Abstract
Salicornia is a cosmopolitan genus having a high complicate taxonomy even described as a nightmare. Morphologically members of Salicornia are halophyte, annual, articulated, and succulent herbs with cortical palisade, opposite decussate scale-leaves, thyrsoid cymes, flowers packed in cauline depressions and the diaspore composed of l-seeded utricle. Salicornia is a priceless edible vegetable, considered as a favourable resource for cultivation in arid and semiarid coastal zones. Concerning the molecular data, although various studies were published, the situation is still quite obscure, at least for some taxa. Also, no DNA markers were used to analyses the genomic variability of the populations, up to date. In the present study, the genetic diversity of 102 individuals of S. persica (15 populations) were studied using 10 Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. High polymorphic bands (94.18%), polymorphic information content (0.27), and allele number (1.38) showed SCoT as a reliable marker system for genetic analysis of this species. We used SCoT molecular marker for our genetic investigation with the following aims: 1) investigate genetic diversity both among and with date S. persica, 2) identify genetic groups within the 15 populations studied, and 3) produce data on the genetic structure of S. persica populations. The results obtained revealed a high within-population genetic variability.
References
Akhani, H. (2003) Salicornia persica Akhani (Chenopodiaceae), a remarkable new species from Central Iran. Linzer Bioligische. Beiträge 35: 607–612.
Akhani, H. (2008) Taxonomic revision of the genus Salicornia L. (Chenopodiaceae) in Central and Southern Iran. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40 (4): 1635–1655.
Ball, P.W. (1964) A taxonomic review of Salicornia in Europe. Feddes Repertorium 69: 1–8.
Ball, P.W. & Tutin, T.G. (1959) Notes on annual species of Salicornia in Britain. Watsonia 4: 193–205.
Ball, P.W. & Akeroyd, J.R. (1993) Salicornia L. In: Tutin, T.G., Burgess, N.A., Chater, A.O., Edmondson, J.R., Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (Eds.) Flora Europaea 2<sup>nd</sup> Ed., vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, pp. 121–123.
Bi, D., Dan, C., Khayatnezhad, M., Sayyah Hashjin, Z., Li, Z. & Ma, Y. (2021) Molecular Identification And Genetic Diversity In Hypericum L.: A High Value Medicinal Plant Using Rapd Markers Markers. Genetika 53 (1): 393–405.
Cheng, X., Hong, X., Khayatnezhad, M. & Ullah, F. (2021) Genetic diversity and comparative study of genomic DNA extraction protocols in Tamarix L. species. Caryologia 74 (2): 131–139.
Collard, B.C.Y. & Mackill, D.J. (2009) Start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism: a simple novel DNA marker technique for generating gene-targeted markers in plants. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 27: 86–93.
Dahlgren, G. (1980) Cytological and morphological investigation of the genus Erodium L’Hér. in the Aegean. Botanica Notarisia 133: 491–513.
Duval-Jouve, M.J. (1868) Des Salicornia de l’Herault. Bulletin De la Société Botanique de France 15: 165–178.
Esfandani-Bozchaloyi, S. & Sheidai, M. (2018) Molecular diversity and genetic relationships among Geranium pusillum and G. pyrenaicum with inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) regions. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics 71 (4): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2018.1503500
Esfandani-Bozchaloyi, S. & Sheidai, M. (2019) Comparison Of Dna Extraction Methods From Geranium (Geraniaceae). Acta Botanica Hungarica 61 (3–4): 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1556/034.61.2019.3-4.3
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2017a) Genetic diversity and morphological variability in Geranium purpureum Vill. (Geraniaceae) Of Iran. Genetika 49: 543–557. https://doi.org/10.2298/GENSR1702543B
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2017b) Species delimitation in Geranium Sect. Batrachioidea: Morphological and molecular. Acta Botanica Hungarica 59 (3–4): 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1556/034.59.2017.3-4.3
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2017c) Genetic and morphological diversity in Geranium dissectum (Sec. Dissecta, Geraniaceae) populations. Biologia 72 (10): 1121–1130. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2017-0124
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2017d) Analysis of genetic diversity in Geranium robertianum by ISSR markers. Phytologia Balcanica 23 (2): 157–166.
