Abstract
Two coelomycetous strains with appendage-bearing conidia were collected from diseased leaves of Celtis sinensis (Urticales, Ulmaceae) and Indocalamus tessellatus (Poales, Poaceae) in Yunnan and Hainan provinces, southern China. Both strains produced 4-septate conidia with concolourous median cells, which were similar to Pestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis. Based on the comprehensive morphological comparison and multi-gene (ITS, tub2, tef1) phylogenetic analyses, the strains were found to belong to Pseudopestalotiopsis. They represent two novel taxa and are described as Pseudopestalotiopsis celtidis and P. indocalami.
References
Barr, M.E. (1975) Pestalosphaeria, a new genus in the Amphisphaeriaceae. Mycologia 67: 187–194.
Barr, M.E. (1990) Prodromus to nonlichenized, pyrenomycetous members of class Hymenoascomycetes. Mycotaxon 39: 43–184.
Bate-Smith, E.C. & Metcalfe, C.R. (1957) Leucanthocyanins. 3. The nature and systematic distribution of tannin in dicotyledonous plants. Botanical The Journal of the Linnean Society Botany 55: 669–705.
Carbone, I. & Kohn, L.M. (1999) A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. Mycologia 91: 553–556. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761358
Chen, Y., Zeng, L., Shu, N., Jiang, M., Wang, H., Huang, Y. & Tong, H. (2018) Pestalotiopsis-like species causing gray blight disease on Camellia sinensis in China. Plant Disease 102: 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0642-RE
Dissanayake, A.J., Bhunjun, C.S., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N. & Liu, J.K. (2020) Applied aspects of methods to infer phylogenetic relationships amongst fungi. Mycosphere 11: 2652–2676. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/18
Douanla-Meli, C. & Langer, E. (2009) Pestalotiopsis theae (Ascomycota, Amphisphaeriaceae) on seeds of Diospyros crassiflora (Ebenaceae). Mycotaxon 107: 441–448. https://doi.org/10.5248/107.441
Glass, N.L. & Donaldson, G.C. (1995) Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 1323–1330. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260460112
Gualberto, G.F., Catarino, A.M., Sousa, T.F., Cruz, J.C., Hanada, R.E., Caniato, F.F. & Silva, G.F. (2021) Pseudopestalotiopsis gilvanii sp. nov. and Neopestalotiopsis formicarum leaves spot pathogens from guarana plant: a new threat to global tropical hosts. Phytotaxa 489: 121–139. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.489.2.2
Jaklitsch, W.M., Gardiennet, A. & Voglmayr, H. (2016) Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: Acrocordiella, Basiseptospora, Blogiascospora, Clypeosphaeria, Hymenopleella, Lepteutypa, Pseudapiospora, Requienella, Seiridium and Strickeria. Persoonia 37: 82–105.
Kang, J.C., Hyde, K.D. & Kong, R.Y.C. (1999) Studies on the Amphisphaeriales. The Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu stricto). Mycological Research 103: 53–64.
Kang, J.C., Kong, R. & Hyde, K.D. (1998) Studies on the Amphisphaeriales l. Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu stricto) and its phylogenetic relationships inferred from 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 sequences. Fungal Diversity 1: 147–157.
Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2016) A simple method to control over-alignment in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. Bioinformatics 32: 1933–1942.
Lateef, A.A., Sepiah, M. & Bolhassan, M.H. (2015) Description of Pseudopestalotiopsis kubahensis sp. nov., a new species of microfungi from Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 5 (4): 376–381.
Liu, F., Bonthond, G., Groenewald, J.Z., Cai, L. & Crous, P.W. (2019) Sporocadaceae, a family of coelomycetous fungi with appendage-bearing conidia. Studies in Mycology 92: 287–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2018.11.001
Liu, F., Hou, L., Raza, M. & Cai, L. (2017) Pestalotiopsis and allied genera from Camellia, with description of 11 new species from China. Scientific Reports 7: 866. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00972-5
Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Guo, L.D., Cai, L., Chukeatirote, E., Wu, W.P., Sun, X. & Hyde, K.D. (2012) A multi-locus backbone tree for Pestalotiopsis, with a polyphasic characterization of 14 new species. Fungal Diversity 56 (1): 95–129.
Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Guo, L.D., Chukeatirote, E., Bahkali, A.H. & Hyde, K.D. (2011) Pestalotiopsis–morphology, phylogeny, biochemistry and diversity. Fungal Diversity 50: 167–187.
Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D., Groenewald, J.Z., Xu, J. & Crous, P.W. (2014) Pestalotiopsis revisited. Studies in Mycology 79: 121–186. https://dx.doi.org/10016/j.simyco.2014.09.005.
Nozawa, S., Ando, K., Phay, N. & Watanabe, K. (2018) Pseudopestalotiopsis dawaina sp. nov. and Ps. kawthaungina sp. nov.: two new species from Myanmar. Mycological Progress 17: 865–870.
Nozawa, S., Yamaguchi, K., Van-Hop, D., Phay, N., Ando, K. & Watanabe, K. (2017) Identification of two new species and a sexual morph from the genus Pseudopestalotiopsis. Mycoscience 58: 328–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2017.02.008
Norphanphoun, C., Jayawardena, R.S., Chen, Y., Wen, T.C., Meepol, W. & Hyde, K.D. (2019) Morphological and phylogenetic characterization of novel pestalotioid species associated with mangroves in Thailand. Mycosphere 10: 531–578. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/9
O’Donnell, K., Kistler, H.C., Cigelnik, E. & Ploetz, R.C. (1998) Multiple evolutionary origins of the fungus causing Panama disease of banana: concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95: 2044–2049. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.5.2044
Senanayake, I.C., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D., Bhat, J.D., Jones, E.B.G., McKenzie, E.H.C., Dai, D.Q., Daranagama, D.A., Dayarathne, M.C., Goonasekara, I.D., Konta, S., Li, W.J., Shang, Q.J., Stadler, M., Wijayawardene, N.N., Xiao, Y.P., Norphanphoun, C., Li, Q., Liu, X.Z., Bahkali, A.H., Kang, J.C., Wang, Y., Wen, T.C., Wendt, L., Xu, J.C. & Camporesi, E. (2015) Towards unraveling relationships in Xylariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). Fungal Diversity 73: 1–85. https://doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0340-y
Senanayake, I.C., Rathnayake, A.R., Marasinghe, D.S., Calabon, M.S., Gentekaki, E., Lee, H.B., Hurdeal, V.G., Pem, D., Dissanayake, L.S., Wijesinghe, S.N., Bundhun, D., Nguyen, T.T., Goonasekara, I.D., Abeywickrama, P.D., Bhunjun, C.S., Jayawardena, R.S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J. & Xiang, M.M. (2020) Morphological approaches in studying fungi: collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. Mycosphere 11: 2678–2754. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20
Shu, J., Yu, Z.H., Sun, W., Zhao, J. & Luo, S. (2019) Identification and characterization of pestalotioid fungi causing leaf spots on mango in southern China. Plant Disease 104: 1207–1213.
Song, Y., Tangthirasunun, N., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Jiang, Y., Xu, J., Hyde, K.D. & Wang, Y. (2014) Novel Pestalotiopsis species from Thailand point to the rich undiscovered diversity of this chemically creative genus. Cryptogamie Mycologie 35: 139–149. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym.v35.iss2.2014.139
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolutionary 30: 2725–2729.
Tsai, I., Chung, C.L., Lin, S.R., Hung, T.H., Shen, T.L., Hu, C.Y., Hozzein, N.W. & Ariyawansa, H.A. (2021) Cryptic diversity, molecular systematics, and pathogenicity of genus Pestalotiopsis and allied genera causing gray blight disease of tea in Taiwan, with a description of a new Pseudopestalotiopsis species. Plant Disease 105: 425–443.
