Abstract
A new species of araphid diatoms with bilobate ends is described as Staurosirella tigris sp. nov. It was found in mid-Miocene glacial-lacustrine sediments in the Friis Hills, Antarctica. The new diatom is placed in Staurosirella because it has striae composed of apically-oriented lineolae, separated by long, thin vimines, and it lacks rimoportulae. It can be easily distinguished by its rectangular valve shape with bilobate ends, differing from Staurosirella grunowii, another four-lobed Miocene species, by having a rectangular central portion to its valves instead of being cross-shaped with the four lobes arising from a common central area. Also, the distribution of the new species is different, to date only being found in Antarctica, while S. grunowii is restricted to the Northern Hemisphere.
References
Cantrill, D.J., Ashworth, A.C. & Lewis, A.R. (2017) Megaspores of an early Miocene aquatic lycopod (Isoetales) from Antarctica. Grana 56 (2): 112–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2016.1144784
Chorley, H.K. (2021) Antarctic ice sheet and climate evolution during the mid-Miocene. PhD thesis Victoria University of Wellington.
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1854) Mikrogeologie. Einundvierzig Tafeln mit über viertausend grossentheils colorirten Figuren, Gezeichnet vom Verfasser. Leipzig: Verlag von Leopold Voss. pp. [1]–31, 40 pls [Taf. I–XXXX].
Falasco, E., Bona, F., Badino, G., Hoffman, L. & Ector, L. (2009) Diatom teratological forms and environmental alterations: a review. Hydrobiologia 623: 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9687-3
Falasco, E., Ector, L., Wetzel, C.E., Badino, G. & Bona, F. (2021) Looking back, looking forward: a review of the new literature on diatom teratological forms (2010–2020). Hydrobiologia 848: 1675–1753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04540-x
Fielding, C.R., Browne, G.H., Field, B., Florindo, F., Harwood, D.M., Krissek, L.A., Levy, R.H., Panter, K.S., Passchier, S. & Pekar, S.F. (2011) Sequence stratigraphy of the ANDRILL AND-2A drillcore, Antarctica: A long-term, ice proximal record of Early to Mid-Miocene climate, sea-level and glacial dynamism. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 305: 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.03.026
Flower, RJ., Jones, V.J. & Round, F.E. (1996) The distribution and classification of problematic Fragilaria (virescens v.) exigua Grun./Fragilaria exiguiformis (Grun.) Lange-Bertalot: a new species or a new genus? Diatom Research 11: 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1996.9705363
Guerrero, J.M., García, M.L. & Morales, E.A. (2019) Staurosirella andino-patagonica sp nov. (Bacillariophyta) from lake sediments in Patagonia, Argentina. Phytotaxa 402 (3): 131–144. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.402.3.1
Levy, R., Harwood, D., Florindo, F., Sangiorgi, F., Tripathi, R., von Eynatten, H., Gasson, E., Kuhn, G., Tripathi, A., DeConto, R., Fielding, C., Field, B., Golledge, N., McKay, R., Naish, T., Olney, M., Pollard, D., Schouten, S., Talarico, F., Warny, S., Willmott, V., Acton, G., Panter, K., Paulsen, T., Taviani, M. & SMS Science Team (2016) Antarctic ice sheet sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 variations in the early to mid-Miocene. PNAS 113 (13): 3453–3458. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516030113
Lewis, A.R., Marchant, D.R., Ashworth, A.C., Hedenäs, L., Hemming, S.R., Johnson, J.V., Leng, M.J., Machlus, M.L., Newton, A.E., Raine, J.I., Willenbring, J.K., Williams, M. & Wolfe, A.P. (2008) Mid-Miocene cooling and the extinction of tundra in continental Antarctica. PNAS 105: 10676–10680. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802501105
Lewis, A.R., Levy, R.H., Naish, T., Gorman, A.R., Colledge, N., Dickinson, W.W., Kraus, C., Florindo, F., Ashworth, A.C., Pyne, A. & Kingan, T. (2015) Friis Hills Drilling Project – Coring and Early to mid-Miocene terrestrial sequence in the Transantarctic Mountains to examine climate gradients and ice sheet variability along an inland-to off-shore transect. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, PP21B-2249. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2015AGUFMPP21B2249L/abstract]
Lewis, A.R. & Ashworth, A.C. (2016) An early to middle Miocene record of ice-sheet and landscape evolution from the Friis Hills, Antarctica. Geological Society of America Bulletin 128 (5–6): 719–738. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31319.1
Metzeltin, D. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (2007) Tropical Diatoms of South America II. Special remarks on biogeographic disjunction. Iconographia Diatomologica 18: 1–877.