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2018a) Species Relationship and Population Structure Analysis In Geranium Subg. Robertium (Picard) Rouy with The Use of ISSR Molecular Markers. Acta Botanica Hungarica 60 (1–2): 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1556/034.60.2018.1-2.4
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2018b) Species identification and population structure analysis in Geranium Subg. Geranium (Geraniaceae). Hacquetia 17 (2): 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2017-0007
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2018c) Morphometric and ISSR-analysis of local populations of Geranium molle L. from the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Cytology and Genetics 52 (4): 309–321. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452718040102
Evanno, G., Regnaut, S. & Goudet, J. (2005) Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology 14: 2611–2620.
Freeland, J.R., Kirk, H. & Peterson, S.D. (2011) Molecular Ecology 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. Wiley-Blackwell, UK, 449 pp. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470979365
Freitag, H. (1989) Contributions to the chenopod flora of Egypt. Flora 183 : 149–173.
Guittonneau, G.G. (1972) Etude biosystematique du genre Erodium L’Hér. Boissiera 20: 1–154.
Gholamin, R. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2020a) Assessment of the Correlation between Chlorophyll Content and Drought Resistance in Corn Cultivars (Zea Mays). Helix 10 (05): 93–97.
Gholamin, R. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2020b) The effect of dry season stretch on Chlorophyll Content and RWC of Wheat Genotypes (Triticum Durum L.). Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 13 (4): 1833–1829.
Gholamin, R. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2020c) Study of Bread Wheat Genotype Physiological and Biochemical Responses to Drought Stress. Helix 10 (5): 87–92.
Gohil, R.H & Pandya, J.B. (2006) genetic divergence in salicornia (salicornia brachiata roxb.) Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 66 (1): 75–76.
Guo, L.-N., She, C., Kong, D.-B., Yan, S.-L., Xu, P., Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholinia, F. (2021) Prediction of the effects of climate change on hydroelectric generation, electricity demand, and emissions of greenhouse gases under climatic scenarios and optimized ANN model. Energy Reports 7: 5431¬5445.
Hammer, Ø. Harper, Dat. & Ryan, P.D. (2012) PAST: Paleontological Statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4: 1?9.
Hou, R., Li, S., Wu, M., Ren, G., Gao, W., Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholinia, F. (2021) “Assessing of impact climate parameters on the gap between hydropower supply and electricity demand by RCPs scenarios and optimized ANN by the improved Pathfinder (IPF) algorithm.” Energy 237: 601¬621.
Huang, D., Wang, J. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2021) Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration Using Soil Moisture Balance and Remote Sensing. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering 45: 2779–2786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-020-00575-7
Hedrick, P.W. (2005) A standardized genetic differentiation measure. Evolution 59: 1633?1638.
Hoffman, A.A. & Willi, Y. (2008) Detecting genetic responses to environmental change. Nature Reviews Genetics 9: 421–432.
Holderegger, R., Kamm, U. & Gugerli, F. (2006) Adaptive vs. neutral genetic diversity: implications for landscape genetics. Landscape Ecology 21: 797–807.
Jia, Y., Khayatnezhad, M. & Mehri, S. (2020) Population differentiation and gene flow in Rrodium cicutarium: A potential medicinal plant. Genetika 52 (3): 1127–1144.
Karasakal, A., Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholamin, R. (2020a) The Durum Wheat Gene Sequence Response Assessment of Triticum durum for Dehydration Situations Utilizing Different Indicators of Water Deficiency. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 13 (4): 2050–2057.
Karasakal, A., Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholamin, R. (2020b) The Effect of Saline, Drought, and Presowing Salt Stress on Nitrate Reductase Activity in Varieties of Eleusine coracana (Gaertn). Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 13 (4): 2087–2091.
Kadereit, G., Ball, S., Beer, L., Mucina, D., Sokoloff, P., Teege, A.E. Freitag, H. (2007) A taxonomic nightmare comes true: phylogeny and biogeography of glassworts (Salicornia L., Chenopodiaceae). Taxon 56: 1143?1170.
Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholamin, R. (2020) Study of Durum Wheat Genotypes’ Response to Drought Stress Conditions. Helix 10 (05): 98¬103.
Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholamin, R. (2021a) The Effect of Drought Stress on the Superoxide Dismutase and Chlorophyll Content in Durum Wheat Genotypes. Advancements in Life Sciences 8 (2): 119–123.
Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholamin, R. (2021b) Impacts of Drought Stress on Corn Cultivars (Zea mays L.) At the Germination Stage. Bioscience Research 18 (1): 409–414.
Knuth, P. (1908) Handbook of flower pollination, vol. 2. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 703 pp.
Kruger, A.M., Hellwig, F.H. & Oberprieler, C. (2002) Genetic diversity in natural and antropogenic inland populations of salt-tolerant plants: random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Aster tripolium L. (Compositae) and Salicornia ramosissima Woods (Chenopodiaceae). Molecular Ecology 11: 1647?1655.
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 560 pp.
Ma, A., Ji, J. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2021a) Risk-constrained non-probabilistic scheduling of coordinated power-to-gas conversion facility and natural gas storage in power and gas based energy systems. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 26: 100478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2021.100478
Ma, S., Khayatnezhad, M. & Minaeifar, A.A. (2021b) Genetic diversity and relationships among Hypericum L. species by ISSR Markers: A high value medicinal plant from Northern of Iran. Caryologia 74 (1): 97–107.
Moss, C.E. (1911) Some species of Salicornia. Journal of Botany London 49: 177–185.
Minn, Y., Gailing, O. & Finkeldey, R. (2015) Genetic diversity and structure of teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) anddahat (Tectona hamiltoniana Wall.) based on chloroplast microsatellites and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 63: 961–974.
Noble, S.M., Davy, A.J. & Oliver, R.M. (1992) Ribosomal DNA variation and population differentiation in Salicornia L. New Phytologist 122: 553–565
Peakall, R. & Smouse, P.E. (2006) GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x
Peng, X., Khayatnezhad, M.& Ghezeljehmeidan, L. (2021) Rapd profiling in detecting genetic variation in stellaria l. (caryophyllaceae). Genetika 53 (1): 349¬362.
Podani, J. (2000) Introduction to the Exploration of Multivariate Data English translation. Backhuyes Publisher, Leide, 407 pp.
Pritchard, J.K., Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype Data. Genetics 155: 945–959.
Ren, J. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2021) “Evaluating the stormwater management model to improve urban water allocation system in drought conditions. Water Supply 21 (4): 1514–1524.
Sagane, Y., Sato, K. & Momonoki, S. (2003) Identification of Salicornia Populations: Comparison between Morphological Characterization and RAPD Fingerprinting. Plant Production Science 4 (6): 287–294.
Si, X., Gao, L. Song, Y. Khayatnezhad, M. & Minaeifar, A.A. (2020) Understanding population differentiation using geographical, morphological and genetic characterization in Erodium cicunium. Indian Journal of Genetic 80 (4): 459–467.
Sun, X. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2021) Fuzzy-probabilistic modeling the flood characteristics using bivariate frequency analysis and ?-cut decomposition. Water Supply 21 (8): 4391–4403.
Sun, Q., Lin, D. Khayatnezhad, M. & Taghavi, M. (2021) Investigation of phosphoric acid fuel cell, linear Fresnel solar reflector and Organic Rankine Cycle polygeneration energy system in different climatic conditions. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 147: 993¬1008.
Scott, A.J. (1977) Reinstatement and revision of Salicorniaceae J. Agardh. Botanical Journal of Linnean Society 75: 357–374.
Steffen, S., Ball, P., Mucina, L.& Kadereit, G. (2015) Phylogeny, biogeography and ecological diversification of Sarcocornia (Salicornioideae, Amaranthaceae). Annals of Botany 115: 353–368.
Wang, C., Shang, Y. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2021) Fuzzy Stress-based Modeling for Probabilistic Irrigation Planning Using Copula-NSPSO. Water Resources Management 35 (14): 4943–4959.
Warburg, E.F. (1938) Taxonomy and relationship in the Geraniales in the light of their cytology. New Phytologist 37: 189–210.
Webb, D.A. & Chater, A.O. (1968) Erodium L’Hér. In: Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.) Flora Europaea, vol. 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae, Cambridge at the University Press, Cambridge, pp. 199–204.
Weising, K., Nybom, H., Wolff, K. & Kahl, G. (2005) DNA Fingerprinting in Plants. Principles, Methods, and Applications, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. CRC Press, Boca Rayton, 472 pp. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420040043
Yin, J., Khayatnezhad, M. & Shakoor, A. (2021) Evaluation Of Genetic Diversity In Geranium (Geraniaceae) Using Rapd Marker. Genetika 53 (1): 363–378.