Tsai, I., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D. & Ariyawansa, H.I. (2018) Molecular phylogeny, morphology and pathogenicity of Pseudopestalotiopsis species on Ixora in Taiwan. Mycological Progress 17: 941–952
Wei, J.G., Xu, T., Guo, L.D., Liu, A.R., Zhang, Y. & Pan, X.H. (2007) Endophytic Pestalotiopsis species associated with plants of Podocarpaceae, Theaceae and Taxaceae in southern China. Fungal Diversity 24: 55–74.
White, T., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications 18: 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Barr, M.E. (1990) Prodromus to nonlichenized, pyrenomycetous members of class Hymenoascomycetes. Mycotaxon 39: 43–184.
Bate-Smith, E.C. & Metcalfe, C.R. (1957) Leucanthocyanins. 3. The nature and systematic distribution of tannin in dicotyledonous plants. Botanical The Journal of the Linnean Society Botany 55: 669–705.
Carbone, I. & Kohn, L.M. (1999) A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. Mycologia 91: 553–556. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761358
Chen, Y., Zeng, L., Shu, N., Jiang, M., Wang, H., Huang, Y. & Tong, H. (2018) Pestalotiopsis-like species causing gray blight disease on Camellia sinensis in China. Plant Disease 102: 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0642-RE
Dissanayake, A.J., Bhunjun, C.S., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N. & Liu, J.K. (2020) Applied aspects of methods to infer phylogenetic relationships amongst fungi. Mycosphere 11: 2652–2676. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/18
Douanla-Meli, C. & Langer, E. (2009) Pestalotiopsis theae (Ascomycota, Amphisphaeriaceae) on seeds of Diospyros crassiflora (Ebenaceae). Mycotaxon 107: 441–448. https://doi.org/10.5248/107.441
Glass, N.L. & Donaldson, G.C. (1995) Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 1323–1330. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260460112
Gualberto, G.F., Catarino, A.M., Sousa, T.F., Cruz, J.C., Hanada, R.E., Caniato, F.F. & Silva, G.F. (2021) Pseudopestalotiopsis gilvanii sp. nov. and Neopestalotiopsis formicarum leaves spot pathogens from guarana plant: a new threat to global tropical hosts. Phytotaxa 489: 121–139. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.489.2.2
Jaklitsch, W.M., Gardiennet, A. & Voglmayr, H. (2016) Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: Acrocordiella, Basiseptospora, Blogiascospora, Clypeosphaeria, Hymenopleella, Lepteutypa, Pseudapiospora, Requienella, Seiridium and Strickeria. Persoonia 37: 82–105.
Kang, J.C., Hyde, K.D. & Kong, R.Y.C. (1999) Studies on the Amphisphaeriales. The Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu stricto). Mycological Research 103: 53–64.
Kang, J.C., Kong, R. & Hyde, K.D. (1998) Studies on the Amphisphaeriales l. Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu stricto) and its phylogenetic relationships inferred from 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 sequences. Fungal Diversity 1: 147–157.
Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2016) A simple method to control over-alignment in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. Bioinformatics 32: 1933–1942.
Lateef, A.A., Sepiah, M. & Bolhassan, M.H. (2015) Description of Pseudopestalotiopsis kubahensis sp. nov., a new species of microfungi from Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 5 (4): 376–381.
Liu, F., Bonthond, G., Groenewald, J.Z., Cai, L. & Crous, P.W. (2019) Sporocadaceae, a family of coelomycetous fungi with appendage-bearing conidia. Studies in Mycology 92: 287–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2018.11.001
Liu, F., Hou, L., Raza, M. & Cai, L. (2017) Pestalotiopsis and allied genera from Camellia, with description of 11 new species from China. Scientific Reports 7: 866. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00972-5
Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Guo, L.D., Cai, L., Chukeatirote, E., Wu, W.P., Sun, X. & Hyde, K.D. (2012) A multi-locus backbone tree for Pestalotiopsis, with a polyphasic characterization of 14 new species. Fungal Diversity 56 (1): 95–129.
Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Guo, L.D., Chukeatirote, E., Bahkali, A.H. & Hyde, K.D. (2011) Pestalotiopsis–morphology, phylogeny, biochemistry and diversity. Fungal Diversity 50: 167–187.
Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D., Groenewald, J.Z., Xu, J. & Crous, P.W. (2014) Pestalotiopsis revisited. Studies in Mycology 79: 121–186. https://dx.doi.org/10016/j.simyco.2014.09.005.
Nozawa, S., Ando, K., Phay, N. & Watanabe, K. (2018) Pseudopestalotiopsis dawaina sp. nov. and Ps. kawthaungina sp. nov.: two new species from Myanmar. Mycological Progress 17: 865–870.
Nozawa, S., Yamaguchi, K., Van-Hop, D., Phay, N., Ando, K. & Watanabe, K. (2017) Identification of two new species and a sexual morph from the genus Pseudopestalotiopsis. Mycoscience 58: 328–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2017.02.008
Norphanphoun, C., Jayawardena, R.S., Chen, Y., Wen, T.C., Meepol, W. & Hyde, K.D. (2019) Morphological and phylogenetic characterization of novel pestalotioid species associated with mangroves in Thailand. Mycosphere 10: 531–578. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/9
O’Donnell, K., Kistler, H.C., Cigelnik, E. & Ploetz, R.C. (1998) Multiple evolutionary origins of the fungus causing Panama disease of banana: concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95: 2044–2049. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.5.2044
Senanayake, I.C., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D., Bhat, J.D., Jones, E.B.G., McKenzie, E.H.C., Dai, D.Q., Daranagama, D.A., Dayarathne, M.C., Goonasekara, I.D., Konta, S., Li, W.J., Shang, Q.J., Stadler, M., Wijayawardene, N.N., Xiao, Y.P., Norphanphoun, C., Li, Q., Liu, X.Z., Bahkali, A.H., Kang, J.C., Wang, Y., Wen, T.C., Wendt, L., Xu, J.C. & Camporesi, E. (2015) Towards unraveling relationships in Xylariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). Fungal Diversity 73: 1–85. https://doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0340-y
Senanayake, I.C., Rathnayake, A.R., Marasinghe, D.S., Calabon, M.S., Gentekaki, E., Lee, H.B., Hurdeal, V.G., Pem, D., Dissanayake, L.S., Wijesinghe, S.N., Bundhun, D., Nguyen, T.T., Goonasekara, I.D., Abeywickrama, P.D., Bhunjun, C.S., Jayawardena, R.S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J. & Xiang, M.M. (2020) Morphological approaches in studying fungi: collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. Mycosphere 11: 2678–2754. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20
Shu, J., Yu, Z.H., Sun, W., Zhao, J. & Luo, S. (2019) Identification and characterization of pestalotioid fungi causing leaf spots on mango in southern China. Plant Disease 104: 1207–1213.
Song, Y., Tangthirasunun, N., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Jiang, Y., Xu, J., Hyde, K.D. & Wang, Y. (2014) Novel Pestalotiopsis species from Thailand point to the rich undiscovered diversity of this chemically creative genus. Cryptogamie Mycologie 35: 139–149. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym.v35.iss2.2014.139
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolutionary 30: 2725–2729.
Tsai, I., Chung, C.L., Lin, S.R., Hung, T.H., Shen, T.L., Hu, C.Y., Hozzein, N.W. & Ariyawansa, H.A. (2021) Cryptic diversity, molecular systematics, and pathogenicity of genus Pestalotiopsis and allied genera causing gray blight disease of tea in Taiwan, with a description of a new Pseudopestalotiopsis species. Plant Disease 105: 425–443.
Tsai, I., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D. & Ariyawansa, H.I. (2018) Molecular phylogeny, morphology and pathogenicity of Pseudopestalotiopsis species on Ixora in Taiwan. Mycological Progress 17: 941–952
Wei, J.G., Xu, T., Guo, L.D., Liu, A.R., Zhang, Y. & Pan, X.H. (2007) Endophytic Pestalotiopsis species associated with plants of Podocarpaceae, Theaceae and Taxaceae in southern China. Fungal Diversity 24: 55–74.
White, T., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications 18: 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1