Abstract
Twenty-three strains of Chrysosporium were isolated from soil samples in different provinces of China. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequence data showed that these strains comprised nine new species and four already known species. The new species could be also distinguished from related species by their morphology. The results of phylogenetic and morphological analyses confirmed the nine new species of Chrysosporium. Descriptions and illustrations of these new species are provided.
References
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Corda, A.C.J. (1833) Deutschlands Flora, Abt. III. Die Pilze Deutschlands 3: 65–96.
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Drummond, A. & Rambaut, A. (2007) BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 214. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-214
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Han, Y.F., Wang, Y.R., Liang, J.D. & Liang, Z.Q. (2013) A new species of the genus Chrysosporium from the farmland soil of Qinghai province. Mycosystema 32 (4): 606–611.
Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30 (4): 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
Li, Z., Zhang, Y.W., Chen, W.H. & Han, Y.F. (2019) Morphological traits and molecular analysis for two new Chrysosporium species from Fujian Province in China. Phytotaxa 400 (5): 257–264. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.5.1
Liang, J.D., Han, Y.F., Du, W., Liang, Z.Q. & Li, Z.Z. (2009) Chrysosporium linfenense: a new Chrysosporium species with keratinolytic activity. Mycotaxon 110: 65–71.
Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Gateway computing environments workshop. pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
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Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Saccardo, P.A. (1901) Sylloge Fungorum 15. Paris.
Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
Vidal, P., Vinuesa, M.D.L.A., Sánchez-Puelles, J.M. & Guarro, J. (2000) Phylogeny of the anamorphic genus Chrysosporium and related taxa based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia 17: 22–29.
Wang, M., Dai, G.J., Ma, Y.T., Zhang, Q., Chen, X., Wan, D.G. & Yan, Z.T. (2013) Correlation between active components and endophytic fungi in Salvia miltiorrhiza. China Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 19 (23): 66–73.
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, New York, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Al-Ani, L.K.T., Tedersoo, L., Haelewaters, D., Aptroot, A., Lumbsch, H.T., Bensch, K., Kirk, P.M., Kola?íková, Z., Oehl, F., da Silva, G.A., B?aszkowski, J., Castañeda-Ruiz, R.F., Becerra, A.G., Stadler, M., Hawksworth, D.L., Thines, M., Rajeshkumar, K.C., Zhao, R.L., Leontyev, D.V., Saxena, R.K., Tokarev, Y.S., Dai, D.Q., Letcher, P.M., Stephenson, S.L., Ertz, D., Kukwa, M., Issi, I.V., Madrid, H., Phillips, A.J.L., Selbmann, L., Pfiegler, W.P., Horvath, E., Raja, H.A., Radek, R., Papp, V., Dima, V., Ma, J., Malosso, E., Takamatsu, S., Rambold, G., Gannibal, P.B., Triebel, D., Gautam, A.K., Avasthi, S., Suetrong, S., Timdal, E., Fryar, S.C., Delgado, G., Reblova, M., Doilom, M., Dolatabadi, S., Pawlowska, J.Z., Humber, R.A., Kodsueb, R., Sanchez-Castro, I., Goto, B.T., Silva, D.K.A., de Souza, F.A., Silva, I.R., Jobim, K., Maia, L.C., Barbosa, F.R., Fiuza, P.O., Divakar, P.K., Shenoy, B.D., Somrithipol, S., Lateev, A.A., Karunarathna, S.C., Tibpromma, S., Mortimer, P.E., Wanasinghe, D.N., Phookamsak, R., Xu, J., Wang, Y., Tian, F., Alvarado, P., Li, D.W., Kusan, I., Matocec, N., Mesic, A., Tkalcec, Z., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Papizadeh, M., Heredia, G., Wartchow, F., Bakhshi, M., Boehm, E., Youssef, N., Hustard, V.P., Lawrey, J.D., Santiago, A.L.C.M.A., Bezerra, J.D.P., Souza-Motta, C.M., Firmino, A.L., Tian, Q., Houbraken, J., Hongsanan, S., Tanaka, K., Dissanayake, A.J., Monteiro, J.S., Grossart, H.P., Suija, A., Weerakoon, G., Etayo, J., Tsurykau, A., Vazquez, V., Mungai, P., Damm, U., Li, Q.R., Zhang, H., Boonmee, S., Lu, Y.Z., Kendrick, B., Brearley, F.Q., Motiejunaité, J., Sharma, B., Khare, R., Gaikwad, S., Wijesundara, D.S.A., Tang, L.Z., He, M.Q., Flakus, A., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Zhurbenko, M.P., McKenzie, E.H.C., Bhat, D.J., Liu, J.K., Raza, M., Jeewon, R., Nassonova, E.S., Prieto, M., Jayalal, R.G.U., Erdogdu, M., Yurkov, A., Schnittler, M., Shchepin, O.N., Novozhilov, Y.K., Silva-Filho, A.G.S., Gentakaki, E., Liu, P., Cavender, J.C., Kang, Y., Mohammad, S., Zhang, L.F., Xu, R.F., Li, Y.M., Dayarathne, M.C., Ekanayaka, A.H., Wen, T.C., Deng, C.Y., Pereira, O.L., Navathe, S., Fan, X.L., Dissanayake, L.S. & Kuhnert, E. (2020) Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. Mycosphere 11: 1060–1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8
Zhang, Y.W., Chen, W.H., Zeng, G.P., Wang, Y.R., Zou, X., Han, Y.F., Qiu, S.Y. & Liang, Z.Q. (2016a) Two new Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) from China. Phytotaxa 270: 210–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.270.3.5
Zhang, Y.W., Chen, W.H., Zou, X., Han, Y.F. & Liang, Z.Q. (2016b) A new Chrysosporium species from sparrow’s nest in Shanxi Province. Mycosystema 35 (11): 1337–1343.
