Abstract
As part of a review of the names applied to economically important species of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), the nomenclature and typification of the name Kalanchoe blossfeldiana are reviewed. The type of this species name is clarified in a second-step lectotypification. The selection of desirable hybrids and cultivars based on K. blossfeldiana, and of hybrids and cultivars of which it is a parent, has developed into a global horticultural industry.
References
Adanson, M. (1763) Familles des Plantes. Seconde Partie. Etat actuel de la Botanike. Chez Vincent, Imprimeur-Libraire de M<sup>gt</sup> le Comte de Provence, Paris, 640 pp. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/794/mode/1up]
Berger, A. (1930) Crassulaceae. Unterfam. II. Kalanchoideae [sic Kalanchooideae]. 6. Kalanchoe. In: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (Eds.) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. ed. 2, 18a. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 402–412.
Blossfeld, R. (1934 [December]) Kalanchoe blossfeldiana V. Poellnitz Sp.N. (Kalanchoe globulifera Perr. de la Bâthie var. coccinea Perr. de la Bâthie). The Cactus Journal (Great Britain) 3 (20): 36–37.
Boiteau, P. & Allorge-Boiteau, L. (1995) Kalanchoe (Crassulacées) de Madagascar. Systématique, Ecophysiologie et Phytochimie. ICSN, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Éditions Karthala, Paris, 252 pp.
Brown, J.R., White, A., Sloane, B.L. & Reynolds, G.W. (1939) Succulents for the amateur. Introducing the beginner to more than eight hundred fascinating succulent plants illustrating four hundred. Haselton, S.E. (Ed.) Abbey Garden Press, Pasadena, 167 pp. + five unnumbered ‘Index’ pages.
Brown, N.E. (1913) 1436. Kalanchoe sexangularis, N. E. Brown [Crassulaceae]. In: Diagnoses Africanae LIII. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1913 (3): 118–123. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/43726#page/125/mode/1up]
Carvalho, S.M.P., Eveleens-Clark, B., Bakker, M.J. & Heuvelink, E. (2006a) Ontwikkelen en testen van een model voor vraaggestuurde productie in Kalanchoë: proeven in klimaatcellen en in de praktijk; ontwikkelen en testen van een model. PPO Publicatienr. 41313016. Wageningen Universiteit Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving B.V., Wageningen & Naaldwijk, The Netherlands, 72 pp.
Carvalho, S.M.P., Eveleens-Clark, B., Bakker, M.J. & Heuvelink, E. (2006b) Improving product quality and timing of Kalanchoë: model development and validation. Acta Horticulturae 718: 655–662.
Christensen, B., Sriskandarajah, S., Serek, M. & Müller, R. (2008) Transformation of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana with rol-genes is useful in molecular breeding towards compact growth. Plant Cell Reports 27: 1485–1495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-008-0575-0
Descoings, B. (2003) Kalanchoe. In: U. Eggli (Ed.) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Crassulaceae. Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg, pp. 143–181.
Eggli, U. (Ed.) (2003) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Crassulaceae. Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg, 458 pp + plates I–XLVIII.
Figueiredo, E., Smith, G.F. & Crouch, N.R. (2016) The taxonomy and type of Kalanchoe sexangularis N.E.Br. (Crassulaceae). Bradleya 34: 92–99. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n34.2016.a24
Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2020) Friedrich Welwitsch and his overlooked contributions to the Flora of Tropical Africa, with a discussion of the names of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) that should be ascribed to Welwitsch alone. Phytotaxa 458 (1): 83–100. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.458.1.5
Herrando-Moraira, S., Vitales, D., Nualart, N., Gómez-Bellver, C., Ibáñez, N., Massó, S., Cachón-Ferrero, P., González-Gutiérrez, P.A., Guillot, D., Herrera, I., Shaw, D., Stinca, A., Wang, Z. & López-Pujol, J. (2020 [21 February]) Global distribution patterns and niche modelling of the invasive Kalanchoe ×houghtonii (Crassulaceae). Scientific Reports [natureresearch] 10 (1): a3143 [18 pp.]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60079-2
Izumikawa, Y., Nakamura, I. & Mii, M. (2007) Interspecific hybridization between Kalanchoe blossfeldiana and several wild Kalanchoe species with ornamental value. Acta Horticulturae 743: 59–65. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.743.7
Jacobsen, H. (1935) Succulent plants. Description, cultivation and uses of succulent plants other than cacti. Williams and Norgate Ltd, London, 293 pp.
