Abstract
A tricholoma-like fungus was collected from Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China and the morphology and phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) locus were carried. This taxon is characterized by the medium to large basidiomes, with fairly inconspicuous, cottony-woolly ring and red to brownish-red, scales gradually thinning out towards the marginal zone on the pileus, with rarely clamped, guttulated basidiospores. Our collections are different from known Tricholoma species and they formed a distinct subclade with strong statistical supports in phylogenetic analyses. Based on the morphology and phylogeny, we introduce our collections as a new taxon, Tricholoma tianshanense sp. nov. The description and illustrations are provided herein.
References
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<p>Deng, H., Yao, Y.J. & Pegler, D.N. (2004) An annotated checklist of <em>Tricholoma </em>from China. <em>Journal of Fungal Research</em> 2: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3847.3.2</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analyses program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95–98.</p>
<p>Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, M., Frøslev, T.G. & Kjøller, R. (2017) Taxonomy of <em>Tricholoma</em> in northern Europe based on ITS sequence data and morphological characters.<em> Persoonia </em>38: 38–57. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158517X693174</p>
<p>Hosen, M.I., Li, T.H., Li, T., Zhong, X.J. & Chen, Y. (2016) <em>Tricholoma sinoacerbum</em>, a bitter species from Guangdong Province of China. <em>Mycoscience</em> 57: 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2016.02.002</p>
<p>Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice Across a Large Model Space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61 (3): 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Hur, T.C., Ka, K.H., Joo, S.H. & Terashita, T. (2001) Characteristics of the amylase and its related enzymes produced by ectomycorrhizal fungus <em>Tricholoma matsutake</em>. <em>Mycobiology</em> 29 (4): 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2001.12015785</p>
<p>Intini, M., Dogan, H.H. & Riva, A. (2003) <em>Tricholoma anatolicum spec. nov.</em>: a new member of the matsutake group. <em>Micologia e Vegetatione Mediterranea</em> 18: 135–142.</p>
<p>Jabeen, S. & Khalid, A.N. (2020) <em>Pseudosperma flavorimosum sp</em>. <em>nov</em>. from Pakistan. <em>Mycotaxon </em>135 (1): 183–193. https://doi.org/10.5248/135.183</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 30: 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010</p>
<p>Kikuchi, K., Matsushita, N. & Suzuki, K. (2007) Discrimination of <em>Tricholoma</em> species by species-specific ITS primers. <em>Mycoscience </em>48 (5): 316–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-007-0368-2</p>
<p>Kikuchi, K., Matsushita, N., Guerin-Laguette, A., Ohta, A. & Suzuki, K. (2000) Detection of <em>Tricholoma matsutake</em> by specific ITS primers. <em>Mycological Research</em> 104 (12): 1427–1430. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953756200002653</p>
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<p>Leake, J.R., McKendrick, S.L., Bidartondo, M, Read, D.J. (2004) Symbiotic germination and development of the myco-heterotroph Monotropa hypopitys in nature and its requirement for locally distributed <em>Tricholoma</em> spp. <em>New Phytologist </em>163 (2): 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01115.x</p>
<p>Mao, X.L. (1998) <em>Economic Fungi in China</em>. Science Press, Beijing, 762 pp.</p>
<p>Mao, X.L. (2000)<em> The Macrofungi in China</em>. Henan Science and Technology Press, Zhengzhou, 719 pp.</p>
<p>Mao, X.L. & Wen, H.A. (1985) <em>Investigation of Thomur Peak area of Tianshan Mountains: Fungi in Thomur Peak area of Tianshan Mountains. </em>Xinjiang People’s Publishing House, Xinjiang, pp. 268–327.</p>
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<p>Munsell, O. (2009) <em>Munsell Soil Color Charts</em>. Munsell Color Company, Inc, Baltimore, Maryland.</p>
<p>Murata, H., Ota, Y., Yamaguchi, M., Yamada, A., Katahata, S., Otsuka, Y., Babasaki, K. & Neda, H. (2013) Mobile DNA distributions refine the phylogeny “matsutake” mushrooms, <em>Tricholoma</em> sect. <em>Caligata</em>. <em>Mycorrhiza</em> 23 (6): 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-013-0487-x</p>
