Abstract
Lobelia is the largest genus within the subfamily Lobelioideae of Campanulaceae, comprising 415 species and ranging from small to exuberant woody herbs. In an attempt to clarify the systematics of Lobelia, a nomenclatural and taxonomic survey of its section Rhynchopetalum for South America is here presented. This group is monophyletic and consists of ten species, whose important distinguishing characters are the robust habit, often woody and pachycaulous, terminal racemes of large sub-bilabiate flowers, with only the ventral anthers bearded, and capsules producing numerous lenticular, commonly winged, seeds with a striate-reticulate testa. Along with a synopsis of the group, an identification key, and a distribution map, we also propose seven lectotypifications (for L. fistulosa, L. glazioviana, L. hassleri, L. hilaireana, L. langeana, L. organensis, and L. uranocoma) and four new synonymizations (for Haynadia organensis var. insignis, L. imperialis, L. imperialis var. kanitzii, and L. stellfeldii).
References
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<p>Brade, A.C. (1946) Espécies novas da flora do Brasil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 20: 41–46.</p>
<p>Braga, R.E. (1956) Lobelias do Brasil – Contribuição para o seu estudo. <em>Tribuna Farmacéutica</em> XXXII (1): 1–8 e (2, 3, 4): 41–54.</p>
<p>Candolle, A.P. de (1839) <em>Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis</em>, vol. 7 (2). Treuttel & Würtz, Paris, pp. 331–801.</p>
<p>Carauta, J.P.P. (1973) The text of Vellozo’s Flora Fluminensis and the effective date of publication. <em>Taxon</em> 22: 281–284. https://doi.org/10.2307/1218138</p>
<p>Chamisso, A. (1833) De plantis in expeditione speculatoria Romanzoffiana et in herbariis Regiis observatis dicere pergitur: Lobeliaceae. <em>Linnaea</em> 8 (3): 201–223.</p>
<p>CNCFlora (2021) Lista Vermelha da flora brasileira. Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora. Available from: http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/listavermelha. (accessed May 2021).</p>
<p>Dúsen, P. (1910) Gefässpflanzen aus Paraná (Südbrasilien). <em>Arkiv för Botanik</em> 9 (15): 18–20.</p>
<p>Endlicher, S. (1838) <em>Genera Plantarum Secundum Ordines Naturales</em>, vol. 1. Fr. Beck, Vienna, 1484 pp.</p>
<p>Fresenius, G. (1838) Diagnoses generum specierumque novarum in Abyssinia a cl. Rueppell detectarum. <em>Flora</em> 21: 601–616.</p>
<p>Gardner, G. (1845) Contributions towards flora of Brazil. <em>London Journal of Botany</em> 4: 97–137.</p>
<p>Hamy, E.T. (1908) <em>La Mission d</em>’<em>Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire en Espagne et en Portugal (1808). Histoire et documents</em>. Masson, Paris, 66 pp.</p>
<p>Hill, J. (1756) <em>The British Herbal</em>. Osborne & Shipton, London, 533 pp.</p>
<p>Kagame, S.P., Gichira, A.W., Chen, L.Y. & Wang, Q.F. (2021) Systematics of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae): review, phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses. <em>PhytoKeys</em> 174: 13. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.174.59555</p>
<p>Kanitz, A. (1878) Lobeliaceae. <em>In</em>: Martius, C.F.P. von (Ed.) <em>Flora Brasiliensis</em>, vol. 6 (4). Frid. Fleischer, Leipzig, pp. 130–187.</p>
<p>Knox, E.B., Downie, S.R. & Palmer, J.D. (1993) Chloroplast genome rearrangements and the evolution of giant lobelias from herbaceous ancestors. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution </em>10: 414–430.</p>
<p>Knox, E.B., Muasya, A.M. & Phillipson, P.B. (2006) The Lobeliaceae originated in southern Africa. <em>In</em>: Ghazanfar, S.A. & Beentje, H.J. (Eds.) <em>Taxonomy and ecology of African plants, their conservation and sustainable use</em>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 215–227.</p>
