Abstract
Two coelomycetous strains with appendage-bearing conidia were collected from diseased leaves of Celtis sinensis (Urticales, Ulmaceae) and Indocalamus tessellatus (Poales, Poaceae) in Yunnan and Hainan provinces, southern China. Both strains produced 4-septate conidia with concolourous median cells, which were similar to Pestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis. Based on the comprehensive morphological comparison and multi-gene (ITS, tub2, tef1) phylogenetic analyses, the strains were found to belong to Pseudopestalotiopsis. They represent two novel taxa and are described as Pseudopestalotiopsis celtidis and P. indocalami.
References
<p>Barr, M.E. (1975) <em>Pestalosphaeria</em>, a new genus in the Amphisphaeriaceae. <em>Mycologia</em> 67: 187–194.</p>
<p>Barr, M.E. (1990) Prodromus to nonlichenized, pyrenomycetous members of class Hymenoascomycetes. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 39: 43–184.</p>
<p>Bate-Smith, E.C. & Metcalfe, C.R. (1957) Leucanthocyanins. 3. The nature and systematic distribution of tannin in dicotyledonous plants. <em>Botanical The Journal of the Linnean Society Botany</em> 55: 669–705.</p>
<p>Carbone, I. & Kohn, L.M. (1999) A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. <em>Mycologia</em> 91: 553–556. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761358</p>
<p>Chen, Y., Zeng, L., Shu, N., Jiang, M., Wang, H., Huang, Y. & Tong, H. (2018) Pestalotiopsis-like species causing gray blight disease on <em>Camellia sinensis</em> in China. <em>Plant Disease</em> 102: 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0642-RE</p>
<p>Dissanayake, A.J., Bhunjun, C.S., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N. & Liu, J.K. (2020) Applied aspects of methods to infer phylogenetic relationships amongst fungi. <em>Mycosphere</em> 11: 2652–2676. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/18</p>
<p>Douanla-Meli, C. & Langer, E. (2009) <em>Pestalotiopsis theae</em> (Ascomycota, Amphisphaeriaceae) on seeds of <em>Diospyros crassiflora</em> (Ebenaceae). <em>Mycotaxon</em> 107: 441–448. https://doi.org/10.5248/107.441</p>
<p>Glass, N.L. & Donaldson, G.C. (1995) Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. <em>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</em> 61: 1323–1330. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260460112</p>
<p>Gualberto, G.F., Catarino, A.M., Sousa, T.F., Cruz, J.C., Hanada, R.E., Caniato, F.F. & Silva, G.F. (2021) <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis gilvanii</em> sp. nov. and <em>Neopestalotiopsis formicarum</em> leaves spot pathogens from guarana plant: a new threat to global tropical hosts. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 489: 121–139. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.489.2.2</p>
<p>Jaklitsch, W.M., Gardiennet, A. & Voglmayr, H. (2016) Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: <em>Acrocordiella</em>, <em>Basiseptospora</em>, <em>Blogiascospora</em>, <em>Clypeosphaeria</em>, <em>Hymenopleella</em>, <em>Lepteutypa</em>, <em>Pseudapiospora</em>, <em>Requienella</em>, <em>Seiridium</em> and <em>Strickeria</em>. <em>Persoonia</em> 37: 82–105.</p>
<p>Kang, J.C., Hyde, K.D. & Kong, R.Y.C. (1999) Studies on the Amphisphaeriales. The Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu stricto). <em>Mycological Research</em> 103: 53–64.</p>
<p>Kang, J.C., Kong, R. & Hyde, K.D. (1998) Studies on the Amphisphaeriales l. Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu stricto) and its phylogenetic relationships inferred from 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 sequences. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 1: 147–157.</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2016) A simple method to control over-alignment in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 32: 1933–1942.</p>
<p>Lateef, A.A., Sepiah, M. & Bolhassan, M.H. (2015) Description of <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis kubahensis</em> sp. nov., a new species of microfungi from Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. <em>Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology</em> 5 (4): 376–381.</p>
<p>Liu, F., Bonthond, G., Groenewald, J.Z., Cai, L. & Crous, P.W. (2019) Sporocadaceae, a family of coelomycetous fungi with appendage-bearing conidia. <em>Studies in Mycology</em> 92: 287–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2018.11.001</p>
<p>Liu, F., Hou, L., Raza, M. & Cai, L. (2017) <em>Pestalotiopsis</em> and allied genera from Camellia, with description of 11 new species from China. <em>Scientific Reports </em>7: 866. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00972-5</p>
