Abstract
Twenty-three strains of Chrysosporium were isolated from soil samples in different provinces of China. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequence data showed that these strains comprised nine new species and four already known species. The new species could be also distinguished from related species by their morphology. The results of phylogenetic and morphological analyses confirmed the nine new species of Chrysosporium. Descriptions and illustrations of these new species are provided.
References
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<p>Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 30 (4): 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010</p>
<p>Li, Z., Zhang, Y.W., Chen, W.H. & Han, Y.F. (2019) Morphological traits and molecular analysis for two new <em>Chrysosporium</em> species from Fujian Province in China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 400 (5): 257–264. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.5.1</p>
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<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees.<em> In</em>: <em>Gateway computing environments workshop.</em> pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</p>
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<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology </em>61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Saccardo, P.A. (1901) <em>Sylloge Fungorum</em> 15. Paris.</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 30: 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033</p>
<p>Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 30: 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197</p>
<p>Vidal, P., Vinuesa, M.D.L.A., Sánchez-Puelles, J.M. & Guarro, J. (2000) Phylogeny of the anamorphic genus <em>Chrysosporium</em> and related taxa based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. <em>Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia </em>17: 22–29.</p>
<p>Wang, M., Dai, G.J., Ma, Y.T., Zhang, Q., Chen, X., Wan, D.G. & Yan, Z.T. (2013) Correlation between active components and endophytic fungi in <em>Salvia miltiorrhiza</em>. <em>China Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae</em> 19 (23): 66–73.</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>In:</em> Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) <em>PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications</em>. Academic Press, New York, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Al-Ani, L.K.T., Tedersoo, L., Haelewaters, D., Aptroot, A., Lumbsch, H.T., Bensch, K., Kirk, P.M., Kolaříková, Z., Oehl, F., da Silva, G.A., Błaszkowski, J., Castañeda-Ruiz, R.F., Becerra, A.G., Stadler, M., Hawksworth, D.L., Thines, M., Rajeshkumar, K.C., Zhao, R.L., Leontyev, D.V., Saxena, R.K., Tokarev, Y.S., Dai, D.Q., Letcher, P.M., Stephenson, S.L., Ertz, D., Kukwa, M., Issi, I.V., Madrid, H., Phillips, A.J.L., Selbmann, L., Pfiegler, W.P., Horvath, E., Raja, H.A., Radek, R., Papp, V., Dima, V., Ma, J., Malosso, E., Takamatsu, S., Rambold, G., Gannibal, P.B., Triebel, D., Gautam, A.K., Avasthi, S., Suetrong, S., Timdal, E., Fryar, S.C., Delgado, G., Reblova, M., Doilom, M., Dolatabadi, S., Pawlowska, J.Z., Humber, R.A., Kodsueb, R., Sanchez-Castro, I., Goto, B.T., Silva, D.K.A., de Souza, F.A., Silva, I.R., Jobim, K., Maia, L.C., Barbosa, F.R., Fiuza, P.O., Divakar, P.K., Shenoy, B.D., Somrithipol, S., Lateev, A.A., Karunarathna, S.C., Tibpromma, S., Mortimer, P.E., Wanasinghe, D.N., Phookamsak, R., Xu, J., Wang, Y., Tian, F., Alvarado, P., Li, D.W., Kusan, I., Matocec, N., Mesic, A., Tkalcec, Z., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Papizadeh, M., Heredia, G., Wartchow, F., Bakhshi, M., Boehm, E., Youssef, N., Hustard, V.P., Lawrey, J.D., Santiago, A.L.C.M.A., Bezerra, J.D.P., Souza-Motta, C.M., Firmino, A.L., Tian, Q., Houbraken, J., Hongsanan, S., Tanaka, K., Dissanayake, A.J., Monteiro, J.S., Grossart, H.P., Suija, A., Weerakoon, G., Etayo, J., Tsurykau, A., Vazquez, V., Mungai, P., Damm, U., Li, Q.R., Zhang, H., Boonmee, S., Lu, Y.Z., Kendrick, B., Brearley, F.Q., Motiejunaité, J., Sharma, B., Khare, R., Gaikwad, S., Wijesundara, D.S.A., Tang, L.Z., He, M.Q., Flakus, A., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Zhurbenko, M.P., McKenzie, E.H.C., Bhat, D.J., Liu, J.K., Raza, M., Jeewon, R., Nassonova, E.S., Prieto, M., Jayalal, R.G.U., Erdogdu, M., Yurkov, A., Schnittler, M., Shchepin, O.N., Novozhilov, Y.K., Silva-Filho, A.G.S., Gentakaki, E., Liu, P., Cavender, J.C., Kang, Y., Mohammad, S., Zhang, L.F., Xu, R.F., Li, Y.M., Dayarathne, M.C., Ekanayaka, A.H., Wen, T.C., Deng, C.Y., Pereira, O.L., Navathe, S., Fan, X.L., Dissanayake, L.S. & Kuhnert, E. (2020) Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. <em>Mycosphere </em>11: 1060–1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8</p>
