Abstract
Russula quercina sp. nov. (sect. Polychromidia, subsect. Integroidinae) from a Quercus mongolica forest in Northeast China is described. This new species is recognized by its coral pink and glabrous pileus, slightly yellowish context, yellow basidiospore print, and abundant cystidia in stipitipellis and pileipellis. The morphological characteristics are illustrated in detail and are compared with morphologically similar species, R. integriformis, and R. laeta. Russula quercina identification is supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) in the ribosomal DNA.
References
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<p>Beenken, L. (2004) Les ectomycorhizes du genre <em>Russula</em>. <em>Bulletin of Society mycology of France</em> 120: 293–333.</p>
<p>Buyck, B., Zoller, S. & Hofstetter, V. (2018) Walking the thin line… ten years later: the dilemma of above-versus below-ground features to support phylogenie in the Russulaceae (Basidiomycota). <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 89: 267–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0397-5</p>
<p>Cao, B., Li, G.-J. & Zhao, R.-L. (2019) Species diversity and geographic components of <em>Russula</em> from the Greater and Lesser Khinggan Mountains. <em>Biodiversity Science</em> 27: 854–866. https://doi.org/10.17520/biods.2019040</p>
<p>Chen, B., Jie, S., Liang, J.-F. & Li, Y.-K. (2021) Two new species of <em>Russula</em> subsect. <em>Virescentinae</em> from Southern China. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 20: 993–1005. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-168367/v1</p>
<p>Chen, B., Liang, J., Jiang, X. & Song, J. (2022) Morphological characters and molecular phylogeny reveals three new species of subgenus <em>Russula</em> from China. <em>Life </em>12: 480–500. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12040480</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95/ 98/ nt. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1999-0734.ch008</p>
<p>Hampe, F. & Manz, C. (2021) Two new <em>Russula</em> species from Thailand and the new subsection <em>Magicae</em>. <em>Zeitschrift für Mykologie</em> 87: 17–30.</p>
<p>Harrington, T.J. & Mitchell, D.T. (2011) Characterization of <em>Dryas octopetala</em> ectomycorrhizas from limestone karst vegetation, Western Ireland. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 80: 970–982. https://doi.org/10.1139/b02-082</p>
<p>Jiang, X., Li, Y.-K., Liang, J.-F. & Wu, J.-R. (2017) Two new <em>Russula</em> species in China. <em>Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Natural Science Edition)</em> 46: 103–108. https://doi.org/10.13323/j.cnki.j.fafu(nat.sci.).2017.01.016</p>
<p>Ji, R.-Q., Xing, P.-J., Xu, Y., Li, G.-L., Gao, T.-T., Zhou, J.-J., Xie, M.-L. & Li,Y. (2019) Analyses on the composition of symbiotic fungi and bacteria in the roots and rhizosphere soil of <em>Quercus mongolica</em>. <em>Mycosystema</em> 38: 1894–1906. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190181.</p>
<p>Knudsen, H., Ruotsalainen, J. & Vauras, J. (2014) <em>Funga Nordica: Agaricoid</em>, <em>boletoid</em>, <em>clavarioid</em>, <em>cyphelloid</em> <em>and</em> <em>gastroid genera. </em>Nordsvamp, Copenhagen, 511 pp.</p>
<p>Kolmakov, P. (2015) Checklist of fungi of the genus <em>Russula</em> from Belarusian-Valdai Lake District. <em>Botanica Lithuanica</em> 21: 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1515/botlit-2015-0003</p>
<p>Lebel, T. & Tonkin, J.E. (2007) Australasian species of <em>macowanites</em> are sequestrate species of <em>Russula</em> (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota). <em>Australian Systematic Botany</em> 20: 355–381. https://doi.org/10.1071/SB07007</p>
<p>Li, F., Li, G.-J., Zhang, J., Gao, H., Shi, R.-S. & Deng, C.-Y. (2021) <em>Russula fanjing</em>, a new species of <em>Russula </em>subsect. <em>Russula </em>(Russulaceae, Russulales) from Guizhou province, China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 480: 139–151. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.480.2.3</p>
