Abstract
A new orchid species, Cymbidium purpureisepalum, from Yunnan Province, China, is described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular analyses. Detailed comparison of the newly discovered orchid with other members of Cymbidium indicated the new orchid is distinct from all other recognised species in Cymbidium. Molecular analyses based on nuclear (nrITS) and plastid DNA (matK) sequence data also support the status of C. purpureisepalum as a new species, which is sister to C. tortisepalum and C. serratum.
References
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<p>Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J. (2003) Mrbayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 19: 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</p>
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<p>Schlechter, R. (1924) Die Gattungen <em>Cymbidium</em> Sw. und <em>Cyperorchis</em> Bl. <em>Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis</em> 20: 96–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19240200605</p>
<p>Seth, C.J. & Cribb, P.J. (1984) A reassessment of the sectional limits in the genus <em>Cymbidium</em> Swartz. <em>In:</em> Arditti, J. (Ed.) <em>Orchid biology: reviews and perspectives</em> <em>III.</em> Comstock, Ithaca, pp. 283–332.</p>
<p>Sharma, S.K., Kumaria, S., Tandon, P. & Satyawada, R.R. (2012) Comparative karyomorphological study of some Indian <em>Cymbidium</em> Swartz, 1799 (Cymbidieae, Orchidaceae). <em>Comparative Cytogenetics</em> 6: 453.</p>
<p>Singer, R.B., Gravendeel, B., Cross, H. & Ramirez, S.R. (2008) The use of orchid pollinia or pollinaria for taxonomic identification. <em>Selbyana</em>: 6–19.</p>
<p>Sun, Y., Chen, G.Z., Huang, J., Liu, D.K., Xue, F., Chen, X.L., Chen, S.Q., Liu, C.G., Liu, H., Ma, H., Yuan, Y., Zhang, D., Sun, W.H., Peng, D.H., Wang, Z.W., Lan, S., Zhao, G.Q., Li, F.T. & Liu, Z.J. (2021) The <em>Cymbidium goeringii</em> genome provides insight into organ development and adaptive evolution in orchids. <em>Ornamental Plant Research</em> 1: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.48130/OPR-2021-0010</p>
<p>Swartz, O. (1799) Dionome epidendri generis Linn. <em>Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis</em> 6: 61–88.</p>
<p>Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts.</p>
<p>Xu, X.Y., Ding, C.C., Hu, W.Q., Yu, X., Zheng, Y., Zhang, D.Y., Liao, X.Y., Liu, X.D., Liu, Z.J. & Lan, S.R. (2021) <em>Cymbidium</em> <em>xichouense</em> (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 484: 291–297. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.484.3.4</p>
<p>Yang, F.X., Gao, J., Wei, Y.L., Ren, R., Zhang, G.Q., Lu, C.Q., Jin, J.P., Ai, Y., Wang, Y.Q., Chen, L.J., Ahmad, S., Zhang, D.Y., Sun, W.H., Tsai, W.C., Liu, Z.J. & Zhu, G.F. (2021) The genome of <em>Cymbidium</em> <em>sinense</em> revealed the evolution of orchid traits. <em>Plant Biotechnology Journal</em> 19: 2501–2516. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13676</p>
<p>Yu, X., Zeng, M.Y., Chen, G.Z., Xu, X.Y., Bi, Y.Y., Chen, J.T., Wang, Q.Q., Hu, W.Q., Zhang, D.Y. & Liu, Z.J. (2021) <em>Cymbidium</em> <em>weishanense</em> (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 500: 45–50. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.500.1.6</p>
<p>Zhang, D.Y., Tu, X.D., Liu, B.I.N., Liao, X.Y., Lan, S.R. & Liu, Z.J. (2020) <em>Cymbidium</em> <em>biflorens</em> (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 428: 271–278. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.428.3.8</p>
<p>Zhang, G.Q., Chen, G.Z., Chen, L.J., Zhai, J.W., Huang, J., Wu, X.Y., Li, M.H., Peng, D.H., Rao, W.H., Liu, Z.J. & Lan, S.R. (2021) Phylogenetic incongruence in <em>Cymbidium</em> orchids. <em>Plant Diversity</em> 43: 452–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2021.08.002</p>
<p>Zhou, Z., Zhang, D., Chen, G.Z., Yu, X., Li, C.R., Lan, S.R. & Liu, Z.J. (2020) <em>Cymbidium brevifolium</em> (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 464: 236–242. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.464.3.5</p>