<p>Zhang, Y.W., Chen, W.H., Zeng, G.P., Wang, Y.R., Zou, X., Han, Y.F., Qiu, S.Y. & Liang, Z.Q. (2016a) Two new <em>Chrysosporium</em> (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) from China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 270: 210–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.270.3.5</p>
<p>Zhang, Y.W., Chen, W.H., Zou, X., Han, Y.F. & Liang, Z.Q. (2016b) A new <em>Chrysosporium</em> species from sparrow’s nest in Shanxi Province. <em>Mycosystema</em> 35 (11): 1337–1343.</p>
<p>Zhang, Y.W., Zeng, G.P., Zou, X., Han, Y.F., Liang, Z.Q. & Qiu, S.Y. (2017) Two new keratinophilic fungal species. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 303 (2): 173–180. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.303.2.7</p>
<p>Zhang, Z.F., Zhou, S.Y., Eurwilaichitr, L., Ingsriswang, S., Raza, M., Chen, Q., Zhao, P., Liu, F. & Cai, L. (2020a) Culturable mycobiota from Karst caves in China II, with descriptions of 33 new species. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 106: 29–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00453-7</p>
<p>Zhang, Z.Y., Zhao, Y.X., Shen, X., Chen, W.H., Han, Y.F., Huang, J.Z. & Liang, Z.Q. (2020b) Molecular phylogeny and morphology of <em>Cunninghamella guizhouensis </em>sp. nov. (Cunninghamellaceae, Mucorales), from soil in Guizhou, China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 455 (1): 31–39. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.455.1.4</p>
<p>Zhao, Y.Z., Zhang, Z.F., Cai, L., Peng, W.J. & Liu, F. (2018) Four new filamentous fungal species from newly-collected and hive stored bee pollen. <em>Mycosphere </em>9 (6): 1089–1116. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/9/6/3</p>
<p>Corda, A.C.J. (1833) Deutschlands Flora, Abt. III. <em>Die Pilze Deutschlands</em> 3: 65–96.</p>
<p>Deshmukh, S.K. (1999) Keratinophilic fungi isolated from soils of Mumbai, India. <em>Mycopathologia</em> 146 (3): 115–116. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007039014286</p>
<p>Drummond, A. & Rambaut, A. (2007) BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. <em>BMC Evolutionary Biology</em> 7: 214. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-214</p>
<p>Geng, Y.H. (2008) <em>A survey on soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes at species level from Tibetan Plateau. </em>Tai’an, Shandong, Master’s Thesis of Shandong Agricultural University, pp. 1–164. [in Chinese]</p>
<p>Han, Y.F., Wang, Y.R., Liang, J.D. & Liang, Z.Q. (2013) A new species of the genus <em>Chrysosporium</em> from the farmland soil of Qinghai province. <em>Mycosystema</em> 32 (4): 606–611.</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 30 (4): 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010</p>
<p>Li, Z., Zhang, Y.W., Chen, W.H. & Han, Y.F. (2019) Morphological traits and molecular analysis for two new <em>Chrysosporium</em> species from Fujian Province in China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 400 (5): 257–264. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.5.1</p>
<p>Liang, J.D., Han, Y.F., Du, W., Liang, Z.Q. & Li, Z.Z. (2009) <em>Chrysosporium linfenense</em>: a new <em>Chrysosporium</em> species with keratinolytic activity. <em>Mycotaxon </em>110: 65–71.</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees.<em> In</em>: <em>Gateway computing environments workshop.</em> pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</p>
<p>Oorschot, C.A.N. van (1980) A revision of <em>Chrysosporium</em> and allied genera. <em>Studies in Mycology</em> 20: 1–89.</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology </em>61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Saccardo, P.A. (1901) <em>Sylloge Fungorum</em> 15. Paris.</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 30: 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033</p>
<p>Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 30: 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197</p>
<p>Vidal, P., Vinuesa, M.D.L.A., Sánchez-Puelles, J.M. & Guarro, J. (2000) Phylogeny of the anamorphic genus <em>Chrysosporium</em> and related taxa based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. <em>Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia </em>17: 22–29.</p>