<p>Nylander, J. (2004) MrModeltest 2.2. Computer software distributed by the University of Uppsala.</p>
<p>Osmundson, T.W., Robert, V.A., Schoch, C.L., Baker, L.J., Smith, A., Robich, G., Mizzan, L. & Garbelotto, M.M. (2013) Filling Gaps in Biodiversity Knowledge for Macrofungi: Contributions and Assessment of an Herbarium Collection DNA Barcode Sequencing Project. <em>PLoS ONE</em> 8 (4): e62419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062419</p>
<p>Ota, Y., Yamanaka, T., Murata, H., Neda, H., Ohta, A., Kawai, M., Yamada, A., Konno, M. & Tanaka, C. (2012) Phylogenetic relationship and species delimitation of matsutake and allied species based on multilocus phylogeny and haplotype analyses. <em>Mycologia</em> 104: 1369–1380. https://doi.org/10.3852/12-068</p>
<p>Ovrebo, C.L., Hughes, K.W. & Halling, R.E. (2019) Three new species of <em>Tricholoma</em> from Costa Rica. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 392: 33–44. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.392.1.3</p>
<p>Pancorbo, F., Ribes, M.A., Esteve-Raventós, F., Hernanz, J., Olariaga, I., Daniëls, P.P., Hereza, A., Sánchez, S., Mateo, J.F. & Serrano, F. (2017) Contribución al conocimiento de la biodiversidad fúngica del Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido II. <em>Pirineos</em> 172: e032. https://doi.org/10.3989/pirineos.2017.172007</p>
<p>Reschke, K., Popa, F., Yang, Z.L. & Kost, G. (2018) Diversity and taxonomy of <em>Tricholoma</em> species from Yunnan, China, and notes on species from Europe and North America. <em>Mycologia</em> 110: 1081–1109. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2018.1512295</p>
<p>Sánchez-García, M., Matheny, P.B., Palfner, G. & Lodge, D.J. (2014) Deconstructing the Tricholomataceae (Agaricales) and introduction of the new genera <em>Albomagister, Corneriella, Pogonoloma and Pseudotricholoma</em>. <em>Taxon</em> 63: 993–1007. https://doi.org/10.12705/635.635.3</p>
<p>Sanmee, R., Lumyong, S., Dell, B. & Lumyong, P. (2007) First record of <em>Tricholoma fulvocastaneum</em> from Thailand. <em>Mycoscience</em> 48 (2): 131–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-006-0341-5</p>
<p>Scheffel, R.L. & Wernet, S.J. (1980) <em>Natural Wonders of the World</em>. Reader’s Digest Association, United States of America, 378 pp.</p>
<p>Smith, S.E., Read, D.J. (2008) <em>Mycorrhizal symbiosis</em>. Academic Press (Elsevier), London, pp. 117–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012370526-6.50006-4</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. <em>Bioinformatics</em> (9): 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033</p>
<p>Trudell, S.A., Xu, J., Justo, A., Saaret, I., Justo, A. & Cifuentesal, J. (2017) North American matsutake: Names clarified and a new species described. <em>Mycologia</em> 109 (3): 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1326780</p>
<p>Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several <em>Cryptococcus</em> species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology</em> 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics.<em> In: PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. </em>Academic Press, New York, USA, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Xu, X., Cui, Y.Y. & Yang, Z.L. (2020) Two new species of <em>Tricholoma</em> sect. <em>genuina</em> (agaricales) from China. <em>Phytotaxa </em>443 (2): 155–166. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.443.2.3</p>
<p>Yang, Z.L., Ding, X.X., Kost, G. & Rexer, K.H. (2017) New species in the <em>Tricholoma pardinum</em> complex from Eastern Himalaya. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 305: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.305.1.1</p>
<p>Yao, F.l., Ma, C.M., Zhu, C. & Yang, H.J. (2021) Relationship between surface pollen and vegetation on the northern slope of West Tianshan Mountains, China. <em>Acta Palaeontologica Sinica</em> 60 (3): 471–482. https://doi.org/10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2020064</p>
<p>Yu, F.Q., Wang, Y. & Liu, P.G. (2006) <em>Tricholoma lavendulophyllum</em>, a new species from Yunnan, China. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 95: 305–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2007.07.002</p>
<p>Zhao, Z.Y. & Chen, M. (2013) Xinjiang Wild Mushrooms. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing 198 pp.</p>
