Abstract
The Qinling Mountains are the geographic boundary between northern and southern China. In our current study, we investigated the biodiversity of macrofungi in the Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi and discovered a new species, Psilocybe ningshanensis.
The phylogenetic tree shows its position in a group composed by P. hopii and P. mescaleroensis. They differ in some macro- and microscopic features, such as the presence or absence of an annulus or veil, the surface characteristics of the pileus, and the sizes and shapes of basidiospores and cheilocystidia. In addition, they are geographically distanced. P. ningshanensis was first discovered in Ningshan, China, whereas P. hopii and P. mescaleroensis were both found in the United States. In this article, we introduce the new species with illustrated description, ITS sequences, and comparisons with similar species.
References
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<p>Li, Y.K., Yuan, Y. & Liang, J.F. (2014) Morphological and molecular evidence for a new species of <em>Psilocybe </em>from southern China. <em>Mycotaxon </em>129 (2): 215–222. https://doi.org/10.5248/129.215</p>
<p>Ma, T., Feng, Y., Lin, X.F., Karunarathna, S.C., Ding, W.F. & Hyde, K.D. (2014) <em>Psilocybe chuxiongensis</em>, a new bluing species from subtropical China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 156 (4): 211–220. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.156.4.3</p>
<p>Ma, T., Ling, X.F. & Hyde, K.D. (2016) Species of <em>Psilocybe</em> (Hymenogastraceae) from Yunnan, southwest China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 284 (3): 181. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.284.3.3</p>
<p>Malysheva, E., Moreno, G., Villarreal, M., Malysheva, V. & Svetasheva, T. (2019) The secotioid genus <em>Galeropsis</em> (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota): a real taxonomic unit or ecological phenomenon? <em>Mycological Progress</em> 18 (6): 805–831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-019-01490-6</p>
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<p>Sarwar, S., Aziz, T., Hanif, M., Ilyas, S. & Shaheen, S. (2019)<em> Russula swatica</em>: A new species of <em>Russula</em> based on molecular, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses from Swat Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. <em>Microscopy Research and Technique</em> 82: 1700–1705. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23335</p>
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<p>Borovička, J., Rockefeller, A. & Werner, P.G. (2012) <em>Psilocybe allenii</em> – A new bluing species from the Pacific Coast, USA. <em>Czech Mycology </em>64 (2): 181–195.</p>
<p>Fricke, J., Lenz, C., Wick, J., Blei, F. & Hoffmeister, D. (2018) Production options for psilocybin: the making of the magic. <em>Chemistry – A European Journal</em> 25 (4): 897–903. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201802758</p>
<p>Gillet, C.C. (1878) <em>Les hyménomycètes ou description de tous les champignons qui croissent en France</em>. Ch. Thomas, Alençon, pp. 561–828.</p>
<p>Gotvaldová, K., Hájková, K., Borovička, J., Jurok, R., Cihlářová, P. & Kuchař, M. (2021) Stability of psilocybin and its four analogs in the biomass of the psychotropic mushroom <em>Psilocybe cubensis</em>. <em>Drug Testing and Analysis</em> 13 (2): 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2950</p>
<p>Guzmán, G. (1983) <em>The genus Psilocybe</em>. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 74. Cramer, Vaduz, 439 pp.</p>
<p>Guzmán, G. (1995) Supplement to the monograph of the genus<em> Psilocybe.</em> <em>In:</em> Petrini, O. & Horalc, E. (Eds.) <em>Taxonomic monographs of Agaricales. </em>Mycol, Berlin, pp. 91–141.</p>
<p>Guzmán, G. (2005) Species diversity of the genus<em> Psilocybe</em> (Basidiomycotina, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in the world mycobiota, with special attention to hallucinogenic properties. <em>International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms</em> 7 (1): 305–332. https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v7.i12.280</p>
<p>Guzmán, G. (2009) The hallucinogenic mushrooms: diversity, traditions, use and abuse with special reference to the genus<em> Psilocybe. In:</em> Misha, J.K. & Deshmukh, S.K. (Eds.)<em> Fungi from different environments</em>. Science Publishers, Enfield(NH), pp. 256–277. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429061653-11</p>
<p>Guzmán, G. & Ott, J. (1976) Description and chemical analysis of a new species of hallucinogenic <em>Psilocybe</em> from the pacific northwest. <em>Mycologia</em> 68 (6): 1261–1267. https://doi.org/10.2307/3758762</p>
<p>Guzmán, G., Greene, J. & Ramírez-Guillén, F. (2010) A new for science neurotropic species of <em>Psilocybe</em> (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Agaricomycetideae) from the western United States. <em>International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms</em> 12 (2): 201–204. https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.110</p>
<p>Guzmán, G., Jacobs, J.Q., Ramírez-Guillén, F., Murrieta, D. & Gándara, E. (2005) The taxonomy of <em>Psilocybe</em> <em>fagicola</em>-complex. <em>The Journal of Microbiology</em> 43 (2): 158–165.</p>
<p>Guzmán, G., Ramírez Guillén, F., Hyde, K.D. & Karunarathna, S.C. (2012) <em>Psilocybe</em> s.s. in Thailand: Four new species and a review of previously recorded species. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 119 (1): 65–81. https://doi.org/10.5248/119.65</p>