<p>Wang, M., Dai, G.J., Ma, Y.T., Zhang, Q., Chen, X., Wan, D.G. & Yan, Z.T. (2013) Correlation between active components and endophytic fungi in <em>Salvia miltiorrhiza</em>. <em>China Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae</em> 19 (23): 66–73.</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>In:</em> Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) <em>PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications</em>. Academic Press, New York, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Al-Ani, L.K.T., Tedersoo, L., Haelewaters, D., Aptroot, A., Lumbsch, H.T., Bensch, K., Kirk, P.M., Kolaříková, Z., Oehl, F., da Silva, G.A., Błaszkowski, J., Castañeda-Ruiz, R.F., Becerra, A.G., Stadler, M., Hawksworth, D.L., Thines, M., Rajeshkumar, K.C., Zhao, R.L., Leontyev, D.V., Saxena, R.K., Tokarev, Y.S., Dai, D.Q., Letcher, P.M., Stephenson, S.L., Ertz, D., Kukwa, M., Issi, I.V., Madrid, H., Phillips, A.J.L., Selbmann, L., Pfiegler, W.P., Horvath, E., Raja, H.A., Radek, R., Papp, V., Dima, V., Ma, J., Malosso, E., Takamatsu, S., Rambold, G., Gannibal, P.B., Triebel, D., Gautam, A.K., Avasthi, S., Suetrong, S., Timdal, E., Fryar, S.C., Delgado, G., Reblova, M., Doilom, M., Dolatabadi, S., Pawlowska, J.Z., Humber, R.A., Kodsueb, R., Sanchez-Castro, I., Goto, B.T., Silva, D.K.A., de Souza, F.A., Silva, I.R., Jobim, K., Maia, L.C., Barbosa, F.R., Fiuza, P.O., Divakar, P.K., Shenoy, B.D., Somrithipol, S., Lateev, A.A., Karunarathna, S.C., Tibpromma, S., Mortimer, P.E., Wanasinghe, D.N., Phookamsak, R., Xu, J., Wang, Y., Tian, F., Alvarado, P., Li, D.W., Kusan, I., Matocec, N., Mesic, A., Tkalcec, Z., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Papizadeh, M., Heredia, G., Wartchow, F., Bakhshi, M., Boehm, E., Youssef, N., Hustard, V.P., Lawrey, J.D., Santiago, A.L.C.M.A., Bezerra, J.D.P., Souza-Motta, C.M., Firmino, A.L., Tian, Q., Houbraken, J., Hongsanan, S., Tanaka, K., Dissanayake, A.J., Monteiro, J.S., Grossart, H.P., Suija, A., Weerakoon, G., Etayo, J., Tsurykau, A., Vazquez, V., Mungai, P., Damm, U., Li, Q.R., Zhang, H., Boonmee, S., Lu, Y.Z., Kendrick, B., Brearley, F.Q., Motiejunaité, J., Sharma, B., Khare, R., Gaikwad, S., Wijesundara, D.S.A., Tang, L.Z., He, M.Q., Flakus, A., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Zhurbenko, M.P., McKenzie, E.H.C., Bhat, D.J., Liu, J.K., Raza, M., Jeewon, R., Nassonova, E.S., Prieto, M., Jayalal, R.G.U., Erdogdu, M., Yurkov, A., Schnittler, M., Shchepin, O.N., Novozhilov, Y.K., Silva-Filho, A.G.S., Gentakaki, E., Liu, P., Cavender, J.C., Kang, Y., Mohammad, S., Zhang, L.F., Xu, R.F., Li, Y.M., Dayarathne, M.C., Ekanayaka, A.H., Wen, T.C., Deng, C.Y., Pereira, O.L., Navathe, S., Fan, X.L., Dissanayake, L.S. & Kuhnert, E. (2020) Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. <em>Mycosphere </em>11: 1060–1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8</p>
<p>Zhang, Y.W., Chen, W.H., Zeng, G.P., Wang, Y.R., Zou, X., Han, Y.F., Qiu, S.Y. & Liang, Z.Q. (2016a) Two new <em>Chrysosporium</em> (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) from China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 270: 210–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.270.3.5</p>
<p>Zhang, Y.W., Chen, W.H., Zou, X., Han, Y.F. & Liang, Z.Q. (2016b) A new <em>Chrysosporium</em> species from sparrow’s nest in Shanxi Province. <em>Mycosystema</em> 35 (11): 1337–1343.</p>
<p>Zhang, Y.W., Zeng, G.P., Zou, X., Han, Y.F., Liang, Z.Q. & Qiu, S.Y. (2017) Two new keratinophilic fungal species. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 303 (2): 173–180. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.303.2.7</p>
<p>Zhang, Z.F., Zhou, S.Y., Eurwilaichitr, L., Ingsriswang, S., Raza, M., Chen, Q., Zhao, P., Liu, F. & Cai, L. (2020a) Culturable mycobiota from Karst caves in China II, with descriptions of 33 new species. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 106: 29–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00453-7</p>
<p>Zhang, Z.Y., Zhao, Y.X., Shen, X., Chen, W.H., Han, Y.F., Huang, J.Z. & Liang, Z.Q. (2020b) Molecular phylogeny and morphology of <em>Cunninghamella guizhouensis </em>sp. nov. (Cunninghamellaceae, Mucorales), from soil in Guizhou, China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 455 (1): 31–39. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.455.1.4</p>
<p>Zhao, Y.Z., Zhang, Z.F., Cai, L., Peng, W.J. & Liu, F. (2018) Four new filamentous fungal species from newly-collected and hive stored bee pollen. <em>Mycosphere </em>9 (6): 1089–1116. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/9/6/3</p>