N. & Ashton, P.A. (2010) Genetic markers and morphometric analysis reveal past hybridization and introgression in putative <em>Carex flava</em> L. s. str. (Cyperaceae) hybrid populations. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 287: 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0287-0</p>
<p>Boott, F.M.B. (1838) <em>Carex recta</em> Boott in Hooker W.J. <em>Flora Boreali-Americana. II.</em> H.G. Bohn, Covent Garden, London 328 pp.</p>
<p>Bugg, C., Smith, C., Blackstock, N., Simpson, D. & Ashton, P.A. (2013) Consistent and variable leaf anatomical characters in <em>Carex </em>(Cyperaceae). <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society </em>172: 371–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12029</p>
<p>Catling, P.M. (1993) <em>Carex castanea</em> × <em>Carex debilis</em>, a new natural hybrid from Ontario. <em>Rhodora</em> 95: 129–136.</p>
<p>Cayouette, J. & Catling, P.M. (1992) Hybridization in the genus <em>Carex</em> with special reference to North America. <em>Botanical Review</em> 58: 351–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858773</p>
<p>Christ, H. (1885) Nouveau catalogue des Carex d´Europe. <em>Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique</em> 24: 10–20.</p>
<p>Christ, H. (1889) Second appendice au nouveau catalogue des Carex d’Europe. <em>Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique</em> 28: 165–167.</p>
<p>Dumortier, B.C.J. (1827) <em>Florula Belgica</em>. Casterman, Tournay, 172 pp.</p>
<p>Escudero, M., Eaton, D.A.R., Hahn, M. & Hipp, A.L. (2014) Genotyping-by-sequencing as a tool to infer phylogeny and ancestral hybridization: A case study in <em>Carex </em>(Cyperaceae). <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 79: 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.026</p>
<p>Escudero, M., Hipp, A.L. & Luceño, M. (2010) Karyotype stability and predictors of chromosome number variation in sedges: A study in <em>Carex </em>section <em>Spirostachyae </em>(Cyperaceae). <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 57: 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.009</p>
<p>Ford, B.A., Ghazvini, H., Naczi, R.F.C. & Starr, J.R. (2012) Phylogeny of <em>Carex</em> subg. <em>Vignea</em> (Cyperaceae) based on Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and nrDNA Data. <em>Systematic Botany </em>37: 913–925. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364412X656464</p>
<p>Ford, B.A., Ball, P.W. & Ritland, K. (1993) Genetic and macromorphologic evidence bearing on the evolution of members of <em>Carex</em> section <em>Vesicariae</em> (Cyperaceae) and their natural hybrids. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 71: 486–500. https://doi.org/10.1139/b93-053</p>
<p>Fries, E.M. (1945) <em>Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae</em> 1. Uppsaliae. 258 pp.</p>
<p>Gray, A. (1848) <em>Manual of Botany of the Northern United States</em>. J. Munroe, Boston & J.Chapman, London. 710 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.128844</p>
<p>Heathcote, C.A., Davies, M.S. & Etherington, J.R. (1987) Phenotypic flexibility of <em>Carex flacca</em> Schreb. Tolerance of soil flooding by populations from contrasting habitats. <em>New Phytologist</em> 105: 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00875.x</p>
<p>Hendrichs, M., Michalski, S., Begerow, D., Oberwinkler, F. & Hellwig, F.H. (2004) Phylogenetic relationship in <em>Carex</em>, subgenus <em>Vignea </em>(Cyperaceae), based on ITS sequences. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 246: 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-004-0127-1</p>
<p>Hipp, A.L., Rothrock, P.E., Reznicek, A.A. & Berry, P.E. (2007) Chromosome Number Changes Associated with Speciation in Sedges: a Phylogenetic Study in <em>Carex</em> section <em>Ovales</em> (Cyperaceae) Using AFLP Data. <em>Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany</em> 23: 193–203. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20072301.14</p>
<p>Hipp, A.L., Rothrock, P.E. & Roalson, E.H. (2009) The evolution of chromosome arrangements in <em>Carex</em> (Cyperaceae). <em>Botanical Review</em> 75: 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-008-9022-8</p>