Morales, E.A. (2001): Morphological studies in selected fragilarioid diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from Connecticut waters (U.S.A.). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 151 (1): 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1635/0097-3157(2001)151[0105:msisfd]2.0.co;2
Morales, E.A. (2002) Studies in selected fragilarioid diatoms of potential indicator value from Florida (USA) with notes on the genus Opephora Petit (Bacillariophyceae). Limnologica 32 (2): 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0075-9511(02)80002-0
Morales, E.A. (2005) Observations of the morphology of some known and new fragilarioid diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from rivers in the USA. Phycological Research 53 (2): 113–133.
Morales, E.A. & Manoylov, K.M. (2006a) Staurosirella incognita Morales et Manoylov sp. nov., a non-spiny species from North America, with an emended description of Staurosirella Williams et Round (Bacillariophyceae). In: Witkowski, A. (Ed.) Proceedings of the 18th International Diatom Symposium. Miedzyzdroje, Poland, 2004. Biopress Ltd. Bristol, pp. 325–336.
Morales, E. & Manoylov, K.M. (2006b). Morphological studies on selected taxa in the genus Staurosirella Williams et Round (Bacillariophyceae) from rivers in North America. Diatom Research 21 (2): 343–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2006.9705674
Morales, E.A., Wetzel, C.E. & Ector, L. (2010) Two short striated species of Staurosirella. (Bacillariophyceae) from Indonesia and the United States. Polish Botanical Journal 55 (1) 107–117.
Morales, E.A., Buczkó, K., Wetzel, C.E., Novais, M.H., Ognjanova-Rumenova, N., Hoffmann, L. & Ector, L. (2014) Transfer of Staurosira grunowii to Staurosirella. Diatom Research 29: 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2013.804446
Morales, E.A., Wetzel, C.E., Haworth, E.Y. & Ector, L. (2019) Ending a 175-year taxonomic uncertainty: Description of Staurosirella neopinnata sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) to accommodate Fragilaria pinnata, a highly misconstrued taxon with a purported worldwide distribution. Phytotaxa 402 (2): 75–87. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.402.2.1
Ognjanova-Rumenova, N., Temniskova-Topalova, D. & Valeva, M. (1994) Ultrastructure of Fragilaria Lyngbye species (Bacillariophyta) from Neogene sediments in Bulgaria. In: Kociolek, J.P. (Ed.) Proceedings of the 11th International Diatom Symposium. San Francisco, California 12 – 17 August 1990. San Francisco, California Academy of Science, pp. 291–300.
Otvos, E.G. (2014) The last Interglacial Stage: Definitions and marine highstand Eurasia and North America and Eurasia. Quaternary International 383: 158–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.010
Pantocsek, J. (1892) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Fossilen Bacillarien Ungarns. III. Theil: Süsswasser Bacillarien. Anhang: Analysen 15 neuer Depôts von Bulgarien, Japan, Mähern, Russland und Ungarn. Buchdruckerei von Julius Platzko, Nagy-Tapolcsány. 42 pls.
Pantocsek, J. (1913) A lutillai ragpalában elöforduló Bacillariák vagy Kovamoszatok leírása [Bacillarien des Klebschiefers von Lutilla]. A pozsonyi Orvos-Természettudományi Egyesület közleményei. Verhandlungen des Vereins für Natur- und Heilkunde zu Pozsony, Neue Folge 23: 19–35.
