Abstract
Unequivocal communication of knowledge about organisms requires unequivocal names by which to refer to them. When the same name is used to refer to very distinct groups of organisms, misunderstanding and problems are certain to follow. In this work we discuss the complicated issues linked to the use of the name Stellaria to refer to species of Callitriche and make the necessary clarifications and amendments. Furthermore, the Linnéan name C. palustris var. bifida is lectotypified and its identity is discussed, and nomenclatural aspects pertaining to the name C. aquatica are also discussed.
References
Agnarsson, I. & Kuntner, M. (2007) Taxonomy in a changing world: seeking solutions for a science in crisis. Systematic Biology 56: 531–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701424546
Bauhin, G. (1623) ????? Theatri Botanici. L. Regis, Basel, 522 pp.
Colonna, F. (1616) Minvs Cognitarvm Rariorvmqve Nostro Cœlo Orientivm Stirpivm ????????. J. Mascardum, Rome, 340 pp.
Fassett, N.C. (1951) Callitriche in the New World. Rhodora 53: 137–155, 161–182, 185–194, 209–222, plates 1167–1175.
von Haller, A. (1742) Enumeratio Methodica Stirpium Helvetiae Indigenarum, vol. 1. A. Vandenhoek, Göttingen, 424 pp.
Hassemer, G. & Lansdown, R.V. (2021) (2830) Proposal to reject the name Stellaria intermedia (Plantaginaceae). Taxon 70: 904–905. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12551
Hoffmann, G.F. (1791) Deutschlands Flora. J.J. Palm, Erlangen, 362 pp.
Hudson, W. (1778) Flora Anglica, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., vol. 2. Printed by the author, London, 355 pp. [pp. 335–690].
IPNI [International Plant Names Index] (2022a) Callitriche autumnalis L., Fl. Suec., ed. 2 (Linnaeus) 2 (1755), nom. illeg. Available from: https://www.ipni.org/n/42486-2 (accessed 15 March 2022).
IPNI [International Plant Names Index] (2022b) Stellaria verna (L.) MacMill., Metasp. Minnesota Valley 345 (1892). Available from: https://www.ipni.org/n/244297-2 (accessed 15 March 2022).
Jarvis, C. (2007) Order out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types. The Linnean Society of London, London, 1016 pp.
Kuntze, C.E.O. (1891) Revisio Generum Plantarum, vol. 1. A. Felix, Leipzig, 374 pp.
Kuntze, C.E.O. (1898) Revisio Generum Plantarum, vol. 3 (3). A. Felix, Leipzig, 576 pp.
Lansdown, R.V. (2006a) The genus Callitriche (Callitrichaceae) in Asia. Novon 16: 354–361. https://doi.org/10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[354:TGCCIA]2.0.CO;2
Lansdown, R.V. (2006b) Notes on the water-starworts (Callitriche) recorded in Europe. Watsonia 26: 105–120.
Lansdown, R.V. (2008) Water starworts of Europe. BSBI Handbook No. 11. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London, 180 pp.
Lansdown, R.V. (2009) Nomenclatural notes on Callitriche (Callitrichaceae) in North America. Novon 19: 364–369. https://doi.org/10.3417/2008030
Lansdown, R.V. & Hassemer, G. (2021) The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America. Phytotaxa 501: 85–118. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3
Lansdown, R.V. & Jarvis, C.E. (2004) Linnaean names in Callitriche L. (Callitrichaceae) and their typification. Taxon 53: 169–172. https://doi.org/10.2307/4135506
von Linné, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, vols. 1–2. L. Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669
von Linné, C. (1755a) Centuria Plantarum, vol. 1. L.M. Höjer, Uppsala, 35 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51985
von Linné, C. (1755b) Flora Suecica, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. L. Salvius, Stockholm, 464 pp.
Loesel, J. (1703) Flora Prussica. Typographia Georgiana, Königsberg, 294 pp.