<p>Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Guo, L.D., Cai, L., Chukeatirote, E., Wu, W.P., Sun, X. & Hyde, K.D. (2012) A multi-locus backbone tree for <em>Pestalotiopsis</em>, with a polyphasic characterization of 14 new species. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 56 (1): 95–129.</p>
<p>Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Guo, L.D., Chukeatirote, E., Bahkali, A.H. & Hyde, K.D. (2011) <em>Pestalotiopsis</em>–morphology, phylogeny, biochemistry and diversity. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 50: 167–187.</p>
<p>Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D., Groenewald, J.Z., Xu, J. & Crous, P.W. (2014) <em>Pestalotiopsis </em>revisited. <em>Studies in Mycology</em> 79: 121–186. https://dx.doi.org/10016/j.simyco.2014.09.005.</p>
<p>Nozawa, S., Ando, K., Phay, N. & Watanabe, K. (2018) <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis dawaina</em> sp. nov. and <em>Ps</em>. <em>kawthaungina</em> sp. nov.: two new species from Myanmar. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 17: 865–870.</p>
<p>Nozawa, S., Yamaguchi, K., Van-Hop, D., Phay, N., Ando, K. & Watanabe, K. (2017) Identification of two new species and a sexual morph from the genus <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis</em>. <em>Mycoscience</em> 58: 328–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2017.02.008</p>
<p>Norphanphoun, C., Jayawardena, R.S., Chen, Y., Wen, T.C., Meepol, W. & Hyde, K.D. (2019) Morphological and phylogenetic characterization of novel pestalotioid species associated with mangroves in Thailand. <em>Mycosphere</em> 10: 531–578. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/9</p>
<p>O’Donnell, K., Kistler, H.C., Cigelnik, E. & Ploetz, R.C. (1998) Multiple evolutionary origins of the fungus causing Panama disease of banana: concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em> 95: 2044–2049. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.5.2044</p>
<p>Senanayake, I.C., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D., Bhat, J.D., Jones, E.B.G., McKenzie, E.H.C., Dai, D.Q., Daranagama, D.A., Dayarathne, M.C., Goonasekara, I.D., Konta, S., Li, W.J., Shang, Q.J., Stadler, M., Wijayawardene, N.N., Xiao, Y.P., Norphanphoun, C., Li, Q., Liu, X.Z., Bahkali, A.H., Kang, J.C., Wang, Y., Wen, T.C., Wendt, L., Xu, J.C. & Camporesi, E. (2015) Towards unraveling relationships in Xylariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 73: 1–85. https://doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0340-y</p>
<p>Senanayake, I.C., Rathnayake, A.R., Marasinghe, D.S., Calabon, M.S., Gentekaki, E., Lee, H.B., Hurdeal, V.G., Pem, D., Dissanayake, L.S., Wijesinghe, S.N., Bundhun, D., Nguyen, T.T., Goonasekara, I.D., Abeywickrama, P.D., Bhunjun, C.S., Jayawardena, R.S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J. & Xiang, M.M. (2020) Morphological approaches in studying fungi: collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. <em>Mycosphere</em> 11: 2678–2754. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20</p>
<p>Shu, J., Yu, Z.H., Sun, W., Zhao, J. & Luo, S. (2019) Identification and characterization of pestalotioid fungi causing leaf spots on mango in southern China. <em>Plant Disease</em> 104: 1207–1213.</p>
<p>Song, Y., Tangthirasunun, N., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Jiang, Y., Xu, J., Hyde, K.D. & Wang, Y. (2014) Novel <em>Pestalotiopsis</em> species from Thailand point to the rich undiscovered diversity of this chemically creative genus. <em>Cryptogamie Mycologie</em> 35: 139–149. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym.v35.iss2.2014.139</p>
<p>Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolutionary</em> 30: 2725–2729.</p>
<p>Tsai, I., Chung, C.L., Lin, S.R., Hung, T.H., Shen, T.L., Hu, C.Y., Hozzein, N.W. & Ariyawansa, H.A. (2021) Cryptic diversity, molecular systematics, and pathogenicity of genus <em>Pestalotiopsis</em> and allied genera causing gray blight disease of tea in Taiwan, with a description of a new <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis</em> species. <em>Plant Disease</em> 105: 425–443.</p>
<p>Tsai, I., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D. & Ariyawansa, H.I. (2018) Molecular phylogeny, morphology and pathogenicity of <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis</em> species on Ixora in Taiwan. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 17: 941–952</p>
