Abstract
A new species of araphid diatoms with bilobate ends is described as Staurosirella tigris sp. nov. It was found in mid-Miocene glacial-lacustrine sediments in the Friis Hills, Antarctica. The new diatom is placed in Staurosirella because it has striae composed of apically-oriented lineolae, separated by long, thin vimines, and it lacks rimoportulae. It can be easily distinguished by its rectangular valve shape with bilobate ends, differing from Staurosirella grunowii, another four-lobed Miocene species, by having a rectangular central portion to its valves instead of being cross-shaped with the four lobes arising from a common central area. Also, the distribution of the new species is different, to date only being found in Antarctica, while S. grunowii is restricted to the Northern Hemisphere.
References
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<p>Morales, E.A., Buczkó, K., Wetzel, C.E., Novais, M.H., Ognjanova-Rumenova, N., Hoffmann, L. & Ector, L. (2014) Transfer of <em>Staurosira grunowii</em> to <em>Staurosirella</em>. <em>Diatom Research</em> 29: 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2013.804446</p>
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<p>Ehrenberg, C.G. (1854) <em>Mikrogeologie. Einundvierzig Tafeln mit über viertausend grossentheils colorirten Figuren, Gezeichnet vom Verfasser.</em> Leipzig: Verlag von Leopold Voss. pp. [1]–31, 40 pls [Taf. I–XXXX].</p>
<p>Falasco, E., Bona, F., Badino, G., Hoffman, L. & Ector, L. (2009) Diatom teratological forms and environmental alterations: a review. <em>Hydrobiologia</em> 623: 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9687-3</p>
<p>Falasco, E., Ector, L., Wetzel, C.E., Badino, G. & Bona, F. (2021) Looking back, looking forward: a review of the new literature on diatom teratological forms (2010–2020). <em>Hydrobiologia</em> 848: 1675–1753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04540-x</p>
<p>Fielding, C.R., Browne, G.H., Field, B., Florindo, F., Harwood, D.M., Krissek, L.A., Levy, R.H., Panter, K.S., Passchier, S. & Pekar, S.F. (2011) Sequence stratigraphy of the ANDRILL AND-2A drillcore, Antarctica: A long-term, ice proximal record of Early to Mid-Miocene climate, sea-level and glacial dynamism. <em>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</em> 305: 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.03.026</p>
<p>Flower, RJ., Jones, V.J. & Round, F.E. (1996) The distribution and classification of problematic <em>Fragilaria (virescens v.) exigua</em> Grun./<em>Fragilaria exiguiformis</em> (Grun.) Lange-Bertalot: a new species or a new genus? <em>Diatom Research </em>11: 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1996.9705363</p>
<p>Guerrero, J.M., García, M.L. & Morales, E.A. (2019) <em>Staurosirella andino-patagonica sp nov</em>. (Bacillariophyta) from lake sediments in Patagonia, Argentina. <em>Phytotaxa </em>402 (3): 131–144. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.402.3.1</p>
<p>Levy, R., Harwood, D., Florindo, F., Sangiorgi, F., Tripathi, R., von Eynatten, H., Gasson, E., Kuhn, G., Tripathi, A., DeConto, R., Fielding, C., Field, B., Golledge, N., McKay, R., Naish, T., Olney, M., Pollard, D., Schouten, S., Talarico, F., Warny, S., Willmott, V., Acton, G., Panter, K., Paulsen, T., Taviani, M. & SMS Science Team (2016) Antarctic ice sheet sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 variations in the early to mid-Miocene. <em>PNAS</em> 113 (13): 3453–3458. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516030113</p>
<p>Lewis, A.R., Marchant, D.R., Ashworth, A.C., Hedenäs, L., Hemming, S.R., Johnson, J.V., Leng, M.J., Machlus, M.L., Newton, A.E., Raine, J.I., Willenbring, J.K., Williams, M. & Wolfe, A.P. (2008) Mid-Miocene cooling and the extinction of tundra in continental Antarctica. <em>PNAS</em> 105: 10676–10680. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802501105</p>
<p>Lewis, A.R., Levy, R.H., Naish, T., Gorman, A.R., Colledge, N., Dickinson, W.W., Kraus, C., Florindo, F., Ashworth, A.C., Pyne, A. & Kingan, T. (2015) <em>Friis Hills Drilling Project – Coring and Early to mid-Miocene terrestrial sequence in the Transantarctic Mountains to examine climate gradients and ice sheet variability along an inland-to off-shore transect.</em> AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, PP21B-2249. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2015AGUFMPP21B2249L/abstract]</p>
<p>Lewis, A.R. & Ashworth, A.C. (2016) An early to middle Miocene record of ice-sheet and landscape evolution from the Friis Hills, Antarctica. <em>Geological Society of America Bulletin</em> 128 (5–6): 719–738. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31319.1</p>
<p>Metzeltin, D. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (2007) Tropical Diatoms of South America II. Special remarks on biogeographic disjunction. <em>Iconographia Diatomologica</em> 18: 1–877.</p>
<p>Morales, E.A. (2001): Morphological studies in selected fragilarioid diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from Connecticut waters (U.S.A.). <em>Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia</em> 151 (1): 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1635/0097-3157(2001)151[0105:msisfd]2.0.co;2</p>
<p>Morales, E.A. (2002) Studies in selected fragilarioid diatoms of potential indicator value from Florida (USA) with notes on the genus <em>Opephora</em> Petit (Bacillariophyceae). <em>Limnologica</em> 32 (2): 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0075-9511(02)80002-0</p>