Pinseel, E., Harper, M.A, Wolfe, A.P., Lewis, A.R., Dickinson, W., Ashworth, A.C., Sabbe, K., Van de Vijver, B., Verleyen, E. & Vyverman, W. (2016a) The Miocene freshwater diatom flora of the Antarctic Continent. In: 24th International diatom symposium : program and abstracts. University of Ghent, Academic Bibliography, pp. 122. [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8196961]
Pinseel, E., Verleyen, E., Janssens, S.B., Vanormelingen, P., Harper, M.A., Dickinson, W., Wolfe, A.P., Lewis, A.R., Ashworth, A.C., TERDIA & ANTDIAT Consortia, Sabbe, K., Van de Vijver, B. & Vyverman, W. (2016b) The evolutionary and biogeographical history of diatoms in Antarctica: a tale of fossils, eDNA and molecular phylogenies. In: 25<sup>th</sup> International Diatom Symposium. Berlin, Germany.
Pinseel, E., Van de Vijver, B., Wolfe, A.P., Harper, M., Antoniades, D., Ashworth, A.C., Ector, L., Lewis, A.R., Perren, B., Hodgson, D.A., Sabbe, K, Verleyen, E. & Vyverman, W. (2021) Extinction of Gondwana diatoms in response to large-scale climate dynamics in Antarctica. Science Advances 7: eabh3233. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh3233
Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990) The diatoms, biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 747 pp.
Round, F.E., Hallsteinsen, H., Paasche, E. (1999) On a previously controversial “fragilarioid” diatom now placed in a new genus Nanofrustulum. Diatom Research 14 (2): 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1999.9705476
Scherer, R.P., Sjunneskog, C.M., Iverson, N.R. & Hooyer, T.S. (2004) Assessing subglacial processes from diatom fragmentation patterns. Geology 32 (7): 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1130/G20423.1
Smith, W. (1856) A synopsis of the British Diatomaceae; with remarks on their structure, functions and distribution; and instructions for collecting and preserving specimens. Vol. 2. pp. [i–vi]–xxix, 1–107.
Tzedakis, C. (2003) Timing and duration of Last Interglacial conditions in Europe: a chronicle of a changing chronology. Quaternary Science Reviews 22: 763–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00004-0
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159: [i]–xxxviii, 1–253. [Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten] https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
Verret, M., Dickinson, W., Lacelle, D., Fisher, D., Norton, D., Chorley, H., Levy, R. & Naish, T. (2020) Cryostratigraphy of mid-Miocene permafrost at Friis Hills, McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. Antarctic Science 33 (2): 174–188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102020000619
Williams, D.M. & Round, F.E. (1987) Revision of the genus Fragilaria. Diatom Research 2 (2): 267–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1987.9705004
Williams, D.M. & Round, F.E. (1988) Fragilariforma, nom. nov., a new generic name for Neofragilaria Williams & Round. Diatom Research 3 (2): 265–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1988.9705039
Chorley, H.K. (2021) Antarctic ice sheet and climate evolution during the mid-Miocene. PhD thesis Victoria University of Wellington.
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1854) Mikrogeologie. Einundvierzig Tafeln mit über viertausend grossentheils colorirten Figuren, Gezeichnet vom Verfasser. Leipzig: Verlag von Leopold Voss. pp. [1]–31, 40 pls [Taf. I–XXXX].