<p>Knox, E.B., Muasya, A.M. & Muchhala, N. (2008) The predominantly South American clade of Lobeliaceae. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 33: 462–468.</p>
<p>Knox, E.B. & Palmer, J.D. (1998) Chloroplast DNA evidence on the origin and radiation of the giant lobelias in eastern Africa. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 23: 109–149. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419583</p>
<p>Kuntze, O. (1891) <em>Revisio Generum Plantarum Vascularium Omnium atque Cellularium Multarum Secundum Leges Nomenclaturae Internationales</em>, vol. 2. Arthur Felix, Leipzig, 1011 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.124064</p>
<p>Lammers, T.G. (2004) Revision of <em>Lobelia</em> sect. <em>Homochilus</em> (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae). <em>Sida</em> 21: 591–623.</p>
<p>Lammers, T.G. (2007) <em>World checklist and bibliography of Campanulaceae</em>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 685 pp.</p>
<p>Lammers, T.G. (2011) Revision of the infrageneric classification of <em>Lobelia</em> L. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae). <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical</em> <em>Garden</em> 98: 37–62. https://doi.org/10.3417/2007150</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753<em>) Species Plantarum</em>. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1771) <em>Mantissa Plantarum Altera</em>. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 587 pp.</p>
<p>McNeill, J. (2014) Holotype specimens and type citations: General issues. <em>Taxon</em> 63: 1112–1113. https://doi.org/10.12705/635.7</p>
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<p>Miller, P. (1768) <em>The Gardeners Dictionary</em>, 8th ed. J. & F. Rivington, London.</p>
<p>Pastore, J.F.B., Mota, M., de Menezes, H.F. & Trovó, M. (2021) Vellozo’s Florae Fluminensis: A new assessment of the São Paulo part of his collecting itinerary, its vegetation, and species list. <em>Taxon</em> 70: 1078–1095. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12509</p>
<p>Plumier, C. (1703) <em>Nova Plantarum Americanarum Genera</em>. J. Boudot, Paris. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.121537</p>
<p>Pohl, J.B.E. (1831) <em>Plantarum Brasiliae Icones et Descriptiones</em>, vol. 2. Wien, 152 pp.</p>
<p>Presl, C. (1836) <em>Prodromus Monographie Lobeliacearum</em>. Theophilus Haase, Prague, 52 pp.</p>
<p>Richard, A. (1850) <em>Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae</em>, vol. 2. Bertrand, Paris, 518 pp.</p>
<p>Rollim, I.M., Coelho, G.P., Trovó, M. & Miotto, S.T.S. (2020) Campanulaceae. <em>In</em>: Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB28240 (accessed June 2021).</p>
<p>Stuessy, T.F. (1990) <em>Plant taxonomy, the systematic evaluation of comparative data</em>. Columbia University Press, New York, 562 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021 [continuously updated]) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed May 2021).</p>
<p>TERRACAP (2009) <em>Relatório de Impacto Ambiental Complementar do Assentamento Rural Monjolo</em>. Brasília: Governo do Distrito Federal, 345 pp.</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.H., Li, D.Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen</em>, China, July 2017. Regnum vegetabile 159. Koeltz, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>Vahl, M.H. (1791) <em>Symbolae Botanicae</em>, vol. 2. Privately published, Copenhagen, 108 pp.</p>
<p>Vellozo, J.M. da C. (1831) (“1827”) <em>Florae Fluminensis icones</em>, vol. 8. Senefelder, Paris. t. 157.</p>
<p>Vellozo, J.M. da C. (1881) Florae Fluminensis... .<em> Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro </em>5: 1–461.</p>