MacMillan, C. (1892) The Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley. Harrison & Smith, Minneapolis, 826 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.33633
Mason, R. (1959) Callitriche in New Zealand and Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 7: 295–327. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9590295
Morong, T. (1894) Callitrichaceæ. In: Committee of the Botanical Club (Eds.) List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing without cultivation in northeastern North America. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5: 215.
Persoon, C.H. (1805) Synopsis Plantarum, vol. 1. C.F. Cramer, Paris, 546 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.638
van Royen, A. (1740) Florae Leydensis Prodromus. S. Luchtmans, Leiden, 538 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.693
Schotsman, H.D. (1954) A taxonomic spectrum of the section Eu-Callitriche in the Netherlands. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 3: 313–384 + 16 plates. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1954.tb00299.x
Schotsman, H.D. (1967) Les Callitriches. In: Jovet, P. (Ed.) Flore de France, vol. 1. P. Lechevalier, Paris, 152 pp.
Scopoli, J.A. (1772) Flora Carniolica, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. J.P. Krauss, Vienna, 496 pp.
Séguier, J.-F. (1754) Plantae Veronenses, vol. 3. A. Andreoni, Verona, 312 pp.
Sosef, M.S.M., Degreef, J., Engledow, H. & Meerts, P. (2020) Botanical Classification and Nomenclature: an Introduction. Plantentuin Meise, Meise, 72 pp. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3706707
Thiers, B. (2022) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih (accessed 4 February 2020)
Tikhomirov, V.N. (2016) (2427) Proposal to conserve the name Stellaria (Caryophyllaceae) with a conserved type. Taxon 65: 389–390. https://doi.org/10.12705/652.21
Tropicos.org (2022) *Callitriche autumnalis L. Available from: https://tropicos.org/name/5200023 (accessed 15 March 2022).
Turland, N.J. (2019) The Code Decoded, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. Pensoft, Sofia, 196 pp.
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/code.2018
Vaillant, S. (1727) Botanicon Parisiense. J. & H. Verbeek, & B. Lakeman, Leiden & Amsterdam, 205 pp., 33 plates. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.738
Wägele, H., Klussmann-Kolb, A., Kuhlmann, M., Haszprunar, G., Lindberg, D., Koch, A. & Wägele, J.W. (2011) The taxonomist - an endangered race. A practical proposal for its survival. Frontiers in Zoology 8: 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-8-25
Wiggers, F.H. (1780) Primitiae Florae Holsaticae. M.F. Bartsch, Kiel, 114 pp.
Bauhin, G. (1623) ????? Theatri Botanici. L. Regis, Basel, 522 pp.
Colonna, F. (1616) Minvs Cognitarvm Rariorvmqve Nostro Cœlo Orientivm Stirpivm ????????. J. Mascardum, Rome, 340 pp.
Fassett, N.C. (1951) Callitriche in the New World. Rhodora 53: 137–155, 161–182, 185–194, 209–222, plates 1167–1175.
von Haller, A. (1742) Enumeratio Methodica Stirpium Helvetiae Indigenarum, vol. 1. A. Vandenhoek, Göttingen, 424 pp.
Hassemer, G. & Lansdown, R.V. (2021) (2830) Proposal to reject the name Stellaria intermedia (Plantaginaceae). Taxon 70: 904–905. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12551
Hoffmann, G.F. (1791) Deutschlands Flora. J.J. Palm, Erlangen, 362 pp.
Hudson, W. (1778) Flora Anglica, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., vol. 2. Printed by the author, London, 355 pp. [pp. 335–690].
IPNI [International Plant Names Index] (2022a) Callitriche autumnalis L., Fl. Suec., ed. 2 (Linnaeus) 2 (1755), nom. illeg. Available from: https://www.ipni.org/n/42486-2 (accessed 15 March 2022).
IPNI [International Plant Names Index] (2022b) Stellaria verna (L.) MacMill., Metasp. Minnesota Valley 345 (1892). Available from: https://www.ipni.org/n/244297-2 (accessed 15 March 2022).
Jarvis, C. (2007) Order out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types. The Linnean Society of London, London, 1016 pp.
Kuntze, C.E.O. (1891) Revisio Generum Plantarum, vol. 1. A. Felix, Leipzig, 374 pp.