<p>Li, G.-J. (2014) <em>Taxonomy of Russula from China.</em> Dissertation, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20380.59522</p>
<p>Li, G.-J., Deng, C.-Y., Shi, L.-Y., Wang, J., Meng, Q.-F. & Li, S.-M. (2020) Three new species of <em>Russula</em> subsect. <em>Lactarioideae</em> from China. <em>Mycosystema</em> 39: 618–636. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190414</p>
<p>Li, Y.-S., Ping, M.-K. & Chen, L.-Z. (2000) Preliminary discussion on the origin of <em>Quercus mongolica</em> forest in North China. <em>Guihaia</em> 20: 131–137.</p>
<p>Looney, B.P., Ryberg, M., Hampe, F., Sanchez, G.A. & Matheny, P.B. (2016) Into and out of the tropics: global diversification patterns in a hyperdiverse clade of ectomycorrhizal fungi. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 25: 630–647. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13506</p>
<p>Looney, B.P., Meidl, P., Piatek, M.J., Miettinen, O., Martin, F.M., Matheny, P.B. & Jessy, L. (2018) Russulaceae: a new genomic dataset to study ecosystem function and evolutionary diversification of ectomycorrhizal fungi with their tree associates. <em>New Phytologist</em> 218: 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15001</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeifer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. <em>In</em>: Miller, M.A., Pfeifer, W. & Schwartz, T. (Ed.) <em>Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop </em>(<em>GCE</em>). IEEE Computer Society, New Orleans, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</p>
<p>Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) Mrbayes 3.2: efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Persoon, C.H. (1796)<em> Observationes Mycologicae</em>. Wolf, Leipzig. 116 pp.</p>
<p>Qian, G. & Yang, Z.-L. (2010) Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with two species of <em>Kobresia</em> in an alpine meadow in the Eastern Himalaya. <em>Mycorrhiza</em> 20: 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0287-5</p>
<p>Ridgway, R. (1912) <em>Color standards and color nomenclature.</em> Robert Ridgway, Washington, 103 pp.</p>
<p>Romagnesi, H. (1967) <em>Les Russules d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. </em>Bordas, Paris, 998 pp.</p>
<p>Romagnesi, H. (1987) Status et noms nouveaux pour les infragénériques dans le genre <em>Russula</em>. <em>Documentation Mycologique </em>18: 39–40.</p>
<p>Samina, S., Tanzeela, A., Muhammad, H., Sobia, I., Malka, S., Sana, K. & Muhammad, F. (2020) Plectological and molecular identification of economically important wild <em>Russulales</em> mushrooms from Pakistan and their antifungal potential against food pathogenic fungus aspergillus niger. <em>Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy</em> 27: 67‒77.</p>
<p>Sarnari, M. (1998) <em>Monografia illustrate de genere Russula in Europa.</em> Tomo Primo. Vol. 1. A.M.B. Fondazione centro studi micologici, Vicenza, 799 pp.</p>
<p>Sarnari, M. (2005) <em>Monografia illustrate de genere Russula in Europa. </em>Tomo Secondo. Vol. 2. A.M.B. Fondazione centro studi micologici, Vicenza, 768 pp.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1986) <em>The Agaricales in modern taxonomy.</em> 4th edn. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, 981 pp.</p>
<p>Silvestro, D. & Michalak, I. (2012) raxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML. <em>Organisms Diversity & Evolution</em> 12: 335–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0056-0</p>
<p>Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewnlak, F., Jianmougin, F. & Higgins, D.G. (1997) The CLUSTAL-X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.<em> Nucleic Acids Research</em> 25: 4876–4882. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876</p>