Zheng, R., Zhao, S. Khayyatnezhad, M. & Afzal Shah, S. (2021) Comparative study and genetic diversity in Salvia (Lamiaceae) using RAPD Molecular Markers. Caryologia 74 (2): 45–56.
Zhu, K., Liu, L. Li, S. Li, B., Khayatnezhad, M. & Shakoor, A. (2021) “Morphological method and molecular marker determine genetic diversity and population structure in Allochrusa. Caryologia 74 (2): 121–130.
Akhani, H. (2008) Taxonomic revision of the genus Salicornia L. (Chenopodiaceae) in Central and Southern Iran. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40 (4): 1635–1655.
Ball, P.W. (1964) A taxonomic review of Salicornia in Europe. Feddes Repertorium 69: 1–8.
Ball, P.W. & Tutin, T.G. (1959) Notes on annual species of Salicornia in Britain. Watsonia 4: 193–205.
Ball, P.W. & Akeroyd, J.R. (1993) Salicornia L. In: Tutin, T.G., Burgess, N.A., Chater, A.O., Edmondson, J.R., Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (Eds.) Flora Europaea 2<sup>nd</sup> Ed., vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, pp. 121–123.
Bi, D., Dan, C., Khayatnezhad, M., Sayyah Hashjin, Z., Li, Z. & Ma, Y. (2021) Molecular Identification And Genetic Diversity In Hypericum L.: A High Value Medicinal Plant Using Rapd Markers Markers. Genetika 53 (1): 393–405.
Cheng, X., Hong, X., Khayatnezhad, M. & Ullah, F. (2021) Genetic diversity and comparative study of genomic DNA extraction protocols in Tamarix L. species. Caryologia 74 (2): 131–139.
Collard, B.C.Y. & Mackill, D.J. (2009) Start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism: a simple novel DNA marker technique for generating gene-targeted markers in plants. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 27: 86–93.
Dahlgren, G. (1980) Cytological and morphological investigation of the genus Erodium L’Hér. in the Aegean. Botanica Notarisia 133: 491–513.
Duval-Jouve, M.J. (1868) Des Salicornia de l’Herault. Bulletin De la Société Botanique de France 15: 165–178.
Esfandani-Bozchaloyi, S. & Sheidai, M. (2018) Molecular diversity and genetic relationships among Geranium pusillum and G. pyrenaicum with inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) regions. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics 71 (4): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2018.1503500
Esfandani-Bozchaloyi, S. & Sheidai, M. (2019) Comparison Of Dna Extraction Methods From Geranium (Geraniaceae). Acta Botanica Hungarica 61 (3–4): 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1556/034.61.2019.3-4.3
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2017a) Genetic diversity and morphological variability in Geranium purpureum Vill. (Geraniaceae) Of Iran. Genetika 49: 543–557. https://doi.org/10.2298/GENSR1702543B
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2017b) Species delimitation in Geranium Sect. Batrachioidea: Morphological and molecular. Acta Botanica Hungarica 59 (3–4): 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1556/034.59.2017.3-4.3
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2017c) Genetic and morphological diversity in Geranium dissectum (Sec. Dissecta, Geraniaceae) populations. Biologia 72 (10): 1121–1130. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2017-0124
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2017d) Analysis of genetic diversity in Geranium robertianum by ISSR markers. Phytologia Balcanica 23 (2): 157–166.
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2018a) Species Relationship and Population Structure Analysis In Geranium Subg. Robertium (Picard) Rouy with The Use of ISSR Molecular Markers. Acta Botanica Hungarica 60 (1–2): 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1556/034.60.2018.1-2.4
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2018b) Species identification and population structure analysis in Geranium Subg. Geranium (Geraniaceae). Hacquetia 17 (2): 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2017-0007
Esfandani Bozchaloyi, S., Sheidai, M., Keshavarzi, M. & Noormohammadi, Z. (2018c) Morphometric and ISSR-analysis of local populations of Geranium molle L. from the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Cytology and Genetics 52 (4): 309–321. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452718040102
Evanno, G., Regnaut, S. & Goudet, J. (2005) Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology 14: 2611–2620.