Klein, D.-P., Shtein, R., Nusbaumer, L. & Callmander, M.W. (2021) Kalanchoe darainensis (Crassulaceae), a new species from northeastern Madagascar. Candollea 76: 117–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2021v761a12
Kroon, G.H., De Jong, J. & Van Raamsdonk, L.W.D. (1989) Evaluation of the genus Kalanchoe for breeding of new cutflowers and potplants. Acta Horticulturae (International Symposium on the Development of New Floricultural Crops) 252: 111–116. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1989.252.14
Kuang, Y., Lu, C.-H. & Hsu, F.-C. (2021) Restoring fertility for novel interspecific hybrids between Kalanchoe garambiensis and K. nyikae using colchicine treatment. Plants 10: a209 [16 pp]. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020209
Perrier de la Bâthie, [J.M.]H.[A.] (1928 [Février]) Observations nouvelles sur le genre Kalanchoe. Archives de Botanique II, Bulletin Mensuel. Caen 2 (2): 17–31.
Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie, J.M.H.A. (1914) Nouvelle contribution à l’étude des Crassulacées malgaches. Annales du Musée Colonial de Marseille, sér. 3, 2: 113–207. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23004#page/551/mode/1up]
Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie, [J.M.]H.[A.]. (1915) Troisième contribution a l’étude des Crassulacées Malgaches. Annales du Musée Colonial de Marseille, sér. 3, 3: 63–117. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22992#page/85/mode/1up]
Schweickerdt, H.G.[W.J.]. (1936) Kalanchoë blossfeldiana. Crassulaceae. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 159: t. 9440.
Smith, G.F. (2019) Notes on Kalanchoe ×houghtonii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an early hybrid between two species of K. subg. Bryophyllum. Haseltonia 26: 78–85. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.026.0111
Smith, G.F. (2020) Typification of the infrageneric names published in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Alwin Berger. Phytotaxa 453 (1): 52–54. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.453.1.6
Smith, G.F. (2022) Kalanchoe ×trageri, at last a name for K. blossfeldiana × K. pumila (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a horticulturally successful nothospecies. Phytotaxa. [In press]
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2021) Kalanchoe pumila. Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 67: 92–102, plate 2369.
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Van Wyk, A.E. (2019) Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in southern Africa. Classification, biology, and cultivation. Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, London, San Diego, Cambridge (USA), and Oxford, 328 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-00602-X
Smith, G.F. & Monro, A.M. (2022) (0000) Proposal to reject the name Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae (Crassulaceae). Taxon 71. [In press]
Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021a) A review of horticulturally desirable characters in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): variable and deviating vegetative and reproductive morphologies useful in breeding programmes. Haseltonia 28: 106–119. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.028.0110
Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021b) Typification of the name Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 494 (2): 244–249. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.494.2.8
Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021c) Clarifying the typification of the names Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi and K. waldheimii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), two leaf-succulent shrubs indigenous to Madagascar. Phytotaxa 509 (1): 131–134. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.1.9
Smith, G.F., Shtein, R., Klein, D.-P., Parihar, B., Almeida, A., Rodewald, S. & Kadereit, G. (2021) Special review. Sexual and asexual reproduction in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae): a review of known and newly recorded strategies. Haseltonia 28: 2–20. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.028.0101
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter,W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. [Regnum Vegetabile 159], 254 pp. [https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php]
Van Voorst, A. & Arends, J.C. (1982) The origin and chromosome numbers of cultivars of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Von Poelln.: their history and evolution. Euphytica 31 (3): 573–584.