<p>Braaten, C.C., Matheny, P.B., Viess, D.L., Wood, M.G., Williams, J.H. & Bougher, N.L. (2014) Two new species of <em>Inocybe</em> from Australia and North America that include novel secotioid forms. <em>Botany</em> 92 (1): 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0195</p>
<p>Chapela, I.H. & Garbelotto, M. (2004) Phylogeography and evolution in matsutake and close allies inferred by analyses of its sequences and AFLPs. <em>Mycologia</em> 96 (4): 730–741. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2005.11832921</p>
<p>Christensen, M. & Heilmann-Clausen, J. (2013) <em>The genus Tricholoma–Fungi of Northern Europe</em>, vol. 4. Svampetryk, Denmark, 228 pp.</p>
<p>Deng, H., Yao, Y.J. & Pegler, D.N. (2004) An annotated checklist of <em>Tricholoma </em>from China. <em>Journal of Fungal Research</em> 2: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3847.3.2</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analyses program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95–98.</p>
<p>Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, M., Frøslev, T.G. & Kjøller, R. (2017) Taxonomy of <em>Tricholoma</em> in northern Europe based on ITS sequence data and morphological characters.<em> Persoonia </em>38: 38–57. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158517X693174</p>
<p>Hosen, M.I., Li, T.H., Li, T., Zhong, X.J. & Chen, Y. (2016) <em>Tricholoma sinoacerbum</em>, a bitter species from Guangdong Province of China. <em>Mycoscience</em> 57: 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2016.02.002</p>
<p>Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice Across a Large Model Space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61 (3): 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Hur, T.C., Ka, K.H., Joo, S.H. & Terashita, T. (2001) Characteristics of the amylase and its related enzymes produced by ectomycorrhizal fungus <em>Tricholoma matsutake</em>. <em>Mycobiology</em> 29 (4): 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2001.12015785</p>
<p>Intini, M., Dogan, H.H. & Riva, A. (2003) <em>Tricholoma anatolicum spec. nov.</em>: a new member of the matsutake group. <em>Micologia e Vegetatione Mediterranea</em> 18: 135–142.</p>
<p>Jabeen, S. & Khalid, A.N. (2020) <em>Pseudosperma flavorimosum sp</em>. <em>nov</em>. from Pakistan. <em>Mycotaxon </em>135 (1): 183–193. https://doi.org/10.5248/135.183</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 30: 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010</p>
<p>Kikuchi, K., Matsushita, N. & Suzuki, K. (2007) Discrimination of <em>Tricholoma</em> species by species-specific ITS primers. <em>Mycoscience </em>48 (5): 316–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-007-0368-2</p>
<p>Kikuchi, K., Matsushita, N., Guerin-Laguette, A., Ohta, A. & Suzuki, K. (2000) Detection of <em>Tricholoma matsutake</em> by specific ITS primers. <em>Mycological Research</em> 104 (12): 1427–1430. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953756200002653</p>
<p>Kytvuori, I. (1988) The <em>Tricholoma caligatum</em> group in Europe and North Africa. <em>Karstenia</em> 28 (2): 65–77. https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.1988.266</p>
<p>Leake, J.R., McKendrick, S.L., Bidartondo, M, Read, D.J. (2004) Symbiotic germination and development of the myco-heterotroph Monotropa hypopitys in nature and its requirement for locally distributed <em>Tricholoma</em> spp. <em>New Phytologist </em>163 (2): 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01115.x</p>
<p>Mao, X.L. (1998) <em>Economic Fungi in China</em>. Science Press, Beijing, 762 pp.</p>
<p>Mao, X.L. (2000)<em> The Macrofungi in China</em>. Henan Science and Technology Press, Zhengzhou, 719 pp.</p>
<p>Mao, X.L. & Wen, H.A. (1985) <em>Investigation of Thomur Peak area of Tianshan Mountains: Fungi in Thomur Peak area of Tianshan Mountains. </em>Xinjiang People’s Publishing House, Xinjiang, pp. 268–327.</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W.T. & Schwartz, T. (2010) <em>Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for Inference of Large Phylogenetic Trees</em>. Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), New Orleans, LA, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</p>
<p>Munsell, O. (2009) <em>Munsell Soil Color Charts</em>. Munsell Color Company, Inc, Baltimore, Maryland.</p>
<p>Murata, H., Ota, Y., Yamaguchi, M., Yamada, A., Katahata, S., Otsuka, Y., Babasaki, K. & Neda, H. (2013) Mobile DNA distributions refine the phylogeny “matsutake” mushrooms, <em>Tricholoma</em> sect. <em>Caligata</em>. <em>Mycorrhiza</em> 23 (6): 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-013-0487-x</p>