<p>Vieria, A.O.S. (1988) <em>Estudos taxonômicos das espécies de Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae Juss.) que ocorrem no Brasil</em>. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP.</p>
<p>Vieira, A.O.S. (2003) Campanulaceae: <em>Lobelia</em> L. <em>In</em>: Wanderley, M.G.L., Shepherd, G.J., Melhem, T.S., Giulietti, A.M. & Kirizawa, M. (Eds.) <em>Flora Fanerogâmica do estado de São Paulo</em>, vol. 3. Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo pp. 15–20, pp. 30–32 lista de exsicatas; ilustração pp. 23.</p>
<p>Vieira, A.O.S. & Shepherd, G.J. (1998) A new species of <em>Lobelia</em> (Campanulaceae) from Brazil. <em>Novon</em> 8 (4): 457–460. https://doi.org/10.2307/3391874</p>
<p>Wimmer, F.E. (1924) Lobelioideae. Species et varietates novae ex generibus. <em>Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis</em> 19: 241–265. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19240191602</p>
<p>Wimmer, F.E. (1935) Conspectus Lobelioidearum in Brasilia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina crescentium. <em>Revista Sudamericana Botanica.</em> II (1/5): 89–107.</p>
<p>Wimmer, F.E. (1953) Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae, II. Teil. <em>In</em>: Engler, A. & Diels, L. (Eds.) <em>Das Pflanzenreich</em> IV. 276b. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, pp. i–viii, 261–813.</p>
<p>Wimmer, F.E. (1968) Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae supplementum et Campanulaceae-Chyphioideae. <em>In</em>: Engler, A. & Diels, L. (Eds.) <em>Das Pflanzenreich</em> IV. 276c. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, pp. i–x, 815–1024.</p>
<p>Zahlbruckner, A. (1896) Lobeliaceae brasiliensis e collectionibus imprimes Dr. A. Glaziou. <em>Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjöbenhavn</em> 38: 67–71.</p>
<p>Zahlbruckner, A. (1907) Plantae Paraguarienses novae vel minus cognitae. <em>Bulletin de l</em>’<em>Herbier Boissier</em>, sér. 2, 7: 445–460.</p>
<p>Antonelli, A. (2008) Higher level phylogeny and evolutionary trends in Campanulaceae subfam. Lobelioideae: molecular signal overshadows morphology. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution </em>46: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.015</p>
<p>Bentham, G. (1876) Campanulaceae. <em>In</em>: Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (Eds.) <em>Genera Plantarum</em>, vol. 2. L. Reeve, London, pp. 541–564.</p>
<p>Bocage, J.V.B. (1862) <em>Ilustrações práticas sobre o modo de colligir, preparar e remeter produtos zoológicos para o Museu de Lisboa</em>. Museu de Lisboa, Lisboa, 96 pp.</p>
<p>Brade, A.C. (1946) Espécies novas da flora do Brasil. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 20: 41–46.</p>
<p>Braga, R.E. (1956) Lobelias do Brasil – Contribuição para o seu estudo. <em>Tribuna Farmacéutica</em> XXXII (1): 1–8 e (2, 3, 4): 41–54.</p>
<p>Candolle, A.P. de (1839) <em>Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis</em>, vol. 7 (2). Treuttel & Würtz, Paris, pp. 331–801.</p>
<p>Carauta, J.P.P. (1973) The text of Vellozo’s Flora Fluminensis and the effective date of publication. <em>Taxon</em> 22: 281–284. https://doi.org/10.2307/1218138</p>
<p>Chamisso, A. (1833) De plantis in expeditione speculatoria Romanzoffiana et in herbariis Regiis observatis dicere pergitur: Lobeliaceae. <em>Linnaea</em> 8 (3): 201–223.</p>
<p>CNCFlora (2021) Lista Vermelha da flora brasileira. Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora. Available from: http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/listavermelha. (accessed May 2021).</p>
<p>Dúsen, P. (1910) Gefässpflanzen aus Paraná (Südbrasilien). <em>Arkiv för Botanik</em> 9 (15): 18–20.</p>