Freeland, J.R., Kirk, H. & Peterson, S.D. (2011) Molecular Ecology 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. Wiley-Blackwell, UK, 449 pp. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470979365
Freitag, H. (1989) Contributions to the chenopod flora of Egypt. Flora 183 : 149–173.
Guittonneau, G.G. (1972) Etude biosystematique du genre Erodium L’Hér. Boissiera 20: 1–154.
Gholamin, R. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2020a) Assessment of the Correlation between Chlorophyll Content and Drought Resistance in Corn Cultivars (Zea Mays). Helix 10 (05): 93–97.
Gholamin, R. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2020b) The effect of dry season stretch on Chlorophyll Content and RWC of Wheat Genotypes (Triticum Durum L.). Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 13 (4): 1833–1829.
Gholamin, R. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2020c) Study of Bread Wheat Genotype Physiological and Biochemical Responses to Drought Stress. Helix 10 (5): 87–92.
Gohil, R.H & Pandya, J.B. (2006) genetic divergence in salicornia (salicornia brachiata roxb.) Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 66 (1): 75–76.
Guo, L.-N., She, C., Kong, D.-B., Yan, S.-L., Xu, P., Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholinia, F. (2021) Prediction of the effects of climate change on hydroelectric generation, electricity demand, and emissions of greenhouse gases under climatic scenarios and optimized ANN model. Energy Reports 7: 5431¬5445.
Hammer, Ø. Harper, Dat. & Ryan, P.D. (2012) PAST: Paleontological Statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4: 1?9.
Hou, R., Li, S., Wu, M., Ren, G., Gao, W., Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholinia, F. (2021) “Assessing of impact climate parameters on the gap between hydropower supply and electricity demand by RCPs scenarios and optimized ANN by the improved Pathfinder (IPF) algorithm.” Energy 237: 601¬621.
Huang, D., Wang, J. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2021) Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration Using Soil Moisture Balance and Remote Sensing. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering 45: 2779–2786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-020-00575-7
Hedrick, P.W. (2005) A standardized genetic differentiation measure. Evolution 59: 1633?1638.
Hoffman, A.A. & Willi, Y. (2008) Detecting genetic responses to environmental change. Nature Reviews Genetics 9: 421–432.
Holderegger, R., Kamm, U. & Gugerli, F. (2006) Adaptive vs. neutral genetic diversity: implications for landscape genetics. Landscape Ecology 21: 797–807.
Jia, Y., Khayatnezhad, M. & Mehri, S. (2020) Population differentiation and gene flow in Rrodium cicutarium: A potential medicinal plant. Genetika 52 (3): 1127–1144.
Karasakal, A., Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholamin, R. (2020a) The Durum Wheat Gene Sequence Response Assessment of Triticum durum for Dehydration Situations Utilizing Different Indicators of Water Deficiency. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 13 (4): 2050–2057.
Karasakal, A., Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholamin, R. (2020b) The Effect of Saline, Drought, and Presowing Salt Stress on Nitrate Reductase Activity in Varieties of Eleusine coracana (Gaertn). Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 13 (4): 2087–2091.
Kadereit, G., Ball, S., Beer, L., Mucina, D., Sokoloff, P., Teege, A.E. Freitag, H. (2007) A taxonomic nightmare comes true: phylogeny and biogeography of glassworts (Salicornia L., Chenopodiaceae). Taxon 56: 1143?1170.
Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholamin, R. (2020) Study of Durum Wheat Genotypes’ Response to Drought Stress Conditions. Helix 10 (05): 98¬103.
Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholamin, R. (2021a) The Effect of Drought Stress on the Superoxide Dismutase and Chlorophyll Content in Durum Wheat Genotypes. Advancements in Life Sciences 8 (2): 119–123.
Khayatnezhad, M. & Gholamin, R. (2021b) Impacts of Drought Stress on Corn Cultivars (Zea mays L.) At the Germination Stage. Bioscience Research 18 (1): 409–414.
Knuth, P. (1908) Handbook of flower pollination, vol. 2. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 703 pp.
Kruger, A.M., Hellwig, F.H. & Oberprieler, C. (2002) Genetic diversity in natural and antropogenic inland populations of salt-tolerant plants: random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Aster tripolium L. (Compositae) and Salicornia ramosissima Woods (Chenopodiaceae). Molecular Ecology 11: 1647?1655.
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 560 pp.