<p>Nylander, J. (2004) MrModeltest 2.2. Computer software distributed by the University of Uppsala.</p>
<p>Osmundson, T.W., Robert, V.A., Schoch, C.L., Baker, L.J., Smith, A., Robich, G., Mizzan, L. & Garbelotto, M.M. (2013) Filling Gaps in Biodiversity Knowledge for Macrofungi: Contributions and Assessment of an Herbarium Collection DNA Barcode Sequencing Project. <em>PLoS ONE</em> 8 (4): e62419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062419</p>
<p>Ota, Y., Yamanaka, T., Murata, H., Neda, H., Ohta, A., Kawai, M., Yamada, A., Konno, M. & Tanaka, C. (2012) Phylogenetic relationship and species delimitation of matsutake and allied species based on multilocus phylogeny and haplotype analyses. <em>Mycologia</em> 104: 1369–1380. https://doi.org/10.3852/12-068</p>
<p>Ovrebo, C.L., Hughes, K.W. & Halling, R.E. (2019) Three new species of <em>Tricholoma</em> from Costa Rica. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 392: 33–44. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.392.1.3</p>
<p>Pancorbo, F., Ribes, M.A., Esteve-Raventós, F., Hernanz, J., Olariaga, I., Daniëls, P.P., Hereza, A., Sánchez, S., Mateo, J.F. & Serrano, F. (2017) Contribución al conocimiento de la biodiversidad fúngica del Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido II. <em>Pirineos</em> 172: e032. https://doi.org/10.3989/pirineos.2017.172007</p>
<p>Reschke, K., Popa, F., Yang, Z.L. & Kost, G. (2018) Diversity and taxonomy of <em>Tricholoma</em> species from Yunnan, China, and notes on species from Europe and North America. <em>Mycologia</em> 110: 1081–1109. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2018.1512295</p>
<p>Sánchez-García, M., Matheny, P.B., Palfner, G. & Lodge, D.J. (2014) Deconstructing the Tricholomataceae (Agaricales) and introduction of the new genera <em>Albomagister, Corneriella, Pogonoloma and Pseudotricholoma</em>. <em>Taxon</em> 63: 993–1007. https://doi.org/10.12705/635.635.3</p>
<p>Sanmee, R., Lumyong, S., Dell, B. & Lumyong, P. (2007) First record of <em>Tricholoma fulvocastaneum</em> from Thailand. <em>Mycoscience</em> 48 (2): 131–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-006-0341-5</p>
<p>Scheffel, R.L. & Wernet, S.J. (1980) <em>Natural Wonders of the World</em>. Reader’s Digest Association, United States of America, 378 pp.</p>
<p>Smith, S.E., Read, D.J. (2008) <em>Mycorrhizal symbiosis</em>. Academic Press (Elsevier), London, pp. 117–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012370526-6.50006-4</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. <em>Bioinformatics</em> (9): 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033</p>
<p>Trudell, S.A., Xu, J., Justo, A., Saaret, I., Justo, A. & Cifuentesal, J. (2017) North American matsutake: Names clarified and a new species described. <em>Mycologia</em> 109 (3): 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1326780</p>
<p>Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several <em>Cryptococcus</em> species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology</em> 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics.<em> In: PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. </em>Academic Press, New York, USA, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Xu, X., Cui, Y.Y. & Yang, Z.L. (2020) Two new species of <em>Tricholoma</em> sect. <em>genuina</em> (agaricales) from China. <em>Phytotaxa </em>443 (2): 155–166. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.443.2.3</p>
<p>Yang, Z.L., Ding, X.X., Kost, G. & Rexer, K.H. (2017) New species in the <em>Tricholoma pardinum</em> complex from Eastern Himalaya. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 305: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.305.1.1</p>
<p>Yao, F.l., Ma, C.M., Zhu, C. & Yang, H.J. (2021) Relationship between surface pollen and vegetation on the northern slope of West Tianshan Mountains, China. <em>Acta Palaeontologica Sinica</em> 60 (3): 471–482. https://doi.org/10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2020064</p>
<p>Yu, F.Q., Wang, Y. & Liu, P.G. (2006) <em>Tricholoma lavendulophyllum</em>, a new species from Yunnan, China. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 95: 305–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2007.07.002</p>
<p>Zhao, Z.Y. & Chen, M. (2013) Xinjiang Wild Mushrooms. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing 198 pp.</p>