Abstract
Sorocea (Moraceae) includes approximately 25 species with a Neotropical distribution and can be recognized by being shrubs to dioecious trees with paired or solitary racemose inflorescences in the leaf axils. The number of species and the phylogenetic position of this genus are divergent according to different studies. In this work, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Sorocea including species after Berg’s study of the genus for the Flora Neotropica. We analysed 42 accessions of Moraceae (34 taxa), including all tribes, being 21 accessions of Sorocea (13 taxa). The phylogenetic analyses were based on plastid (trnL-F) and nuclear (ITS 4-5 and FA16180b) markers using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The analyses of the combined data strongly supported the monophyly of Sorocea and its position in the Moreae tribe. The genus can be divided into three major well-supported clades, for which we described novel morphological characteristics. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses suggest the ressurection of S. jureiana, S. klotzschiana, S. racemosa and S. uaupensis as species.
References
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Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791. https://doi.org/10.2307/2408678
Gaudichaud, C. (1844) Voyage autour de Monde éxécuté pendant les Années 136 et 1837 sur la Corvette la Bonite. Botanique 3 (Atlas): 1–150.
Hassler, E. (1907) Plantae paraguarienses, novae vel minus cognitae. Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, v. 7: 1–80.
Hemsley, W.B. (1883) Enumeration of incompletae, Monocotyledons, and Cryptogamic vasculares, with description of new species. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Botany 3: 1–711.
Karsten, G.K.W.H. (1863) Batocarpus orinocensis Krst. Florae Columbiae 2: 67–68.
Kearse, M, Moir, R., Wilson, A., Stones-Havas, S., Cheung, M., Sturrock, S., Buxton, S., Cooper, A., Markowitz, S., Duran, C., Thierer, T., Ashton, B., Meintjes, P. & Drummond, A. (2012) Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28: 1647–1649. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199
Kluge, A.G. & Farris, J.S. (1969) Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans. Systematic Zoology 18: 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/18.1.1
Larkin, M.A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N.P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P.A., McWilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I.M., Wilm, A., Lopez, R., Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Higgins, D.G. (2007) Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23: 2947–2948. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404
Linnaeus, C. von (1775) Species plantarum. v. 2. Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. 561–1200.
Macbride, J.F. (1934) New or renamed spermatophytes mostly Peruvian. Candollea 5: 346–402.
Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R. (2019) Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.61 Available from: http://www.mesquiteproject.org (accessed 10 May 2020).
Miquel, F.A.W. (1853) Urticineae. In: Martius, C.F.P. (Ed.) Flora Brasiliensis. P. Leipzig, Oldenburg, pp. 78–218.
Pederneiras, L.C., Costa, A.F.D., Araujo, D.S.D.D. & Carauta, J.P.P. (2011) Moraceae of restingas of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Rodriguésia 62: 77–92.
Pederneiras, L.C.; Ribeiro, J.E.L.S.; Mattos, L. (2020) Sorocea in Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB10191 (accessed 3 April 2021).
Posada, D. & Buckley, T.R. (2004) Model Selection and Model Averaging in Phylogenetics: Advantages of Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Approaches Over Likelihood Ratio Tests. Systematic Biology 53: 793–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490522304
Posada, D. & Crandall, K.A. (1998) Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substituition. Bioinformatics 14: 817–818. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817
Rambaut, A., Suchard, M.A., Xie, W. & Drummond, A.J. (2013) Tracer version 1.6.0. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer/ (accessed 25 June 2020)
Ribeiro, J.D.S., Hopkins, M.J.G., Vicentini, A., Sothers, C.A. & Costa, M.D.S. (1999) Flora da Reserva Ducke: guia de identificação das plantas vasculares de uma floresta de terra-firme na Amazônia Central. Manaus: INPA-DFID. 816 pp.
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