Zhang, Y.W., Zeng, G.P., Zou, X., Han, Y.F., Liang, Z.Q. & Qiu, S.Y. (2017) Two new keratinophilic fungal species. Phytotaxa 303 (2): 173–180. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.303.2.7
Zhang, Z.F., Zhou, S.Y., Eurwilaichitr, L., Ingsriswang, S., Raza, M., Chen, Q., Zhao, P., Liu, F. & Cai, L. (2020a) Culturable mycobiota from Karst caves in China II, with descriptions of 33 new species. Fungal Diversity 106: 29–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00453-7
Zhang, Z.Y., Zhao, Y.X., Shen, X., Chen, W.H., Han, Y.F., Huang, J.Z. & Liang, Z.Q. (2020b) Molecular phylogeny and morphology of Cunninghamella guizhouensis sp. nov. (Cunninghamellaceae, Mucorales), from soil in Guizhou, China. Phytotaxa 455 (1): 31–39. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.455.1.4
Zhao, Y.Z., Zhang, Z.F., Cai, L., Peng, W.J. & Liu, F. (2018) Four new filamentous fungal species from newly-collected and hive stored bee pollen. Mycosphere 9 (6): 1089–1116. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/9/6/3
Corda, A.C.J. (1833) Deutschlands Flora, Abt. III. Die Pilze Deutschlands 3: 65–96.
Deshmukh, S.K. (1999) Keratinophilic fungi isolated from soils of Mumbai, India. Mycopathologia 146 (3): 115–116. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007039014286
Drummond, A. & Rambaut, A. (2007) BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 214. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-214
Geng, Y.H. (2008) A survey on soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes at species level from Tibetan Plateau. Tai’an, Shandong, Master’s Thesis of Shandong Agricultural University, pp. 1–164. [in Chinese]
Han, Y.F., Wang, Y.R., Liang, J.D. & Liang, Z.Q. (2013) A new species of the genus Chrysosporium from the farmland soil of Qinghai province. Mycosystema 32 (4): 606–611.
Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30 (4): 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
Li, Z., Zhang, Y.W., Chen, W.H. & Han, Y.F. (2019) Morphological traits and molecular analysis for two new Chrysosporium species from Fujian Province in China. Phytotaxa 400 (5): 257–264. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.5.1
Liang, J.D., Han, Y.F., Du, W., Liang, Z.Q. & Li, Z.Z. (2009) Chrysosporium linfenense: a new Chrysosporium species with keratinolytic activity. Mycotaxon 110: 65–71.
Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Gateway computing environments workshop. pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
Oorschot, C.A.N. van (1980) A revision of Chrysosporium and allied genera. Studies in Mycology 20: 1–89.
Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Saccardo, P.A. (1901) Sylloge Fungorum 15. Paris.
Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
Vidal, P., Vinuesa, M.D.L.A., Sánchez-Puelles, J.M. & Guarro, J. (2000) Phylogeny of the anamorphic genus Chrysosporium and related taxa based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia 17: 22–29.
Wang, M., Dai, G.J., Ma, Y.T., Zhang, Q., Chen, X., Wan, D.G. & Yan, Z.T. (2013) Correlation between active components and endophytic fungi in Salvia miltiorrhiza. China Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 19 (23): 66–73.