<p>Endlicher, S. (1838) <em>Genera Plantarum Secundum Ordines Naturales</em>, vol. 1. Fr. Beck, Vienna, 1484 pp.</p>
<p>Fresenius, G. (1838) Diagnoses generum specierumque novarum in Abyssinia a cl. Rueppell detectarum. <em>Flora</em> 21: 601–616.</p>
<p>Gardner, G. (1845) Contributions towards flora of Brazil. <em>London Journal of Botany</em> 4: 97–137.</p>
<p>Hamy, E.T. (1908) <em>La Mission d</em>’<em>Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire en Espagne et en Portugal (1808). Histoire et documents</em>. Masson, Paris, 66 pp.</p>
<p>Hill, J. (1756) <em>The British Herbal</em>. Osborne & Shipton, London, 533 pp.</p>
<p>Kagame, S.P., Gichira, A.W., Chen, L.Y. & Wang, Q.F. (2021) Systematics of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae): review, phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses. <em>PhytoKeys</em> 174: 13. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.174.59555</p>
<p>Kanitz, A. (1878) Lobeliaceae. <em>In</em>: Martius, C.F.P. von (Ed.) <em>Flora Brasiliensis</em>, vol. 6 (4). Frid. Fleischer, Leipzig, pp. 130–187.</p>
<p>Knox, E.B., Downie, S.R. & Palmer, J.D. (1993) Chloroplast genome rearrangements and the evolution of giant lobelias from herbaceous ancestors. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution </em>10: 414–430.</p>
<p>Knox, E.B., Muasya, A.M. & Phillipson, P.B. (2006) The Lobeliaceae originated in southern Africa. <em>In</em>: Ghazanfar, S.A. & Beentje, H.J. (Eds.) <em>Taxonomy and ecology of African plants, their conservation and sustainable use</em>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 215–227.</p>
<p>Knox, E.B., Muasya, A.M. & Muchhala, N. (2008) The predominantly South American clade of Lobeliaceae. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 33: 462–468.</p>
<p>Knox, E.B. & Palmer, J.D. (1998) Chloroplast DNA evidence on the origin and radiation of the giant lobelias in eastern Africa. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 23: 109–149. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419583</p>
<p>Kuntze, O. (1891) <em>Revisio Generum Plantarum Vascularium Omnium atque Cellularium Multarum Secundum Leges Nomenclaturae Internationales</em>, vol. 2. Arthur Felix, Leipzig, 1011 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.124064</p>
<p>Lammers, T.G. (2004) Revision of <em>Lobelia</em> sect. <em>Homochilus</em> (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae). <em>Sida</em> 21: 591–623.</p>
<p>Lammers, T.G. (2007) <em>World checklist and bibliography of Campanulaceae</em>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 685 pp.</p>
<p>Lammers, T.G. (2011) Revision of the infrageneric classification of <em>Lobelia</em> L. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae). <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical</em> <em>Garden</em> 98: 37–62. https://doi.org/10.3417/2007150</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753<em>) Species Plantarum</em>. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1771) <em>Mantissa Plantarum Altera</em>. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 587 pp.</p>
<p>McNeill, J. (2014) Holotype specimens and type citations: General issues. <em>Taxon</em> 63: 1112–1113. https://doi.org/10.12705/635.7</p>
<p>Miller, P. (1754) <em>The Gardeners Dictionary</em>. Abridged from the Last Folio Edition, 4th ed. J. & J. Rivington, London.</p>
<p>Miller, P. (1768) <em>The Gardeners Dictionary</em>, 8th ed. J. & F. Rivington, London.</p>
<p>Pastore, J.F.B., Mota, M., de Menezes, H.F. & Trovó, M. (2021) Vellozo’s Florae Fluminensis: A new assessment of the São Paulo part of his collecting itinerary, its vegetation, and species list. <em>Taxon</em> 70: 1078–1095. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12509</p>