<p>Wang, Q. (2013) Ectomycorrhizal community composition of <em>Quercus mongolica</em> of Liaoning. <em>Journal of Forestry Sciences and Technol </em>3: 6–9+14. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1714.2013.03.003</p>
<p>Wei, S.-Y., Mo, T.-Y., Liu, B., Huang, F.-C. & Yao, X.-H. (1998) Studies on <em>Russula</em> and its ecological environment in the Mount Liuwanshan <em>Castanopsis hystrix</em> woodland of Pubei County in Guangxi. <em>Journal of Guangxi Agricultural University</em> 17: 25–32.</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>In</em>: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Ed.) <em>PCR protocols</em>:<em> a guide to methods and amplifcations</em>. Academic Press. New York, pp. 315–322.</p>
<p>Wisitrassameewong, K., Manz, C., Hampe, F., Looney, B.P., Boonpratuang, T., Verbeken, A., Thummarukcharoen, T., Apichitnaranon, T., Pobkwamsuk, M., Caboň, M. & Adamčík, S. (2022) Two new <em>Russula </em>species (fungi) from dry dipterocarp forest in Thailand suggest niche specialization to this habitat type. <em>Scientific Reports</em> 12: 28–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06836-x. .</p>
<p>Xing, P.-J., Xu, Y., Gao, T.-T., Li, G.-L. , Zhou, J.-J., Xie, M.-L. & Ji, R.-Q. (2020) The community composition variation of Russulaceae associated with the <em>Quercus mongolica</em> forest during the growing season at Wudalianchi city, China. <em>PeerJ</em> 8: e8527. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8527</p>
<p>Ying, J.-Z. & Zang, M. (1994) <em>Economic macrofungi from Southwestern China.</em> Science Press, Beijing, 399 pp.</p>
<p>Zhang, Z.-H., Zheng, W.-P., Yin, K.-E., Li, J.-H. & Chen, X.-J. (1996) A study on ecology of <em>Russula vinosa</em>. <em>Acta Ecologica Sinica</em> 16: 208–211.</p>
<p>Zhao, R.-L., Karunarathna, S., Raspé, O., Parra, L.-A. & Callac, P. (2011) Major clades in tropical <em>Agaricus</em>. <em>Fungal diversity</em> 51: 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0136-7</p>
<p>Adamčík, S., Looney, B., Caboň, M., Jančovičová, S. & Buyck, B. (2019) The quest for a globally comprehensible <em>Russula</em> language. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 99: 369–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00437-2</p>
<p>Avis, P.G., Mclaughlin, D.J., Dentinger, B.T.M. & Reich, D.P.B. (2003) Long-term increase in nitrogen supply alters above and below—ground ectomycorrhizal communities and increases the dominance of <em>Russula</em> spp. in a temperate oak savanna. <em>New Phytologist</em> 160: 239–253. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00865.x</p>
<p>Beenken, L. (2004) Les ectomycorhizes du genre <em>Russula</em>. <em>Bulletin of Society mycology of France</em> 120: 293–333.</p>
<p>Buyck, B., Zoller, S. & Hofstetter, V. (2018) Walking the thin line… ten years later: the dilemma of above-versus below-ground features to support phylogenie in the Russulaceae (Basidiomycota). <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 89: 267–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0397-5</p>
<p>Cao, B., Li, G.-J. & Zhao, R.-L. (2019) Species diversity and geographic components of <em>Russula</em> from the Greater and Lesser Khinggan Mountains. <em>Biodiversity Science</em> 27: 854–866. https://doi.org/10.17520/biods.2019040</p>
<p>Chen, B., Jie, S., Liang, J.-F. & Li, Y.-K. (2021) Two new species of <em>Russula</em> subsect. <em>Virescentinae</em> from Southern China. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 20: 993–1005. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-168367/v1</p>
<p>Chen, B., Liang, J., Jiang, X. & Song, J. (2022) Morphological characters and molecular phylogeny reveals three new species of subgenus <em>Russula</em> from China. <em>Life </em>12: 480–500. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12040480</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95/ 98/ nt. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1999-0734.ch008</p>