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, New York, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Al-Ani, L.K.T., Tedersoo, L., Haelewaters, D., Aptroot, A., Lumbsch, H.T., Bensch, K., Kirk, P.M., Kola?íková, Z., Oehl, F., da Silva, G.A., B?aszkowski, J., Castañeda-Ruiz, R.F., Becerra, A.G., Stadler, M., Hawksworth, D.L., Thines, M., Rajeshkumar, K.C., Zhao, R.L., Leontyev, D.V., Saxena, R.K., Tokarev, Y.S., Dai, D.Q., Letcher, P.M., Stephenson, S.L., Ertz, D., Kukwa, M., Issi, I.V., Madrid, H., Phillips, A.J.L., Selbmann, L., Pfiegler, W.P., Horvath, E., Raja, H.A., Radek, R., Papp, V., Dima, V., Ma, J., Malosso, E., Takamatsu, S., Rambold, G., Gannibal, P.B., Triebel, D., Gautam, A.K., Avasthi, S., Suetrong, S., Timdal, E., Fryar, S.C., Delgado, G., Reblova, M., Doilom, M., Dolatabadi, S., Pawlowska, J.Z., Humber, R.A., Kodsueb, R., Sanchez-Castro, I., Goto, B.T., Silva, D.K.A., de Souza, F.A., Silva, I.R., Jobim, K., Maia, L.C., Barbosa, F.R., Fiuza, P.O., Divakar, P.K., Shenoy, B.D., Somrithipol, S., Lateev, A.A., Karunarathna, S.C., Tibpromma, S., Mortimer, P.E., Wanasinghe, D.N., Phookamsak, R., Xu, J., Wang, Y., Tian, F., Alvarado, P., Li, D.W., Kusan, I., Matocec, N., Mesic, A., Tkalcec, Z., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Papizadeh, M., Heredia, G., Wartchow, F., Bakhshi, M., Boehm, E., Youssef, N., Hustard, V.P., Lawrey, J.D., Santiago, A.L.C.M.A., Bezerra, J.D.P., Souza-Motta, C.M., Firmino, A.L., Tian, Q., Houbraken, J., Hongsanan, S., Tanaka, K., Dissanayake, A.J., Monteiro, J.S., Grossart, H.P., Suija, A., Weerakoon, G., Etayo, J., Tsurykau, A., Vazquez, V., Mungai, P., Damm, U., Li, Q.R., Zhang, H., Boonmee, S., Lu, Y.Z., Kendrick, B., Brearley, F.Q., Motiejunaité, J., Sharma, B., Khare, R., Gaikwad, S., Wijesundara, D.S.A., Tang, L.Z., He, M.Q., Flakus, A., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Zhurbenko, M.P., McKenzie, E.H.C., Bhat, D.J., Liu, J.K., Raza, M., Jeewon, R., Nassonova, E.S., Prieto, M., Jayalal, R.G.U., Erdogdu, M., Yurkov, A., Schnittler, M., Shchepin, O.N., Novozhilov, Y.K., Silva-Filho, A.G.S., Gentakaki, E., Liu, P., Cavender, J.C., Kang, Y., Mohammad, S., Zhang, L.F., Xu, R.F., Li, Y.M., Dayarathne, M.C., Ekanayaka, A.H., Wen, T.C., Deng, C.Y., Pereira, O.L., Navathe, S., Fan, X.L., Dissanayake, L.S. & Kuhnert, E. (2020) Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. Mycosphere 11: 1060–1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8
Zhang, Y.W., Chen, W.H., Zeng, G.P., Wang, Y.R., Zou, X., Han, Y.F., Qiu, S.Y. & Liang, Z.Q. (2016a) Two new Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) from China. Phytotaxa 270: 210–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.270.3.5
Zhang, Y.W., Chen, W.H., Zou, X., Han, Y.F. & Liang, Z.Q. (2016b) A new Chrysosporium species from sparrow’s nest in Shanxi Province. Mycosystema 35 (11): 1337–1343.
Zhang, Y.W., Zeng, G.P., Zou, X., Han, Y.F., Liang, Z.Q. & Qiu, S.Y. (2017) Two new keratinophilic fungal species. Phytotaxa 303 (2): 173–180. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.303.2.7
Zhang, Z.F., Zhou, S.Y., Eurwilaichitr, L., Ingsriswang, S., Raza, M., Chen, Q., Zhao, P., Liu, F. & Cai, L. (2020a) Culturable mycobiota from Karst caves in China II, with descriptions of 33 new species. Fungal Diversity 106: 29–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00453-7
Zhang, Z.Y., Zhao, Y.X., Shen, X., Chen, W.H., Han, Y.F., Huang, J.Z. & Liang, Z.Q. (2020b) Molecular phylogeny and morphology of Cunninghamella guizhouensis sp. nov. (Cunninghamellaceae, Mucorales), from soil in Guizhou, China. Phytotaxa 455 (1): 31–39. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.455.1.4
Zhao, Y.Z., Zhang, Z.F., Cai, L., Peng, W.J. & Liu, F. (2018) Four new filamentous fungal species from newly-collected and hive stored bee pollen. Mycosphere 9 (6): 1089–1116. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/9/6/3