<p>Plumier, C. (1703) <em>Nova Plantarum Americanarum Genera</em>. J. Boudot, Paris. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.121537</p>
<p>Pohl, J.B.E. (1831) <em>Plantarum Brasiliae Icones et Descriptiones</em>, vol. 2. Wien, 152 pp.</p>
<p>Presl, C. (1836) <em>Prodromus Monographie Lobeliacearum</em>. Theophilus Haase, Prague, 52 pp.</p>
<p>Richard, A. (1850) <em>Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae</em>, vol. 2. Bertrand, Paris, 518 pp.</p>
<p>Rollim, I.M., Coelho, G.P., Trovó, M. & Miotto, S.T.S. (2020) Campanulaceae. <em>In</em>: Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB28240 (accessed June 2021).</p>
<p>Stuessy, T.F. (1990) <em>Plant taxonomy, the systematic evaluation of comparative data</em>. Columbia University Press, New York, 562 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021 [continuously updated]) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed May 2021).</p>
<p>TERRACAP (2009) <em>Relatório de Impacto Ambiental Complementar do Assentamento Rural Monjolo</em>. Brasília: Governo do Distrito Federal, 345 pp.</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.H., Li, D.Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen</em>, China, July 2017. Regnum vegetabile 159. Koeltz, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>Vahl, M.H. (1791) <em>Symbolae Botanicae</em>, vol. 2. Privately published, Copenhagen, 108 pp.</p>
<p>Vellozo, J.M. da C. (1831) (“1827”) <em>Florae Fluminensis icones</em>, vol. 8. Senefelder, Paris. t. 157.</p>
<p>Vellozo, J.M. da C. (1881) Florae Fluminensis... .<em> Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro </em>5: 1–461.</p>
<p>Vieria, A.O.S. (1988) <em>Estudos taxonômicos das espécies de Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae Juss.) que ocorrem no Brasil</em>. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP.</p>
<p>Vieira, A.O.S. (2003) Campanulaceae: <em>Lobelia</em> L. <em>In</em>: Wanderley, M.G.L., Shepherd, G.J., Melhem, T.S., Giulietti, A.M. & Kirizawa, M. (Eds.) <em>Flora Fanerogâmica do estado de São Paulo</em>, vol. 3. Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo pp. 15–20, pp. 30–32 lista de exsicatas; ilustração pp. 23.</p>
<p>Vieira, A.O.S. & Shepherd, G.J. (1998) A new species of <em>Lobelia</em> (Campanulaceae) from Brazil. <em>Novon</em> 8 (4): 457–460. https://doi.org/10.2307/3391874</p>
<p>Wimmer, F.E. (1924) Lobelioideae. Species et varietates novae ex generibus. <em>Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis</em> 19: 241–265. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19240191602</p>
<p>Wimmer, F.E. (1935) Conspectus Lobelioidearum in Brasilia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina crescentium. <em>Revista Sudamericana Botanica.</em> II (1/5): 89–107.</p>
<p>Wimmer, F.E. (1953) Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae, II. Teil. <em>In</em>: Engler, A. & Diels, L. (Eds.) <em>Das Pflanzenreich</em> IV. 276b. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, pp. i–viii, 261–813.</p>
<p>Wimmer, F.E. (1968) Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae supplementum et Campanulaceae-Chyphioideae. <em>In</em>: Engler, A. & Diels, L. (Eds.) <em>Das Pflanzenreich</em> IV. 276c. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, pp. i–x, 815–1024.</p>
<p>Zahlbruckner, A. (1896) Lobeliaceae brasiliensis e collectionibus imprimes Dr. A. Glaziou. <em>Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjöbenhavn</em> 38: 67–71.</p>
<p>Zahlbruckner, A. (1907) Plantae Paraguarienses novae vel minus cognitae. <em>Bulletin de l</em>’<em>Herbier Boissier</em>, sér. 2, 7: 445–460.</p>