<p>Hampe, F. & Manz, C. (2021) Two new <em>Russula</em> species from Thailand and the new subsection <em>Magicae</em>. <em>Zeitschrift für Mykologie</em> 87: 17–30.</p>
<p>Harrington, T.J. & Mitchell, D.T. (2011) Characterization of <em>Dryas octopetala</em> ectomycorrhizas from limestone karst vegetation, Western Ireland. <em>Canadian Journal of Botany</em> 80: 970–982. https://doi.org/10.1139/b02-082</p>
<p>Jiang, X., Li, Y.-K., Liang, J.-F. & Wu, J.-R. (2017) Two new <em>Russula</em> species in China. <em>Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Natural Science Edition)</em> 46: 103–108. https://doi.org/10.13323/j.cnki.j.fafu(nat.sci.).2017.01.016</p>
<p>Ji, R.-Q., Xing, P.-J., Xu, Y., Li, G.-L., Gao, T.-T., Zhou, J.-J., Xie, M.-L. & Li,Y. (2019) Analyses on the composition of symbiotic fungi and bacteria in the roots and rhizosphere soil of <em>Quercus mongolica</em>. <em>Mycosystema</em> 38: 1894–1906. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190181.</p>
<p>Knudsen, H., Ruotsalainen, J. & Vauras, J. (2014) <em>Funga Nordica: Agaricoid</em>, <em>boletoid</em>, <em>clavarioid</em>, <em>cyphelloid</em> <em>and</em> <em>gastroid genera. </em>Nordsvamp, Copenhagen, 511 pp.</p>
<p>Kolmakov, P. (2015) Checklist of fungi of the genus <em>Russula</em> from Belarusian-Valdai Lake District. <em>Botanica Lithuanica</em> 21: 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1515/botlit-2015-0003</p>
<p>Lebel, T. & Tonkin, J.E. (2007) Australasian species of <em>macowanites</em> are sequestrate species of <em>Russula</em> (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota). <em>Australian Systematic Botany</em> 20: 355–381. https://doi.org/10.1071/SB07007</p>
<p>Li, F., Li, G.-J., Zhang, J., Gao, H., Shi, R.-S. & Deng, C.-Y. (2021) <em>Russula fanjing</em>, a new species of <em>Russula </em>subsect. <em>Russula </em>(Russulaceae, Russulales) from Guizhou province, China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 480: 139–151. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.480.2.3</p>
<p>Li, G.-J. (2014) <em>Taxonomy of Russula from China.</em> Dissertation, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20380.59522</p>
<p>Li, G.-J., Deng, C.-Y., Shi, L.-Y., Wang, J., Meng, Q.-F. & Li, S.-M. (2020) Three new species of <em>Russula</em> subsect. <em>Lactarioideae</em> from China. <em>Mycosystema</em> 39: 618–636. https://doi.org/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190414</p>
<p>Li, Y.-S., Ping, M.-K. & Chen, L.-Z. (2000) Preliminary discussion on the origin of <em>Quercus mongolica</em> forest in North China. <em>Guihaia</em> 20: 131–137.</p>
<p>Looney, B.P., Ryberg, M., Hampe, F., Sanchez, G.A. & Matheny, P.B. (2016) Into and out of the tropics: global diversification patterns in a hyperdiverse clade of ectomycorrhizal fungi. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 25: 630–647. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13506</p>
<p>Looney, B.P., Meidl, P., Piatek, M.J., Miettinen, O., Martin, F.M., Matheny, P.B. & Jessy, L. (2018) Russulaceae: a new genomic dataset to study ecosystem function and evolutionary diversification of ectomycorrhizal fungi with their tree associates. <em>New Phytologist</em> 218: 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15001</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeifer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. <em>In</em>: Miller, M.A., Pfeifer, W. & Schwartz, T. (Ed.) <em>Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop </em>(<em>GCE</em>). IEEE Computer Society, New Orleans, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</p>
<p>Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) Mrbayes 3.2: efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Persoon, C.H. (1796)<em> Observationes Mycologicae</em>. Wolf, Leipzig. 116 pp.</p>
