Abstract
There are four species of Artemisia known in Ethiopia, namely A. schimperi (endemic), A. abyssinica, A. afra and A. absinthium (syn. A. rehan). All these species occurred naturally except A. absinthium, which usually grows in private gardens. The main objective of this study was to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny to determine phylogenetic positions of Ethiopian Artemisia species using the external and internal transcribed spacers (ETS, ITS). A total of 57 sequences (nine new and 48 retrieved from GenBank) were used in maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses. The Ethiopian Artemisia species were recovered in three clades corresponding to subgenera (Artemisia, Absinthium and Pacifica). The sequences of Ethiopian A. absinthium (previously known as A. rehan) grouped with A. judaica and are distantly related to the European A. absinthium. Artemisia abyssinica and A. schimperi have affinities to A. subg. Pacifica with adaptations to a relatively cool and dry subalpine tropical climate.
References
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Ling, Y.R. (1994) The genera Artemisia L. and Seriphidium (Bess.) Poljak. in the world. Compositae Newsletter 25: 39–45.
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Nguyen, H.T., Inotai, K., Radácsi, P., Tavaszi-Sárosi, S., Ladányi, M. & Zámboriné-Németh, É. (2017) Morphological, phytochemical and molecular characterization of intraspecific variability of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.). Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 90: 238–245. https://dio.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2017.090.030
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Abegaz, B. & Yohannes, P.G. (1982) Constituents of the essential oil of Artemisia rehan. Phytochemistry 21: 1791–1793. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(82)85065-6
Asfaw, N. & Demissew, S. (2015) Essential Oil Composition of Four Artemisia species from Ethiopia. Bulletin of Chemical Society of Ethiopia 29 (1): 123–128. https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v29i1.11
Baldwin, B.G. & Markos, S. (1998) Phylogenetic utility of the External Transcribed Spacer (ETS) of 18S–26S rDNA: Congruence of ETS and ITS trees of Calycadenia (Compositae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 10: 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1998.0545
Basta, A., Tzakou, O., Couladis, M. & Pavlovic, M. (2007) Chemical Composition of A. absinthium L. from Greece. Journal of Essential Oil Research 19: 316–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2007.9699291
Bremer, K. & Humphries, C.J. (1993) Generic Monograph of the Asteraceae-Anthemideae. Bulletin of Natural History Museum of London (Botany series) 23: 71–177.
Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) “jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing”. Nature Methods 9 (8): 772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109
Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput, Nucleic Acids Research 32 (5): 1792–1797. https://dio.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340
El-Moslimany, A.P. (1990) Ecological significance of common non arboreal pollen: examples from dry lands of the Middle East. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 64: 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(90)90150-H
Francisco-Ortega, J., Barber, J.C., Santos-Guerra, A., Febles-Hernandez, R. & Jansen, R.K. (2001) Origin and evolution of the endemic genera of Gonosperminae (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) from the Canary Islands: evidence from nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. American Journal of Botany 88 (1): 161–169. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657136
Garcia, S., Garnatje, T., Hidalgo, O., McArthur, E.D., Siljak-Yakovlev, S. & Vallès, J. (2007) Extensive ribosomal DNA (18S5.8S-26S and 5S) co-localization in the North American endemic sagebrushes (subgenus Tridentatae, Artemisia, Asteraceae) revealed by FISH. Plant Systematics and Evolution 267: 79–92.
Garcia, S., Macarthur, E.D, Pellicer, J., Sanderson, S.C., Vallès, J. & Garnatje, T. (2011) A molecular phylogenetic approach to Western North America endemic Artemisia and allies (Asteraceae): Untangling the sagebrushes. American Journal of Botany 98: 638–653. https://dio.org.10.3732/ajb.1000386
Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J., Kallersjö, M., Oxelmann, B., Ramirez, M. & Suzumik, C. (2003) Improvements to resampling measures of group support. Cladistics 19: 324–332. https://dio.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.tb00376.x
Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S. & Nixon, K.C. (2008) TNT a free program of phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24: 774–786. https://dio.org/10.1111/j.2008.00217.x
Guindon, S., Dufayared, J.F., Lefort, V., Anisimova, M., Hordijk, W. & Gascuel, O. (2010) New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML3.0. Systematic Biology 59: 307–321.
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows95/98//NT. Nucleic acids symposium series 41: 95–98.
Hayat, M.Q., Ashraf, M., Khan, M.A., Yasmin, G., Shaheen, N. & Jabeen, S. (2009a) Diversity of foliar trichomes and their systematic implications in the genus Artemisia (Asteraceae). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 11: 542–546.
Hayat, M.Q., Khan, M.A., Ashraf, M. & Jabeen, S. (2009b) Ethnobotany of the genus Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) in Pakistan. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 7: 147–162.
Hobbs, C.R. & Baldwin, B.G. (2013) Asian origin and upslope migration of Hawaiian Artemisia (Compositae-Anthemideae). Jornal of Biogeography 40 (3): 442–454. https://doi.org./10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.062
Hussain, A., Potter, D., Kim, S., Muhammad, Q., Hayat, M.Q. & Bokhari, S.A.I. (2019) Molecular phylogeny of Artemisia (Asteraceae-Anthemideae) with emphasis on undescribed taxa from Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan) based on nrDNA (ITS and ETS) and cpDNA (psbA-trnH) sequences. Plant Ecology and Evolution 152 (3): 507–520. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2019.1583
Kornkven, A.B., Watson, L.E. & Estes, J.R. (1999) A molecular phylogeny of Artemisia section Tridentatae (Asteraceae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. Systematic Botany 24 (1): 69–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419387
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35: 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
Lachenmeier, D.W. (2010) Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) A curious plant with both neurotoxic and neuroprotective properties? Journal of Ethnopharmacology 131: 224–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.062
Ling, Y.R. (1994) The genera Artemisia L. and Seriphidium (Bess.) Poljak. in the world. Compositae Newsletter 25: 39–45.