<p>Wei, J.G., Xu, T., Guo, L.D., Liu, A.R., Zhang, Y. & Pan, X.H. (2007) Endophytic <em>Pestalotiopsis </em>species associated with plants of Podocarpaceae, Theaceae and Taxaceae in southern China. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 24: 55–74.</p>
<p>White, T., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>PCR protocols</em>: <em>a guide to methods and applications</em> 18: 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Barr, M.E. (1990) Prodromus to nonlichenized, pyrenomycetous members of class Hymenoascomycetes. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 39: 43–184.</p>
<p>Bate-Smith, E.C. & Metcalfe, C.R. (1957) Leucanthocyanins. 3. The nature and systematic distribution of tannin in dicotyledonous plants. <em>Botanical The Journal of the Linnean Society Botany</em> 55: 669–705.</p>
<p>Carbone, I. & Kohn, L.M. (1999) A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. <em>Mycologia</em> 91: 553–556. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761358</p>
<p>Chen, Y., Zeng, L., Shu, N., Jiang, M., Wang, H., Huang, Y. & Tong, H. (2018) Pestalotiopsis-like species causing gray blight disease on <em>Camellia sinensis</em> in China. <em>Plant Disease</em> 102: 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0642-RE</p>
<p>Dissanayake, A.J., Bhunjun, C.S., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N. & Liu, J.K. (2020) Applied aspects of methods to infer phylogenetic relationships amongst fungi. <em>Mycosphere</em> 11: 2652–2676. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/18</p>
<p>Douanla-Meli, C. & Langer, E. (2009) <em>Pestalotiopsis theae</em> (Ascomycota, Amphisphaeriaceae) on seeds of <em>Diospyros crassiflora</em> (Ebenaceae). <em>Mycotaxon</em> 107: 441–448. https://doi.org/10.5248/107.441</p>
<p>Glass, N.L. & Donaldson, G.C. (1995) Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. <em>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</em> 61: 1323–1330. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260460112</p>
<p>Gualberto, G.F., Catarino, A.M., Sousa, T.F., Cruz, J.C., Hanada, R.E., Caniato, F.F. & Silva, G.F. (2021) <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis gilvanii</em> sp. nov. and <em>Neopestalotiopsis formicarum</em> leaves spot pathogens from guarana plant: a new threat to global tropical hosts. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 489: 121–139. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.489.2.2</p>
<p>Jaklitsch, W.M., Gardiennet, A. & Voglmayr, H. (2016) Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: <em>Acrocordiella</em>, <em>Basiseptospora</em>, <em>Blogiascospora</em>, <em>Clypeosphaeria</em>, <em>Hymenopleella</em>, <em>Lepteutypa</em>, <em>Pseudapiospora</em>, <em>Requienella</em>, <em>Seiridium</em> and <em>Strickeria</em>. <em>Persoonia</em> 37: 82–105.</p>
<p>Kang, J.C., Hyde, K.D. & Kong, R.Y.C. (1999) Studies on the Amphisphaeriales. The Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu stricto). <em>Mycological Research</em> 103: 53–64.</p>
<p>Kang, J.C., Kong, R. & Hyde, K.D. (1998) Studies on the Amphisphaeriales l. Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu stricto) and its phylogenetic relationships inferred from 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 sequences. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 1: 147–157.</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2016) A simple method to control over-alignment in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 32: 1933–1942.</p>
<p>Lateef, A.A., Sepiah, M. & Bolhassan, M.H. (2015) Description of <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis kubahensis</em> sp. nov., a new species of microfungi from Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. <em>Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology</em> 5 (4): 376–381.</p>
<p>Liu, F., Bonthond, G., Groenewald, J.Z., Cai, L. & Crous, P.W. (2019) Sporocadaceae, a family of coelomycetous fungi with appendage-bearing conidia. <em>Studies in Mycology</em> 92: 287–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2018.11.001</p>
<p>Liu, F., Hou, L., Raza, M. & Cai, L. (2017) <em>Pestalotiopsis</em> and allied genera from Camellia, with description of 11 new species from China. <em>Scientific Reports </em>7: 866. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00972-5</p>
<p>Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Guo, L.D., Cai, L., Chukeatirote, E., Wu, W.P., Sun, X. & Hyde, K.D. (2012) A multi-locus backbone tree for <em>Pestalotiopsis</em>, with a polyphasic characterization of 14 new species. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 56 (1): 95–129.</p>