Falasco, E., Bona, F., Badino, G., Hoffman, L. & Ector, L. (2009) Diatom teratological forms and environmental alterations: a review. Hydrobiologia 623: 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9687-3
Falasco, E., Ector, L., Wetzel, C.E., Badino, G. & Bona, F. (2021) Looking back, looking forward: a review of the new literature on diatom teratological forms (2010–2020). Hydrobiologia 848: 1675–1753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04540-x
Fielding, C.R., Browne, G.H., Field, B., Florindo, F., Harwood, D.M., Krissek, L.A., Levy, R.H., Panter, K.S., Passchier, S. & Pekar, S.F. (2011) Sequence stratigraphy of the ANDRILL AND-2A drillcore, Antarctica: A long-term, ice proximal record of Early to Mid-Miocene climate, sea-level and glacial dynamism. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 305: 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.03.026
Flower, RJ., Jones, V.J. & Round, F.E. (1996) The distribution and classification of problematic Fragilaria (virescens v.) exigua Grun./Fragilaria exiguiformis (Grun.) Lange-Bertalot: a new species or a new genus? Diatom Research 11: 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1996.9705363
Guerrero, J.M., García, M.L. & Morales, E.A. (2019) Staurosirella andino-patagonica sp nov. (Bacillariophyta) from lake sediments in Patagonia, Argentina. Phytotaxa 402 (3): 131–144. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.402.3.1
Levy, R., Harwood, D., Florindo, F., Sangiorgi, F., Tripathi, R., von Eynatten, H., Gasson, E., Kuhn, G., Tripathi, A., DeConto, R., Fielding, C., Field, B., Golledge, N., McKay, R., Naish, T., Olney, M., Pollard, D., Schouten, S., Talarico, F., Warny, S., Willmott, V., Acton, G., Panter, K., Paulsen, T., Taviani, M. & SMS Science Team (2016) Antarctic ice sheet sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 variations in the early to mid-Miocene. PNAS 113 (13): 3453–3458. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516030113
Lewis, A.R., Marchant, D.R., Ashworth, A.C., Hedenäs, L., Hemming, S.R., Johnson, J.V., Leng, M.J., Machlus, M.L., Newton, A.E., Raine, J.I., Willenbring, J.K., Williams, M. & Wolfe, A.P. (2008) Mid-Miocene cooling and the extinction of tundra in continental Antarctica. PNAS 105: 10676–10680. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802501105
Lewis, A.R., Levy, R.H., Naish, T., Gorman, A.R., Colledge, N., Dickinson, W.W., Kraus, C., Florindo, F., Ashworth, A.C., Pyne, A. & Kingan, T. (2015) Friis Hills Drilling Project – Coring and Early to mid-Miocene terrestrial sequence in the Transantarctic Mountains to examine climate gradients and ice sheet variability along an inland-to off-shore transect. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, PP21B-2249. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2015AGUFMPP21B2249L/abstract]
Lewis, A.R. & Ashworth, A.C. (2016) An early to middle Miocene record of ice-sheet and landscape evolution from the Friis Hills, Antarctica. Geological Society of America Bulletin 128 (5–6): 719–738. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31319.1
Metzeltin, D. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (2007) Tropical Diatoms of South America II. Special remarks on biogeographic disjunction. Iconographia Diatomologica 18: 1–877.
Morales, E.A. (2001): Morphological studies in selected fragilarioid diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from Connecticut waters (U.S.A.). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 151 (1): 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1635/0097-3157(2001)151[0105:msisfd]2.0.co;2
Morales, E.A. (2002) Studies in selected fragilarioid diatoms of potential indicator value from Florida (USA) with notes on the genus Opephora Petit (Bacillariophyceae). Limnologica 32 (2): 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0075-9511(02)80002-0
Morales, E.A. (2005) Observations of the morphology of some known and new fragilarioid diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from rivers in the USA. Phycological Research 53 (2): 113–133.
Morales, E.A. & Manoylov, K.M. (2006a) Staurosirella incognita Morales et Manoylov sp. nov., a non-spiny species from North America, with an emended description of Staurosirella Williams et Round (Bacillariophyceae). In: Witkowski, A. (Ed.) Proceedings of the 18th International Diatom Symposium. Miedzyzdroje, Poland, 2004. Biopress Ltd. Bristol, pp. 325–336.
Morales, E. & Manoylov, K.M. (2006b). Morphological studies on selected taxa in the genus Staurosirella Williams et Round (Bacillariophyceae) from rivers in North America. Diatom Research 21 (2): 343–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2006.9705674
Morales, E.A., Wetzel, C.E. & Ector, L. (2010) Two short striated species of Staurosirella. (Bacillariophyceae) from Indonesia and the United States. Polish Botanical Journal 55 (1) 107–117.
Morales, E.A., Buczkó, K., Wetzel, C.E., Novais, M.H., Ognjanova-Rumenova, N., Hoffmann, L. & Ector, L. (2014) Transfer of Staurosira grunowii to Staurosirella. Diatom Research 29: 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2013.804446
Morales, E.A., Wetzel, C.E., Haworth, E.Y. & Ector, L. (2019) Ending a 175-year taxonomic uncertainty: Description of Staurosirella neopinnata sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) to accommodate Fragilaria pinnata, a highly misconstrued taxon with a purported worldwide distribution. Phytotaxa 402 (2): 75–87. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.402.2.1
Ognjanova-Rumenova, N., Temniskova-Topalova, D. & Valeva, M. (1994) Ultrastructure of Fragilaria Lyngbye species (Bacillariophyta) from Neogene sediments in Bulgaria. In: Kociolek, J.P. (Ed.) Proceedings of the 11th International Diatom Symposium. San Francisco, California 12 – 17 August 1990. San Francisco, California Academy of Science, pp. 291–300.
