Abstract
Unequivocal communication of knowledge about organisms requires unequivocal names by which to refer to them. When the same name is used to refer to very distinct groups of organisms, misunderstanding and problems are certain to follow. In this work we discuss the complicated issues linked to the use of the name Stellaria to refer to species of Callitriche and make the necessary clarifications and amendments. Furthermore, the Linnéan name C. palustris var. bifida is lectotypified and its identity is discussed, and nomenclatural aspects pertaining to the name C. aquatica are also discussed.
References
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<p>MacMillan, C. (1892) <em>The Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley</em>. Harrison & Smith, Minneapolis, 826 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.33633</p>
<p>Mason, R. (1959) <em>Callitriche</em> in New Zealand and Australia. <em>Australian Journal of Botany</em> 7: 295–327. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9590295</p>
<p>Morong, T. (1894) Callitrichaceæ. <em>In</em>: Committee of the Botanical Club (Eds.) List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing without cultivation in northeastern North America. <em>Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club</em> 5: 215.</p>
<p>Persoon, C.H. (1805) <em>Synopsis Plantarum</em>, vol. 1. C.F. Cramer, Paris, 546 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.638</p>
<p>van Royen, A. (1740) <em>Florae Leydensis Prodromus</em>. S. Luchtmans, Leiden, 538 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.693</p>
<p>Schotsman, H.D. (1954) A taxonomic spectrum of the section Eu-Callitriche in the Netherlands. <em>Acta Botanica Neerlandica</em> 3: 313–384 + 16 plates. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1954.tb00299.x</p>
<p>Schotsman, H.D. (1967) Les Callitriches. <em>In</em>: Jovet, P. (Ed.) <em>Flore de France</em>, vol. 1. P. Lechevalier, Paris, 152 pp.</p>
<p>Scopoli, J.A. (1772) <em>Flora Carniolica</em>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. J.P. Krauss, Vienna, 496 pp.</p>
<p>Séguier, J.-F. (1754) <em>Plantae Veronenses</em>, vol. 3. A. Andreoni, Verona, 312 pp.</p>
<p>Sosef, M.S.M., Degreef, J., Engledow, H. & Meerts, P. (2020) <em>Botanical Classification and Nomenclature: an Introduction</em>. Plantentuin Meise, Meise, 72 pp. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3706707</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2022) <em>Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih (accessed 4 February 2020)</p>
<p>Tikhomirov, V.N. (2016) (2427) Proposal to conserve the name <em>Stellaria</em> (Caryophyllaceae) with a conserved type. <em>Taxon</em> 65: 389–390. https://doi.org/10.12705/652.21</p>
<p>Tropicos.org (2022) *<em>Callitriche autumnalis</em> L. Available from: https://tropicos.org/name/5200023 (accessed 15 March 2022).</p>
<p>Turland, N.J. (2019) <em>The Code Decoded</em>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. Pensoft, Sofia, 196 pp.</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017</em>. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/code.2018</p>
<p>Vaillant, S. (1727) <em>Botanicon Parisiense</em>. J. & H. Verbeek, & B. Lakeman, Leiden & Amsterdam, 205 pp., 33 plates. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.738</p>
<p>Wägele, H., Klussmann-Kolb, A., Kuhlmann, M., Haszprunar, G., Lindberg, D., Koch, A. & Wägele, J.W. (2011) The taxonomist - an endangered race. A practical proposal for its survival. <em>Frontiers in Zoology</em> 8: 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-8-25</p>
<p>Wiggers, F.H. (1780) <em>Primitiae Florae Holsaticae</em>. M.F. Bartsch, Kiel, 114 pp.</p>
<p>Bauhin, G. (1623) <em>Πιναξ Theatri Botanici</em>. L. Regis, Basel, 522 pp.</p>
<p>Colonna, F. (1616) <em>Minvs Cognitarvm Rariorvmqve Nostro Cœlo Orientivm Stirpivm Εκφρασις</em>. J. Mascardum, Rome, 340 pp.</p>
<p>Fassett, N.C. (1951) <em>Callitriche</em> in the New World. <em>Rhodora</em> 53: 137–155, 161–182, 185–194, 209–222, plates 1167–1175.</p>
<p>von Haller, A. (1742) <em>Enumeratio Methodica Stirpium Helvetiae Indigenarum</em>, vol. 1. A. Vandenhoek, Göttingen, 424 pp.</p>
<p>Hassemer, G. & Lansdown, R.V. (2021) (2830) Proposal to reject the name <em>Stellaria intermedia</em> (Plantaginaceae). <em>Taxon</em> 70: 904–905. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12551</p>
<p>Hoffmann, G.F. (1791) <em>Deutschlands Flora</em>. J.J. Palm, Erlangen, 362 pp.</p>
<p>Hudson, W. (1778) <em>Flora Anglica</em>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., vol. 2. Printed by the author, London, 355 pp. [pp. 335–690].</p>
<p>IPNI [International Plant Names Index] (2022a) <em>Callitriche autumnalis</em> L., Fl. Suec., ed. 2 (Linnaeus) 2 (1755), nom. illeg. Available from: https://www.ipni.org/n/42486-2 (accessed 15 March 2022).</p>
<p>IPNI [International Plant Names Index] (2022b) <em>Stellaria verna</em> (L.) MacMill., Metasp. Minnesota Valley 345 (1892). Available from: https://www.ipni.org/n/244297-2 (accessed 15 March 2022).</p>