<p>Guzmán, G., Walstad, L., Gándara, E. & Ramírez-Quillén, F. (2007) A new bluing species of <em>Psilocybe</em>, section Stuntzii, from New Mexico, U.S.A. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 99: 223–226.</p>
<p>Hofmann, A. (1978) History of the basic chemical investigations on the sacred mushrooms of Mexico. <em>In</em>: Ott, J. & Bigwood, J. (Eds.) <em>Hallucinogenic mushrooms of north America</em>. Madrona Publishers, Seattle, pp. 45–65.</p>
<p>Hujslová, M., Kubátová, A., Chudíčková, M. & Kolarik, M. (2010) Diversity of fungal communities in saline and acidic soils in the Soos National Natural Reserve, Czech Republic. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 9 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-009-0611-7</p>
<p>Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Kresitschnig, P., Ptz, H., Delev, E. & Barfuss, M.H.J. (2016) <em>Psilocybe serbica </em>var. <em>bohemica</em> – ein österreichischer Nachweis. <em>Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde</em> 25: 201–208.</p>
<p>Kummer, P. (1871) <em>Der Führer in die Pilzkunde</em>. C. Luppe, Zerbst, 146 pp.</p>
<p>Li, Y.K., Yuan, Y. & Liang, J.F. (2014) Morphological and molecular evidence for a new species of <em>Psilocybe </em>from southern China. <em>Mycotaxon </em>129 (2): 215–222. https://doi.org/10.5248/129.215</p>
<p>Ma, T., Feng, Y., Lin, X.F., Karunarathna, S.C., Ding, W.F. & Hyde, K.D. (2014) <em>Psilocybe chuxiongensis</em>, a new bluing species from subtropical China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 156 (4): 211–220. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.156.4.3</p>
<p>Ma, T., Ling, X.F. & Hyde, K.D. (2016) Species of <em>Psilocybe</em> (Hymenogastraceae) from Yunnan, southwest China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 284 (3): 181. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.284.3.3</p>
<p>Malysheva, E., Moreno, G., Villarreal, M., Malysheva, V. & Svetasheva, T. (2019) The secotioid genus <em>Galeropsis</em> (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota): a real taxonomic unit or ecological phenomenon? <em>Mycological Progress</em> 18 (6): 805–831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-019-01490-6</p>
<p>Mao, X.L. (2000) <em>The macrofungi in China</em>. Henan Science and Technology Press, Zhengzhou, 253 pp.</p>
<p>Matheny, P.B., Curtis, J.M., Hofstetter, V., Aime, M.C., Moncalvo, J.M., Ge, Z.W., Slot, J.C., Ammirati, J.F., Baroni, T.J., Bougher, N.L., Hughes, K.W., Lodge, D.J., Kerrigan, R.W., Seidl, M.T., Aanen, D.K., DeNitis, M., Daniele, G.M., Desjardin, D.E., Kropp, B.R., Norvell, L.L., Parker, A., Vellinga, E.C., Vilgalys, R. & Hibbett, D.S. (2006) Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview. <em>Mycologia</em> 98 (6): 982–995. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982</p>
<p>Moncalvo, J.M., Vilgalys, R., Redhead, S.A., Johnson, J.E. & Miller, O.K. (2002) One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics. <em>Molecular phylogenetics and evolution</em> 23 (3): 357–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1</p>
<p>Nkadimeng, S.M., Nabatanzi, A., Steinmann, C.M.L. & Eloff, J.N. (2020) Phytochemical, cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of <em>Psilocybe natalensis</em> magic mushroom. <em>Plants</em> 9 (9): 1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091127</p>
<p>Ramírez-Cruz, V., Guzmán, G. & Guzmán-Dávalos, L. (2013a) Type studies of <em>Psilocybe </em>sensu lato (Strophariaceae, Agaricales). <em>Sydowia</em> 65 (2): 277–319.</p>
<p>Ramírez-Cruz, V., Guzmán, G., Villalobos-Arámbula, A., Rodríguez, A., Matheny, P.B., Sánchez-García, M. & Guzmán-Dávalos, L. (2013b) Phylogenetic inference and trait evolution of the psychedelic mushroom genus <em>Psilocybe</em> sensu lato (Agaricales). <em>Botany-botanique</em> 91 (9): 573–591. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0070</p>
<p>Redhead, S.A., Moncalvo, J.-M., Vilgalys, R., Matheny, P.B., Guzmán-Dávalos, L. & Guzmán, G. (2007) (1757) Proposal to conserve the name <em>Psilocybe</em> (<em>Basidiomycota</em>) with a conserved type. <em>Taxon </em>56 (1): 255–257. https://doi.org/10.2307/25065762</p>
<p>Sarwar, S., Aziz, T., Hanif, M., Ilyas, S. & Shaheen, S. (2019)<em> Russula swatica</em>: A new species of <em>Russula</em> based on molecular, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses from Swat Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. <em>Microscopy Research and Technique</em> 82: 1700–1705. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23335</p>
<p>Schoch, C.L., Robbertse, B., Robert, V., Vu, D. & Federhen, S. (2014) Finding needles in haystacks: linking scientific names, reference specimens and molecular data for Fungi. <em>Database</em> 2014: 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bau061</p>
<p>Singer, R.S., A.H. (1958) Mycological investigations on teonanacatl, the Mexican hallucinogenic mushroom. Part II. A taxonomic monograph of <em>Psilocybe</em>, Section Caerulescentes. <em>Mycologia</em> 50 (2): 262–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1958.12024726</p>
<p>Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2011) MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance,and maximum parsimony methods. <em>Molecular Biology & Evolution</em> 28 (10): 2731–2739. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121</p>
<p>Thorn, R.G., Reddy, C.A., Harris, D. & Paul, E.A. (1996) Isolation of saprophytic basidiomycetes from soil. <em>Applied & Environmental Microbiology</em> 62 (11): 4288–4292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-5107(96)00126-1</p>
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