<p>Holmgren, P.K., Holmgren, N.H. & Barnett, L.C. (1998) Online updates version of <em>Index Herbariorum</em> Part I: The herbaria of the World, 8<sup>th</sup> edn. [http://www.nybg.org/bsci/ih/ih.html]</p>
<p>Jiménez-Mejías, P., Escudero, M., Guerra-Cárdenas, S., Lye, K.A. & Luceño, M. (2011) Taxonomic delimitation and drivers of speciation in the Ibero-North African <em>Carex </em>sect. <em>Phacocystis </em>river-shore group (<em>Cyperaceae</em>). <em>American Journal of Botany </em>98: 1855–1867. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1100120</p>
<p>Jiménez-Mejías, P., Luceño, M., Wilson, K.L., Waterway, M.J. & Roalson, E.R. (2016) Clarification of the use of the terms perigynium and utricle in <em>Carex</em> L. (Cyperaceae). <em>Systematic Botany</em> 41: 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364416X692488</p>
<p>Kaplan, Z., Danihelka, J., Štěpánková, J., Ekrt, L., Chrtek, J. jr., Zázvorka, J., Grulich, V., Řepka, R., Prančl, J., Ducháček, M., Kúr, P., Šumberová, K. & Brůna, J. (2016) Distributions of vascular plants in the Czech Republic. Part 2. <em>Preslia</em> 88: 229–322. https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.115</p>
<p>Kaplan, Z., Danihelka, J., Koutecký, P., Šumberová, K., Ekrt, L., Grulich, V., Řepka, R., Hroudová, Z., Štěpánková, J., Dvořák, V., Dančák, M., Dřevojan, P. & Wild, J. (2017) Distributions of vascular plants in the Czech Republic. Part 4. <em>Preslia</em> 89: 115–201. https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.115</p>
<p>King, M.G. & Roalson, E.H. (2009) Isolation and characterisation of 11 microsatellite loci from <em>Carex macrocephala </em>(Cyperaceae). <em>Conservation Genetics</em> 10: 531–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-008-9558-5</p>
<p>Koopman, J. (2011) <em>Carex Europaea. The genus Carex L. </em>(<em>Cyperaceae</em>) <em>in Europe</em>, 1. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim. 726 pp.</p>
<p>Korpelainen, H., Virtanen, V., Kostamo, K. & Väre, H. (2010) Hybridization and introgression in <em>Carex aquatilis</em> and <em>C. paleacea</em>. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 287: 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0307-0</p>
<p>Košnar, J., Štech, M. & Koutecký, P. (2012) Environmental control of clonal growth in <em>Carex nigra</em>: What can be masked under the name <em>Carex nigra </em>subsp. <em>juncella </em>in the Czech Republic? <em>Flora</em> 207: 294–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2011.12.001</p>
<p>Kunth, C.S. (1837) <em>Enumeratio Plantarum </em>(<em>Cyperographia synoptica</em>) 2. Stutgardiae, Tubingae. 591 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em>. Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Holmiae. 560 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1755) <em>Centuria I Plantarum</em>. L. M. Höjer, Regio Acad. Typogr. Uppsaliae. 35 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1767): <em>Mantissa Plantarum. Generum editionis VI. et specierum editionis II. </em>Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. Holmiæ. 142 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.119809</p>
<p>Meinshausen, K.F. (1901) Die Cyperaceen der Flora Russlands. <em>Trudy botaničeskogo sada</em> 18: 221–415.</p>
<p>Murray, J.A. (1773) <em>Prodromus Designationis Stirpium Gottingensium cum Figuris Aeneis</em>. Gottingae. 252 pp.</p>
<p>Nakamatte, E. & Lye, K.A. (2007) AFLP-based differentiation in north Atlantic species of <em>Carex</em> sect. <em>Phacocystis. Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 25: 318–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0107-055X.2007.00116.x</p>
<p>Ohsako, T. & Yamane, K. (2007) Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Asiatic sand sedge, <em>Carex kobomugi</em> Ohwi (Cyperaceae). <em>Molecular Ecology Notes</em> 7: 1023–1025.</p>
<p>Peakall, R. & Smouse, P.E. (2012) GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research—an update. <em>Bioinformatics </em>28: 2537–2539. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460</p>
<p>Rieseberg, L.H. (1995) The role of hybridization in evolution: old wine in new skins. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 82: 944–953. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb15711.x</p>