<p>Qian, G. & Yang, Z.-L. (2010) Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with two species of <em>Kobresia</em> in an alpine meadow in the Eastern Himalaya. <em>Mycorrhiza</em> 20: 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0287-5</p>
<p>Ridgway, R. (1912) <em>Color standards and color nomenclature.</em> Robert Ridgway, Washington, 103 pp.</p>
<p>Romagnesi, H. (1967) <em>Les Russules d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. </em>Bordas, Paris, 998 pp.</p>
<p>Romagnesi, H. (1987) Status et noms nouveaux pour les infragénériques dans le genre <em>Russula</em>. <em>Documentation Mycologique </em>18: 39–40.</p>
<p>Samina, S., Tanzeela, A., Muhammad, H., Sobia, I., Malka, S., Sana, K. & Muhammad, F. (2020) Plectological and molecular identification of economically important wild <em>Russulales</em> mushrooms from Pakistan and their antifungal potential against food pathogenic fungus aspergillus niger. <em>Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy</em> 27: 67‒77.</p>
<p>Sarnari, M. (1998) <em>Monografia illustrate de genere Russula in Europa.</em> Tomo Primo. Vol. 1. A.M.B. Fondazione centro studi micologici, Vicenza, 799 pp.</p>
<p>Sarnari, M. (2005) <em>Monografia illustrate de genere Russula in Europa. </em>Tomo Secondo. Vol. 2. A.M.B. Fondazione centro studi micologici, Vicenza, 768 pp.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1986) <em>The Agaricales in modern taxonomy.</em> 4th edn. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, 981 pp.</p>
<p>Silvestro, D. & Michalak, I. (2012) raxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML. <em>Organisms Diversity & Evolution</em> 12: 335–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0056-0</p>
<p>Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewnlak, F., Jianmougin, F. & Higgins, D.G. (1997) The CLUSTAL-X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.<em> Nucleic Acids Research</em> 25: 4876–4882. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876</p>
<p>Wang, Q. (2013) Ectomycorrhizal community composition of <em>Quercus mongolica</em> of Liaoning. <em>Journal of Forestry Sciences and Technol </em>3: 6–9+14. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1714.2013.03.003</p>
<p>Wei, S.-Y., Mo, T.-Y., Liu, B., Huang, F.-C. & Yao, X.-H. (1998) Studies on <em>Russula</em> and its ecological environment in the Mount Liuwanshan <em>Castanopsis hystrix</em> woodland of Pubei County in Guangxi. <em>Journal of Guangxi Agricultural University</em> 17: 25–32.</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>In</em>: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Ed.) <em>PCR protocols</em>:<em> a guide to methods and amplifcations</em>. Academic Press. New York, pp. 315–322.</p>
<p>Wisitrassameewong, K., Manz, C., Hampe, F., Looney, B.P., Boonpratuang, T., Verbeken, A., Thummarukcharoen, T., Apichitnaranon, T., Pobkwamsuk, M., Caboň, M. & Adamčík, S. (2022) Two new <em>Russula </em>species (fungi) from dry dipterocarp forest in Thailand suggest niche specialization to this habitat type. <em>Scientific Reports</em> 12: 28–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06836-x. .</p>
<p>Xing, P.-J., Xu, Y., Gao, T.-T., Li, G.-L. , Zhou, J.-J., Xie, M.-L. & Ji, R.-Q. (2020) The community composition variation of Russulaceae associated with the <em>Quercus mongolica</em> forest during the growing season at Wudalianchi city, China. <em>PeerJ</em> 8: e8527. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8527</p>
<p>Ying, J.-Z. & Zang, M. (1994) <em>Economic macrofungi from Southwestern China.</em> Science Press, Beijing, 399 pp.</p>
<p>Zhang, Z.-H., Zheng, W.-P., Yin, K.-E., Li, J.-H. & Chen, X.-J. (1996) A study on ecology of <em>Russula vinosa</em>. <em>Acta Ecologica Sinica</em> 16: 208–211.</p>
<p>Zhao, R.-L., Karunarathna, S., Raspé, O., Parra, L.-A. & Callac, P. (2011) Major clades in tropical <em>Agaricus</em>. <em>Fungal diversity</em> 51: 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0136-7</p>