<p>Morales, E.A. (2005) Observations of the morphology of some known and new fragilarioid diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from rivers in the USA. <em>Phycological Research</em> 53 (2): 113–133.</p>
<p>Morales, E.A. & Manoylov, K.M. (2006a) <em>Staurosirella incognita</em> Morales et Manoylov sp. nov., a non-spiny species from North America, with an emended description of <em>Staurosirella</em> Williams et Round (Bacillariophyceae). <em>In</em>: Witkowski, A. (Ed.) <em>Proceedings of the 18th International Diatom Symposium.</em> <em>Miedzyzdroje, Poland, 2004.</em> Biopress Ltd. Bristol, pp. 325–336.</p>
<p>Morales, E. & Manoylov, K.M. (2006b). Morphological studies on selected taxa in the genus <em>Staurosirella</em> Williams et Round (Bacillariophyceae) from rivers in North America. <em>Diatom Research</em> 21 (2): 343–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2006.9705674</p>
<p>Morales, E.A., Wetzel, C.E. & Ector, L. (2010) Two short striated species of <em>Staurosirella</em>. (Bacillariophyceae) from Indonesia and the United States. <em>Polish Botanical Journal</em> 55 (1) 107–117.</p>
<p>Morales, E.A., Buczkó, K., Wetzel, C.E., Novais, M.H., Ognjanova-Rumenova, N., Hoffmann, L. & Ector, L. (2014) Transfer of <em>Staurosira grunowii</em> to <em>Staurosirella</em>. <em>Diatom Research</em> 29: 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2013.804446</p>
<p>Morales, E.A., Wetzel, C.E., Haworth, E.Y. & Ector, L. (2019) Ending a 175-year taxonomic uncertainty: Description of <em>Staurosirella neopinnata</em> sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) to accommodate <em>Fragilaria pinnata</em>, a highly misconstrued taxon with a purported worldwide distribution. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 402 (2): 75–87. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.402.2.1</p>
<p>Ognjanova-Rumenova, N., Temniskova-Topalova, D. & Valeva, M. (1994) Ultrastructure of <em>Fragilaria</em> Lyngbye species (Bacillariophyta) from Neogene sediments in Bulgaria. <em>In</em>: Kociolek, J.P. (Ed.) <em>Proceedings of the 11th International Diatom Symposium. San Francisco, California 12 – 17 August 1990</em>. San Francisco, California Academy of Science, pp. 291–300.</p>
<p>Otvos, E.G. (2014) The last Interglacial Stage: Definitions and marine highstand Eurasia and North America and Eurasia. <em>Quaternary International</em> 383: 158–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.010</p>
<p>Pantocsek, J. (1892) <em>Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Fossilen Bacillarien Ungarns. III.</em> Theil: Süsswasser Bacillarien. Anhang: Analysen 15 neuer Depôts von Bulgarien, Japan, Mähern, Russland und Ungarn. Buchdruckerei von Julius Platzko, Nagy-Tapolcsány. 42 pls.</p>
<p>Pantocsek, J. (1913) A lutillai ragpalában elöforduló Bacillariák vagy Kovamoszatok leírása [Bacillarien des Klebschiefers von Lutilla]. A pozsonyi Orvos-Természettudományi Egyesület közleményei. <em>Verhandlungen des Vereins für Natur- und Heilkunde zu Pozsony,</em> <em>Neue Folge</em> 23: 19–35.</p>
<p>Pinseel, E., Harper, M.A, Wolfe, A.P., Lewis, A.R., Dickinson, W., Ashworth, A.C., Sabbe, K., Van de Vijver, B., Verleyen, E. & Vyverman, W. (2016a) The Miocene freshwater diatom flora of the Antarctic Continent. <em>In: 24th International diatom symposium : program and abstracts.</em> University of Ghent, Academic Bibliography, pp. 122. [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8196961]</p>
<p>Pinseel, E., Verleyen, E., Janssens, S.B., Vanormelingen, P., Harper, M.A., Dickinson, W., Wolfe, A.P., Lewis, A.R., Ashworth, A.C., TERDIA & ANTDIAT Consortia, Sabbe, K., Van de Vijver, B. & Vyverman, W. (2016b) The evolutionary and biogeographical history of diatoms in Antarctica: a tale of fossils, eDNA and molecular phylogenies. <em>In: 25<sup>th</sup> International Diatom Symposium.</em> Berlin, Germany.</p>
<p>Pinseel, E., Van de Vijver, B., Wolfe, A.P., Harper, M., Antoniades, D., Ashworth, A.C., Ector, L., Lewis, A.R., Perren, B., Hodgson, D.A., Sabbe, K, Verleyen, E. & Vyverman, W. (2021) Extinction of Gondwana diatoms in response to large-scale climate dynamics in Antarctica. <em>Science Advances</em> 7: eabh3233. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh3233</p>
<p>Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990) <em>The diatoms, biology and morphology of the genera.</em> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 747 pp.</p>
<p>Round, F.E., Hallsteinsen, H., Paasche, E. (1999) On a previously controversial “fragilarioid” diatom now placed in a new genus <em>Nanofrustulum</em>. <em>Diatom Research</em> 14 (2): 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1999.9705476</p>
<p>Scherer, R.P., Sjunneskog, C.M., Iverson, N.R. & Hooyer, T.S. (2004) Assessing subglacial processes from diatom fragmentation patterns. <em>Geology</em> 32 (7): 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1130/G20423.1</p>
<p>Smith, W. (1856) <em>A synopsis of the British Diatomaceae; with remarks on their structure, functions and distribution; and instructions for collecting and preserving specimens.</em> Vol. 2. pp. [i–vi]–xxix, 1–107.</p>
<p>Tzedakis, C. (2003) Timing and duration of Last Interglacial conditions in Europe: a chronicle of a changing chronology. <em>Quaternary Science Reviews</em> 22: 763–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00004-0</p>
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