Von Poellnitz, [J.]K.[L.A.]. (1934) XV. Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana. Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis. Centralblatt für Sammlung und Veröffentlichung von Einzeldiagnosen neuer Pflanzen 35: 159–160. [https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=6015]
Welwitsch, F.M.J. (1871 [August]) 13. Kalanchoe coccinea Welw., in J. Britten, 4. Kalanchoe Linn., Order L. Crassulaceae. In: Oliver, D. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical Africa (Leguminosae to Ficoideae) 2. L. Reeve & Co., London, pp. 395. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124#page/401/mode/1up]
Berger, A. (1930) Crassulaceae. Unterfam. II. Kalanchoideae [sic Kalanchooideae]. 6. Kalanchoe. In: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (Eds.) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. ed. 2, 18a. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 402–412.
Blossfeld, R. (1934 [December]) Kalanchoe blossfeldiana V. Poellnitz Sp.N. (Kalanchoe globulifera Perr. de la Bâthie var. coccinea Perr. de la Bâthie). The Cactus Journal (Great Britain) 3 (20): 36–37.
Boiteau, P. & Allorge-Boiteau, L. (1995) Kalanchoe (Crassulacées) de Madagascar. Systématique, Ecophysiologie et Phytochimie. ICSN, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Éditions Karthala, Paris, 252 pp.
Brown, J.R., White, A., Sloane, B.L. & Reynolds, G.W. (1939) Succulents for the amateur. Introducing the beginner to more than eight hundred fascinating succulent plants illustrating four hundred. Haselton, S.E. (Ed.) Abbey Garden Press, Pasadena, 167 pp. + five unnumbered ‘Index’ pages.
Brown, N.E. (1913) 1436. Kalanchoe sexangularis, N. E. Brown [Crassulaceae]. In: Diagnoses Africanae LIII. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1913 (3): 118–123. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/43726#page/125/mode/1up]
Carvalho, S.M.P., Eveleens-Clark, B., Bakker, M.J. & Heuvelink, E. (2006a) Ontwikkelen en testen van een model voor vraaggestuurde productie in Kalanchoë: proeven in klimaatcellen en in de praktijk; ontwikkelen en testen van een model. PPO Publicatienr. 41313016. Wageningen Universiteit Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving B.V., Wageningen & Naaldwijk, The Netherlands, 72 pp.
Carvalho, S.M.P., Eveleens-Clark, B., Bakker, M.J. & Heuvelink, E. (2006b) Improving product quality and timing of Kalanchoë: model development and validation. Acta Horticulturae 718: 655–662.
Christensen, B., Sriskandarajah, S., Serek, M. & Müller, R. (2008) Transformation of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana with rol-genes is useful in molecular breeding towards compact growth. Plant Cell Reports 27: 1485–1495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-008-0575-0
Descoings, B. (2003) Kalanchoe. In: U. Eggli (Ed.) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Crassulaceae. Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg, pp. 143–181.
Eggli, U. (Ed.) (2003) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Crassulaceae. Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg, 458 pp + plates I–XLVIII.
Figueiredo, E., Smith, G.F. & Crouch, N.R. (2016) The taxonomy and type of Kalanchoe sexangularis N.E.Br. (Crassulaceae). Bradleya 34: 92–99. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n34.2016.a24
Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2020) Friedrich Welwitsch and his overlooked contributions to the Flora of Tropical Africa, with a discussion of the names of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) that should be ascribed to Welwitsch alone. Phytotaxa 458 (1): 83–100. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.458.1.5
Herrando-Moraira, S., Vitales, D., Nualart, N., Gómez-Bellver, C., Ibáñez, N., Massó, S., Cachón-Ferrero, P., González-Gutiérrez, P.A., Guillot, D., Herrera, I., Shaw, D., Stinca, A., Wang, Z. & López-Pujol, J. (2020 [21 February]) Global distribution patterns and niche modelling of the invasive Kalanchoe ×houghtonii (Crassulaceae). Scientific Reports [natureresearch] 10 (1): a3143 [18 pp.]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60079-2
Izumikawa, Y., Nakamura, I. & Mii, M. (2007) Interspecific hybridization between Kalanchoe blossfeldiana and several wild Kalanchoe species with ornamental value. Acta Horticulturae 743: 59–65. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.743.7
Jacobsen, H. (1935) Succulent plants. Description, cultivation and uses of succulent plants other than cacti. Williams and Norgate Ltd, London, 293 pp.