<p>Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Guo, L.D., Chukeatirote, E., Bahkali, A.H. & Hyde, K.D. (2011) <em>Pestalotiopsis</em>–morphology, phylogeny, biochemistry and diversity. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 50: 167–187.</p>
<p>Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D., Groenewald, J.Z., Xu, J. & Crous, P.W. (2014) <em>Pestalotiopsis </em>revisited. <em>Studies in Mycology</em> 79: 121–186. https://dx.doi.org/10016/j.simyco.2014.09.005.</p>
<p>Nozawa, S., Ando, K., Phay, N. & Watanabe, K. (2018) <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis dawaina</em> sp. nov. and <em>Ps</em>. <em>kawthaungina</em> sp. nov.: two new species from Myanmar. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 17: 865–870.</p>
<p>Nozawa, S., Yamaguchi, K., Van-Hop, D., Phay, N., Ando, K. & Watanabe, K. (2017) Identification of two new species and a sexual morph from the genus <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis</em>. <em>Mycoscience</em> 58: 328–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2017.02.008</p>
<p>Norphanphoun, C., Jayawardena, R.S., Chen, Y., Wen, T.C., Meepol, W. & Hyde, K.D. (2019) Morphological and phylogenetic characterization of novel pestalotioid species associated with mangroves in Thailand. <em>Mycosphere</em> 10: 531–578. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/9</p>
<p>O’Donnell, K., Kistler, H.C., Cigelnik, E. & Ploetz, R.C. (1998) Multiple evolutionary origins of the fungus causing Panama disease of banana: concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em> 95: 2044–2049. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.5.2044</p>
<p>Senanayake, I.C., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D., Bhat, J.D., Jones, E.B.G., McKenzie, E.H.C., Dai, D.Q., Daranagama, D.A., Dayarathne, M.C., Goonasekara, I.D., Konta, S., Li, W.J., Shang, Q.J., Stadler, M., Wijayawardene, N.N., Xiao, Y.P., Norphanphoun, C., Li, Q., Liu, X.Z., Bahkali, A.H., Kang, J.C., Wang, Y., Wen, T.C., Wendt, L., Xu, J.C. & Camporesi, E. (2015) Towards unraveling relationships in Xylariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 73: 1–85. https://doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0340-y</p>
<p>Senanayake, I.C., Rathnayake, A.R., Marasinghe, D.S., Calabon, M.S., Gentekaki, E., Lee, H.B., Hurdeal, V.G., Pem, D., Dissanayake, L.S., Wijesinghe, S.N., Bundhun, D., Nguyen, T.T., Goonasekara, I.D., Abeywickrama, P.D., Bhunjun, C.S., Jayawardena, R.S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J. & Xiang, M.M. (2020) Morphological approaches in studying fungi: collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. <em>Mycosphere</em> 11: 2678–2754. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20</p>
<p>Shu, J., Yu, Z.H., Sun, W., Zhao, J. & Luo, S. (2019) Identification and characterization of pestalotioid fungi causing leaf spots on mango in southern China. <em>Plant Disease</em> 104: 1207–1213.</p>
<p>Song, Y., Tangthirasunun, N., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Jiang, Y., Xu, J., Hyde, K.D. & Wang, Y. (2014) Novel <em>Pestalotiopsis</em> species from Thailand point to the rich undiscovered diversity of this chemically creative genus. <em>Cryptogamie Mycologie</em> 35: 139–149. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym.v35.iss2.2014.139</p>
<p>Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolutionary</em> 30: 2725–2729.</p>
<p>Tsai, I., Chung, C.L., Lin, S.R., Hung, T.H., Shen, T.L., Hu, C.Y., Hozzein, N.W. & Ariyawansa, H.A. (2021) Cryptic diversity, molecular systematics, and pathogenicity of genus <em>Pestalotiopsis</em> and allied genera causing gray blight disease of tea in Taiwan, with a description of a new <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis</em> species. <em>Plant Disease</em> 105: 425–443.</p>
<p>Tsai, I., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D. & Ariyawansa, H.I. (2018) Molecular phylogeny, morphology and pathogenicity of <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis</em> species on Ixora in Taiwan. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 17: 941–952</p>
<p>Wei, J.G., Xu, T., Guo, L.D., Liu, A.R., Zhang, Y. & Pan, X.H. (2007) Endophytic <em>Pestalotiopsis </em>species associated with plants of Podocarpaceae, Theaceae and Taxaceae in southern China. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 24: 55–74.</p>
<p>White, T., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>PCR protocols</em>: <em>a guide to methods and applications</em> 18: 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>