<p>Roalson, E.H., Jiménez-Mejías, P., Hipp, A.L., Benítez-Benítez, C., Bruederle, L.P., Chung, K.-S., Escudero, M., Ford, B.A., Ford, K., Gebauer, S., Gehrke, B., Hahn, M., Hayat, M.Q., Hoffmann, M.H., Jin, X.-F., Kim, S., Larridon, I., Léveillé-Bourret, É., Lu, Y.-F., Luceño, M., Maguilla, E., Márquez-Corro, J.I., Martín-Bravo, A., Masaki, T., Míguez, M., Naczi, R.F.C., Reznicek, A.A., Spalink, D., Starr, J.R., , Villaverde, T., Waterway, M.J., Wilson, K.L. & Zhang, S.-R. (2021) A framework infrageneric classification of <em>Carex</em> (Cyperaceae) and its organizing principle. <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</em> 59: 726–762. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12722</p>
<p>Řepka, R., Veselá, P. & Mráček, J. (2014) Are there hybrids between <em>Carex flacca </em>and <em>C. tomentosa </em>in the Czech Republic and Slovakia? <em>Preslia</em> 86: 367–379.</p>
<p>Schreber, J.C.D. (1771) <em>Spicilegium florae lipsicae</em>. Dykiano, Lipsiae. 148 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6360</p>
<p>Smith, T.W. & Waterway, M.J. (2008) Evaluating species limits and hybridization in the <em>Carex complanata</em> complex using morphology, amplified fragment length polymorphisms, and restriction fragment analysis. <em>Botany</em> 86: 809–826. https://doi.org/10.1139/B08-031</p>
<p>Stenström, A., Jonsson, B.O., Jónsdóttir, I.S., Fagerström, T. & Augner, M. (2001) Genetic variation and clonal diversity in four clonal sedges (<em>Carex</em>) along the Arctic coast of Eurasia. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 10: 497–513. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01238.x</p>
<p>Stenström, A., Jónsdóttir, I.S. & Augner, M. (2002) Genetic and environmental effects on morphology in clonal sedges in the Eurasian Arctic. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 89: 1410–1421. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.9.1410</p>
<p>Urbanek, L. (1998) Morphometric differentiation of <em>Carex ligerica</em> Gay in Poland. <em>Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae </em>67: 263–268. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1998.034</p>
<p>Vegetti, A.C. (2002) Typological reinterpretation of the inflorescences in <em>Cariceae</em> (Cyperaceae). <em>Phyton</em> 42: 159–168.</p>
<p>Villars, D. (1787) <em>Histoire des Plantes de Dauphiné. Vol. 2</em>. Société royale de médecine, Grenoble. 690 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.116232</p>
<p>Volkova, P.A., Shipunov, A.B., Elven, R. & Brochmann, C. (2008) The seashore sedges of the Russian Kola Peninsula: how many species? <em>Flora</em> 203: 523–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2007.09.004</p>
<p>Vos, P., Hogers, R., Bleeker, M., Reijans, M., van de Lee, T., Hornes, M., Frijters, A., Pot, J., Peleman, J., Kuiper, M. & Zabeau, M. (1995) AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 23: 4407–4414. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/23.21.4407</p>
<p>Wahlenberg, G. (1803): Inlending til Caricographien. <em>Kongl. Veteskamps Academiens Nya Handlingar</em> 24: 225–329.</p>
<p>Więcław, H. & Koopman, J. (2013) Numerical analysis of morphology of natural hybrids between <em>Carex hostiana</em> and the members of <em>Carex flava</em> agg. (Cyperaceae). <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 31: 464–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00095.x</p>
<p>Więcław, H. & Wilhelm, M. (2014) Natural Hybridization within the <em>Carex flava </em>Complex (Cyperaceae) in Poland: Morphometric Studies. <em>Annales Botanici Fennici</em> 51: 129–147. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.053.0101</p>
<p>Wronska-Pilarek, D., Janyszek, M. & Jagodzinski, A.M. (2010) Pollen morphology of selected Central European species from subgenera <em>Vignea </em>and <em>Carex </em>(<em>Carex</em>, Cyperaceae) and its relation to taxonomy. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 164: 422–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01093.x</p>
<p>Yu, F., Schneller, J.J., Krüsi, B., Schütz, M., Tang, M. & Wildi, O. (2006) Genetic variability within <em>Carex sempervirens</em> tussocks on contrasting vitality. <em>International Journal of Plant Sciences</em> 167: 513–518. https://doi.org/10.1086/500474</p>