Otvos, E.G. (2014) The last Interglacial Stage: Definitions and marine highstand Eurasia and North America and Eurasia. Quaternary International 383: 158–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.010
Pantocsek, J. (1892) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Fossilen Bacillarien Ungarns. III. Theil: Süsswasser Bacillarien. Anhang: Analysen 15 neuer Depôts von Bulgarien, Japan, Mähern, Russland und Ungarn. Buchdruckerei von Julius Platzko, Nagy-Tapolcsány. 42 pls.
Pantocsek, J. (1913) A lutillai ragpalában elöforduló Bacillariák vagy Kovamoszatok leírása [Bacillarien des Klebschiefers von Lutilla]. A pozsonyi Orvos-Természettudományi Egyesület közleményei. Verhandlungen des Vereins für Natur- und Heilkunde zu Pozsony, Neue Folge 23: 19–35.
Pinseel, E., Harper, M.A, Wolfe, A.P., Lewis, A.R., Dickinson, W., Ashworth, A.C., Sabbe, K., Van de Vijver, B., Verleyen, E. & Vyverman, W. (2016a) The Miocene freshwater diatom flora of the Antarctic Continent. In: 24th International diatom symposium : program and abstracts. University of Ghent, Academic Bibliography, pp. 122. [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8196961]
Pinseel, E., Verleyen, E., Janssens, S.B., Vanormelingen, P., Harper, M.A., Dickinson, W., Wolfe, A.P., Lewis, A.R., Ashworth, A.C., TERDIA & ANTDIAT Consortia, Sabbe, K., Van de Vijver, B. & Vyverman, W. (2016b) The evolutionary and biogeographical history of diatoms in Antarctica: a tale of fossils, eDNA and molecular phylogenies. In: 25<sup>th</sup> International Diatom Symposium. Berlin, Germany.
Pinseel, E., Van de Vijver, B., Wolfe, A.P., Harper, M., Antoniades, D., Ashworth, A.C., Ector, L., Lewis, A.R., Perren, B., Hodgson, D.A., Sabbe, K, Verleyen, E. & Vyverman, W. (2021) Extinction of Gondwana diatoms in response to large-scale climate dynamics in Antarctica. Science Advances 7: eabh3233. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh3233
Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990) The diatoms, biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 747 pp.
Round, F.E., Hallsteinsen, H., Paasche, E. (1999) On a previously controversial “fragilarioid” diatom now placed in a new genus Nanofrustulum. Diatom Research 14 (2): 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1999.9705476
Scherer, R.P., Sjunneskog, C.M., Iverson, N.R. & Hooyer, T.S. (2004) Assessing subglacial processes from diatom fragmentation patterns. Geology 32 (7): 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1130/G20423.1
Smith, W. (1856) A synopsis of the British Diatomaceae; with remarks on their structure, functions and distribution; and instructions for collecting and preserving specimens. Vol. 2. pp. [i–vi]–xxix, 1–107.
Tzedakis, C. (2003) Timing and duration of Last Interglacial conditions in Europe: a chronicle of a changing chronology. Quaternary Science Reviews 22: 763–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00004-0
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159: [i]–xxxviii, 1–253. [Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten] https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
Verret, M., Dickinson, W., Lacelle, D., Fisher, D., Norton, D., Chorley, H., Levy, R. & Naish, T. (2020) Cryostratigraphy of mid-Miocene permafrost at Friis Hills, McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. Antarctic Science 33 (2): 174–188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102020000619
Williams, D.M. & Round, F.E. (1987) Revision of the genus Fragilaria. Diatom Research 2 (2): 267–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1987.9705004
Williams, D.M. & Round, F.E. (1988) Fragilariforma, nom. nov., a new generic name for Neofragilaria Williams & Round. Diatom Research 3 (2): 265–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1988.9705039