Ma, A., Ji, J. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2021a) Risk-constrained non-probabilistic scheduling of coordinated power-to-gas conversion facility and natural gas storage in power and gas based energy systems. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 26: 100478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2021.100478
Ma, S., Khayatnezhad, M. & Minaeifar, A.A. (2021b) Genetic diversity and relationships among Hypericum L. species by ISSR Markers: A high value medicinal plant from Northern of Iran. Caryologia 74 (1): 97–107.
Moss, C.E. (1911) Some species of Salicornia. Journal of Botany London 49: 177–185.
Minn, Y., Gailing, O. & Finkeldey, R. (2015) Genetic diversity and structure of teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) anddahat (Tectona hamiltoniana Wall.) based on chloroplast microsatellites and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 63: 961–974.
Noble, S.M., Davy, A.J. & Oliver, R.M. (1992) Ribosomal DNA variation and population differentiation in Salicornia L. New Phytologist 122: 553–565
Peakall, R. & Smouse, P.E. (2006) GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x
Peng, X., Khayatnezhad, M.& Ghezeljehmeidan, L. (2021) Rapd profiling in detecting genetic variation in stellaria l. (caryophyllaceae). Genetika 53 (1): 349¬362.
Podani, J. (2000) Introduction to the Exploration of Multivariate Data English translation. Backhuyes Publisher, Leide, 407 pp.
Pritchard, J.K., Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype Data. Genetics 155: 945–959.
Ren, J. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2021) “Evaluating the stormwater management model to improve urban water allocation system in drought conditions. Water Supply 21 (4): 1514–1524.
Sagane, Y., Sato, K. & Momonoki, S. (2003) Identification of Salicornia Populations: Comparison between Morphological Characterization and RAPD Fingerprinting. Plant Production Science 4 (6): 287–294.
Si, X., Gao, L. Song, Y. Khayatnezhad, M. & Minaeifar, A.A. (2020) Understanding population differentiation using geographical, morphological and genetic characterization in Erodium cicunium. Indian Journal of Genetic 80 (4): 459–467.
Sun, X. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2021) Fuzzy-probabilistic modeling the flood characteristics using bivariate frequency analysis and ?-cut decomposition. Water Supply 21 (8): 4391–4403.
Sun, Q., Lin, D. Khayatnezhad, M. & Taghavi, M. (2021) Investigation of phosphoric acid fuel cell, linear Fresnel solar reflector and Organic Rankine Cycle polygeneration energy system in different climatic conditions. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 147: 993¬1008.
Scott, A.J. (1977) Reinstatement and revision of Salicorniaceae J. Agardh. Botanical Journal of Linnean Society 75: 357–374.
Steffen, S., Ball, P., Mucina, L.& Kadereit, G. (2015) Phylogeny, biogeography and ecological diversification of Sarcocornia (Salicornioideae, Amaranthaceae). Annals of Botany 115: 353–368.
Wang, C., Shang, Y. & Khayatnezhad, M. (2021) Fuzzy Stress-based Modeling for Probabilistic Irrigation Planning Using Copula-NSPSO. Water Resources Management 35 (14): 4943–4959.
Warburg, E.F. (1938) Taxonomy and relationship in the Geraniales in the light of their cytology. New Phytologist 37: 189–210.
Webb, D.A. & Chater, A.O. (1968) Erodium L’Hér. In: Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.) Flora Europaea, vol. 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae, Cambridge at the University Press, Cambridge, pp. 199–204.
Weising, K., Nybom, H., Wolff, K. & Kahl, G. (2005) DNA Fingerprinting in Plants. Principles, Methods, and Applications, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. CRC Press, Boca Rayton, 472 pp. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420040043
Yin, J., Khayatnezhad, M. & Shakoor, A. (2021) Evaluation Of Genetic Diversity In Geranium (Geraniaceae) Using Rapd Marker. Genetika 53 (1): 363–378.
Zheng, R., Zhao, S. Khayyatnezhad, M. & Afzal Shah, S. (2021) Comparative study and genetic diversity in Salvia (Lamiaceae) using RAPD Molecular Markers. Caryologia 74 (2): 45–56.
Zhu, K., Liu, L. Li, S. Li, B., Khayatnezhad, M. & Shakoor, A. (2021) “Morphological method and molecular marker determine genetic diversity and population structure in Allochrusa. Caryologia 74 (2): 121–130.