Klein, D.-P., Shtein, R., Nusbaumer, L. & Callmander, M.W. (2021) Kalanchoe darainensis (Crassulaceae), a new species from northeastern Madagascar. Candollea 76: 117–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2021v761a12
Kroon, G.H., De Jong, J. & Van Raamsdonk, L.W.D. (1989) Evaluation of the genus Kalanchoe for breeding of new cutflowers and potplants. Acta Horticulturae (International Symposium on the Development of New Floricultural Crops) 252: 111–116. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1989.252.14
Kuang, Y., Lu, C.-H. & Hsu, F.-C. (2021) Restoring fertility for novel interspecific hybrids between Kalanchoe garambiensis and K. nyikae using colchicine treatment. Plants 10: a209 [16 pp]. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020209
Perrier de la Bâthie, [J.M.]H.[A.] (1928 [Février]) Observations nouvelles sur le genre Kalanchoe. Archives de Botanique II, Bulletin Mensuel. Caen 2 (2): 17–31.
Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie, J.M.H.A. (1914) Nouvelle contribution à l’étude des Crassulacées malgaches. Annales du Musée Colonial de Marseille, sér. 3, 2: 113–207. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23004#page/551/mode/1up]
Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie, [J.M.]H.[A.]. (1915) Troisième contribution a l’étude des Crassulacées Malgaches. Annales du Musée Colonial de Marseille, sér. 3, 3: 63–117. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22992#page/85/mode/1up]
Schweickerdt, H.G.[W.J.]. (1936) Kalanchoë blossfeldiana. Crassulaceae. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 159: t. 9440.
Smith, G.F. (2019) Notes on Kalanchoe ×houghtonii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an early hybrid between two species of K. subg. Bryophyllum. Haseltonia 26: 78–85. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.026.0111
Smith, G.F. (2020) Typification of the infrageneric names published in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Alwin Berger. Phytotaxa 453 (1): 52–54. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.453.1.6
Smith, G.F. (2022) Kalanchoe ×trageri, at last a name for K. blossfeldiana × K. pumila (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a horticulturally successful nothospecies. Phytotaxa. [In press]
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2021) Kalanchoe pumila. Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 67: 92–102, plate 2369.
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Van Wyk, A.E. (2019) Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in southern Africa. Classification, biology, and cultivation. Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, London, San Diego, Cambridge (USA), and Oxford, 328 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-00602-X
Smith, G.F. & Monro, A.M. (2022) (0000) Proposal to reject the name Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae (Crassulaceae). Taxon 71. [In press]
Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021a) A review of horticulturally desirable characters in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): variable and deviating vegetative and reproductive morphologies useful in breeding programmes. Haseltonia 28: 106–119. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.028.0110
Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021b) Typification of the name Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 494 (2): 244–249. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.494.2.8
Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021c) Clarifying the typification of the names Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi and K. waldheimii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), two leaf-succulent shrubs indigenous to Madagascar. Phytotaxa 509 (1): 131–134. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.1.9
Smith, G.F., Shtein, R., Klein, D.-P., Parihar, B., Almeida, A., Rodewald, S. & Kadereit, G. (2021) Special review. Sexual and asexual reproduction in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae): a review of known and newly recorded strategies. Haseltonia 28: 2–20. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.028.0101
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter,W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. [Regnum Vegetabile 159], 254 pp. [https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php]
Van Voorst, A. & Arends, J.C. (1982) The origin and chromosome numbers of cultivars of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Von Poelln.: their history and evolution. Euphytica 31 (3): 573–584.
Von Poellnitz, [J.]K.[L.A.]. (1934) XV. Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana. Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis. Centralblatt für Sammlung und Veröffentlichung von Einzeldiagnosen neuer Pflanzen 35: 159–160. [https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=6015]
Welwitsch, F.M.J. (1871 [August]) 13. Kalanchoe coccinea Welw., in J. Britten, 4. Kalanchoe Linn., Order L. Crassulaceae. In: Oliver, D. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical Africa (Leguminosae to Ficoideae) 2. L. Reeve & Co., London, pp. 395. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124#page/401/mode/1up]