Kuntze, C.E.O. (1898) Revisio Generum Plantarum, vol. 3 (3). A. Felix, Leipzig, 576 pp.
Lansdown, R.V. (2006a) The genus Callitriche (Callitrichaceae) in Asia. Novon 16: 354–361. https://doi.org/10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[354:TGCCIA]2.0.CO;2
Lansdown, R.V. (2006b) Notes on the water-starworts (Callitriche) recorded in Europe. Watsonia 26: 105–120.
Lansdown, R.V. (2008) Water starworts of Europe. BSBI Handbook No. 11. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London, 180 pp.
Lansdown, R.V. (2009) Nomenclatural notes on Callitriche (Callitrichaceae) in North America. Novon 19: 364–369. https://doi.org/10.3417/2008030
Lansdown, R.V. & Hassemer, G. (2021) The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) in South America. Phytotaxa 501: 85–118. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.3
Lansdown, R.V. & Jarvis, C.E. (2004) Linnaean names in Callitriche L. (Callitrichaceae) and their typification. Taxon 53: 169–172. https://doi.org/10.2307/4135506
von Linné, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, vols. 1–2. L. Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669
von Linné, C. (1755a) Centuria Plantarum, vol. 1. L.M. Höjer, Uppsala, 35 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51985
von Linné, C. (1755b) Flora Suecica, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. L. Salvius, Stockholm, 464 pp.
Loesel, J. (1703) Flora Prussica. Typographia Georgiana, Königsberg, 294 pp.
MacMillan, C. (1892) The Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley. Harrison & Smith, Minneapolis, 826 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.33633
Mason, R. (1959) Callitriche in New Zealand and Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 7: 295–327. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9590295
Morong, T. (1894) Callitrichaceæ. In: Committee of the Botanical Club (Eds.) List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing without cultivation in northeastern North America. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5: 215.
Persoon, C.H. (1805) Synopsis Plantarum, vol. 1. C.F. Cramer, Paris, 546 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.638
van Royen, A. (1740) Florae Leydensis Prodromus. S. Luchtmans, Leiden, 538 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.693
Schotsman, H.D. (1954) A taxonomic spectrum of the section Eu-Callitriche in the Netherlands. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 3: 313–384 + 16 plates. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1954.tb00299.x
Schotsman, H.D. (1967) Les Callitriches. In: Jovet, P. (Ed.) Flore de France, vol. 1. P. Lechevalier, Paris, 152 pp.
Scopoli, J.A. (1772) Flora Carniolica, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. J.P. Krauss, Vienna, 496 pp.
Séguier, J.-F. (1754) Plantae Veronenses, vol. 3. A. Andreoni, Verona, 312 pp.
Sosef, M.S.M., Degreef, J., Engledow, H. & Meerts, P. (2020) Botanical Classification and Nomenclature: an Introduction. Plantentuin Meise, Meise, 72 pp. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3706707
Thiers, B. (2022) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih (accessed 4 February 2020)
Tikhomirov, V.N. (2016) (2427) Proposal to conserve the name Stellaria (Caryophyllaceae) with a conserved type. Taxon 65: 389–390. https://doi.org/10.12705/652.21
Tropicos.org (2022) *Callitriche autumnalis L. Available from: https://tropicos.org/name/5200023 (accessed 15 March 2022).
Turland, N.J. (2019) The Code Decoded, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. Pensoft, Sofia, 196 pp.
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/code.2018
Vaillant, S. (1727) Botanicon Parisiense. J. & H. Verbeek, & B. Lakeman, Leiden & Amsterdam, 205 pp., 33 plates. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.738
Wägele, H., Klussmann-Kolb, A., Kuhlmann, M., Haszprunar, G., Lindberg, D., Koch, A. & Wägele, J.W. (2011) The taxonomist - an endangered race. A practical proposal for its survival. Frontiers in Zoology 8: 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-8-25
Wiggers, F.H. (1780) Primitiae Florae Holsaticae. M.F. Bartsch, Kiel, 114 pp.