Magdy, M.Y., Ahmed, A.M. & Yasair, S.S. (2015) Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activities of Artemisia abyssinica Extracts and DNA Degradation Effects. Asian Journal of Biochemistry 10 (1): 31–41. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajb.2015.31.41
Malik, S., Vitales, D., Hayat, M.Q., Korobkov, A.A., Garnatje, T. & Vallès, J. (2017) Phylogeny and biogeography of Artemisia subgenus Seriphidium (Asteraceae; Anthemideae). Taxon 66 (4): 934–952. http://doi.org/10.12705/664.8
Markos, S. & Baldwin, B.G. (2001) Higher-level relationships and major lineages of Lessingia (Compositae, Astereae) based on nuclear rDNA internal and external transcribed spacer (ITS and ETS) sequences. Systematic Botany 26: 168–183.
Masuda, Y., Yukawa, T. & Kondo, K. (2009) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of members of Chrysanthemum and its related genera in the tribe Anthemideae, the Asteraceae in East Asia on the basis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the external transcribed spacer (ETS) region of nrDNA. Chromosome Botany 4: 25–36. https://doi.org/10.3199/iscb.4.25
Mekonnen, M., Manahile, B. & Mengesha, B. (2015) “Screening of Botanical Extract for the Control of Artemisia rehan (Artemisia absinthium) Aphid (Coloradoa absinthii Li) in green house and field condition”. Africa Journal of Crop Science 3 (7): 196–200.
Mohammadi, A., Sani, T., Ameri, A., Imani, M., Golmakani, E. & Kamali, H. (2015) Seasonal variation in the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Artemisia absinthium essential oils. Pharmacognosy Research 7 (4): 329–334. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.158441
Mukul, C. (2013) Chemical Investigations of the Essential Oils of Some Artemisia Species of Ethiopia. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry 6 (4): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.9790/5736-0640107
Mulatu, A. & Mekonnen, Y. (2007) Spasmolytic effects of Artemisia afra and Artemisia rehan in tissue preparations. Ethiopia Medical Journal 45 (4): 371–376.
Nguyen, H.T., Inotai, K., Radácsi, P., Tavaszi-Sárosi, S., Ladányi, M. & Zámboriné-Németh, É. (2017) Morphological, phytochemical and molecular characterization of intraspecific variability of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.). Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 90: 238–245. https://dio.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2017.090.030
Oberpreiler, C., Vogt, R. & Watson, L. (2003) Tribe Anthemideae. In: Kadereit, J. & Jeffrey, C. (eds.) Families and Genera of Vascular plants, vol. 8. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 342–374.
Pellicer, J., Garcia, S., Canela, M.A., Garnatje, T., Korobkov, A.A., Twibell, J.D. & Vallès, J. (2010) Genome size dynamics in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae): following the track of polyploidy. Plant Biology 12 (5): 820–830. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00268.x
Pellicer, J., Garnatje, T. & Vallès, J. (2011) Artemisia (Asteraceae): Understanding its evolution using cytogenetic and molecular systematic tools, with emphasis on subgenus Dracunculus. Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences: 199–222. [ISBN: 978-81-7895-528-5]
Pellicer, J., Hidalgo, O., Garnatje, T., Kondo, K. & Vallès, J. (2014) Life cycle versus systematic placement: Phylogenetic and cytogenetic studies in annual Artemisia (Asteraceae, Anthemideae). Turkish Journal of Botany 38: 1112–1122. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1404-102
Sanz, M., Schneeweiss, G., Vilatersana, R. & Vallès, J. (2011) Temporal origins and diversification of Artemisia and allies (Anthemideae, Asteraceae). Collectanea Botanica (Barcelona) 30: 7–15. https://doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2011.v30.001
Sanz, M., Vilatersana, R., Hidalgo, O., Garcia-Jacas, N., Susanna, A., Schneeweiss, G.M. & Vallès, J. (2008) Molecular phylogeny and evolution of floral characters of Artemisia and allies (Anthemideae, Asteraceae): evidence from nrDNA ETS and ITS sequence. Taxon 57: 66–78.
Sarikhan, S., Aryakia, E., Azarbaijani, R., Dolatyari, A., Mousavi, S.H., Ramezani, H., Parsa Y., L., Shahzadeh, F.S.A., Naghavi, M.R. & Hosseini, S.G. (2012) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) in Iran based on nrDNA ITS and ETS sequences. Unpublished.
Tadesse, M. (2004) Asteraceae (Compositae). In: Hedberg, I., Friis, I. & Edwards, S. (Eds.) Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea, vol. 4 (2). The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia & Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 221–224.
Tkach, N.V., Hoffmann, M.H., Röser, M. & Hagen, K.B. von (2008) Temporal patterns of evolution in the Arctic explored in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) linage of different age. Plant Ecology and Diversity 1: 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550802331912
Torrell, M., Garcia-Jacas, N., Susanna, A. & Vallès, J. (1999) Phylogeny in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal (ITS) sequences. Taxon 48 (4): 721–736. https://doi.org/10.2307/1223643
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