<p>Jarvis, C. (2007) <em>Order out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types</em>. The Linnean Society of London, London, 1016 pp.</p>
<p>Kuntze, C.E.O. (1891) <em>Revisio Generum Plantarum</em>, vol. 1. A. Felix, Leipzig, 374 pp.</p>
<p>Kuntze, C.E.O. (1898) <em>Revisio Generum Plantarum</em>, vol. 3 (3). A. Felix, Leipzig, 576 pp.</p>
<p>Lansdown, R.V. (2006a) The genus <em>Callitriche </em>(Callitrichaceae) in Asia. <em>Novon </em>16: 354–361. https://doi.org/10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[354:TGCCIA]2.0.CO;2</p>
<p>Lansdown, R.V. (2006b) Notes on the water-starworts (<em>Callitriche</em>) recorded in Europe. <em>Watsonia </em>26: 105–120.</p>
<p>Lansdown, R.V. (2008) <em>Water starworts of Europe</em>. BSBI Handbook No. 11. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London, 180 pp.</p>
<p>Lansdown, R.V. (2009) Nomenclatural notes on <em>Callitriche</em> (Callitrichaceae) in North America. <em>Novon</em> 19: 364–369. https://doi.org/10.3417/2008030</p>
<p>Lansdown, R.V. & Hassemer, G. (2021) The genus <em>Callitriche</em> (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 501: 85–118. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3</p>
<p>Lansdown, R.V. & Jarvis, C.E. (2004) Linnaean names in <em>Callitriche</em> L. (Callitrichaceae) and their typification. <em>Taxon</em> 53: 169–172. https://doi.org/10.2307/4135506</p>
<p>von Linné, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em>, vols. 1–2. L. Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669</p>
<p>von Linné, C. (1755a) <em>Centuria Plantarum</em>, vol. 1. L.M. Höjer, Uppsala, 35 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51985</p>
<p>von Linné, C. (1755b) <em>Flora Suecica</em>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. L. Salvius, Stockholm, 464 pp.</p>
<p>Loesel, J. (1703) <em>Flora Prussica</em>. Typographia Georgiana, Königsberg, 294 pp.</p>
<p>MacMillan, C. (1892) <em>The Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley</em>. Harrison & Smith, Minneapolis, 826 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.33633</p>
<p>Mason, R. (1959) <em>Callitriche</em> in New Zealand and Australia. <em>Australian Journal of Botany</em> 7: 295–327. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9590295</p>
<p>Morong, T. (1894) Callitrichaceæ. <em>In</em>: Committee of the Botanical Club (Eds.) List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing without cultivation in northeastern North America. <em>Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club</em> 5: 215.</p>
<p>Persoon, C.H. (1805) <em>Synopsis Plantarum</em>, vol. 1. C.F. Cramer, Paris, 546 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.638</p>
<p>van Royen, A. (1740) <em>Florae Leydensis Prodromus</em>. S. Luchtmans, Leiden, 538 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.693</p>
<p>Schotsman, H.D. (1954) A taxonomic spectrum of the section Eu-Callitriche in the Netherlands. <em>Acta Botanica Neerlandica</em> 3: 313–384 + 16 plates. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1954.tb00299.x</p>
<p>Schotsman, H.D. (1967) Les Callitriches. <em>In</em>: Jovet, P. (Ed.) <em>Flore de France</em>, vol. 1. P. Lechevalier, Paris, 152 pp.</p>
<p>Scopoli, J.A. (1772) <em>Flora Carniolica</em>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. J.P. Krauss, Vienna, 496 pp.</p>
<p>Séguier, J.-F. (1754) <em>Plantae Veronenses</em>, vol. 3. A. Andreoni, Verona, 312 pp.</p>
<p>Sosef, M.S.M., Degreef, J., Engledow, H. & Meerts, P. (2020) <em>Botanical Classification and Nomenclature: an Introduction</em>. Plantentuin Meise, Meise, 72 pp. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3706707</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2022) <em>Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih (accessed 4 February 2020)</p>
<p>Tikhomirov, V.N. (2016) (2427) Proposal to conserve the name <em>Stellaria</em> (Caryophyllaceae) with a conserved type. <em>Taxon</em> 65: 389–390. https://doi.org/10.12705/652.21</p>
<p>Tropicos.org (2022) *<em>Callitriche autumnalis</em> L. Available from: https://tropicos.org/name/5200023 (accessed 15 March 2022).</p>
<p>Turland, N.J. (2019) <em>The Code Decoded</em>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. Pensoft, Sofia, 196 pp.</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017</em>. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/code.2018</p>
<p>Vaillant, S. (1727) <em>Botanicon Parisiense</em>. J. & H. Verbeek, & B. Lakeman, Leiden & Amsterdam, 205 pp., 33 plates. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.738</p>
<p>Wägele, H., Klussmann-Kolb, A., Kuhlmann, M., Haszprunar, G., Lindberg, D., Koch, A. & Wägele, J.W. (2011) The taxonomist - an endangered race. A practical proposal for its survival. <em>Frontiers in Zoology</em> 8: 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-8-25</p>
<p>Wiggers, F.H. (1780) <em>Primitiae Florae Holsaticae</em>. M.F. Bartsch, Kiel, 114 pp.</p>