<p>Chen, G.Z., Huang, J., Zhang, G.Q., Ma, L. & Chen, S.P. (2017) New subtribe Pachitinae (Orchideae) of Orchidaceae: evidence from morphological and molecular analyses. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 329: 114–126. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.2.2</p>
<p>Chen, S.C., Liu, Z.J., Zhu, G.H., Lang, K.Y., Ji, Z.H., Luo, Y.B., Jin, X.H., Cribb, P.J., Wood, J.J., Gale, S.W., Ormerod, P., Vermeulen, J.J., Wood, H.P., Clayton, D. & Bell, A. (2009) <em>Orchidaceae. In:</em> Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D. (Eds.) <em>Flora of China</em>, vol. 25. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 260–280.</p>
<p>Du Puy, D.J. & Cribb, P.J. (2007) <em>The genus Cymbidium.</em> Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, 359 pp.</p>
<p>Freudenstein, J.V. & Rasmussen, F.N. (1999) What does morphology tell us about orchid relationships?—A cladistic analysis. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 86: 225–248.</p>
<p>Fukuyama, N. (1934) Studia orchidacearum Japonicarum I. <em>Botanical Magazine</em> (Tokyo) 48: 297–308.</p>
<p>Hu, W.Q., Zhang, Q.H., Chen, G.Z., Zhu, M.J., Yu, X., Zhang, D.Y. & Liu, Z.J. (2021) <em>Cymbidium</em> <em>motuoense</em> (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 509: 106–112. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.1.5</p>
<p>Huang, M., Liu, Z., Yang, G. & Yin, J. (2017) An unusual new epiphytic species of <em>Cymbidium</em> (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) from Hainan, China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 314: 289. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.314.2.12</p>
<p>Hunt, P.F. (1970) Notes on Asiatic orchids 5. <em>Kew Bulletin</em> 24: 93–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/4103252</p>
<p>Jiang, Y.T., Ma, L., Lin, R.Q., Xiong, Y.F., Jiang, S.Z., Liu, B., Liu, Z.J. & Chen, S.P. (2020) <em>Cymbidium codonanthum</em> (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Cymbidiinae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular analyses. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 453: 275–283. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.453.3.9</p>
<p>Liao, X.Y., Liu, X.D., Jiang, Y.T., Zhang, D.Y., Lan, S.R. & Liu, Z.J. (2019) <em>Cymbidium atrolabium</em> (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 423: 87–92. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.423.3.4</p>
<p>Liu, Z.J., Chen, S.C. & Ru, Z.Z. (2006) <em>The genus Cymbidium in China</em>. Science Press, Beijing, 237 pp.</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. <em>In:</em> <em>2010 Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE)</em>. pp. 1–8.</p>
<p>Peng, Y.L., Zhou, Z., Lan, S.R. & Liu, Z.J. (2019) <em>Cymbidium</em> <em>jiangchengense</em> (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Cymbidiinae), a new species from China: evidence from morphology and DNA sequences. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 408: 77–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.408.1.6</p>
<p>Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J. (2003) Mrbayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 19: 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</p>
<p>Schlechter, F.R.R. (1919) Orchidologiae Sino-Japonicae Prodromus.<em> Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regina Vegetabilis,</em> Beihefte 4: 73–74.</p>
<p>Schlechter, R. (1924) Die Gattungen <em>Cymbidium</em> Sw. und <em>Cyperorchis</em> Bl. <em>Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis</em> 20: 96–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19240200605</p>
<p>Seth, C.J. & Cribb, P.J. (1984) A reassessment of the sectional limits in the genus <em>Cymbidium</em> Swartz. <em>In:</em> Arditti, J. (Ed.) <em>Orchid biology: reviews and perspectives</em> <em>III.</em> Comstock, Ithaca, pp. 283–332.</p>
<p>Sharma, S.K., Kumaria, S., Tandon, P. & Satyawada, R.R. (2012) Comparative karyomorphological study of some Indian <em>Cymbidium</em> Swartz, 1799 (Cymbidieae, Orchidaceae). <em>Comparative Cytogenetics</em> 6: 453.</p>
<p>Singer, R.B., Gravendeel, B., Cross, H. & Ramirez, S.R. (2008) The use of orchid pollinia or pollinaria for taxonomic identification. <em>Selbyana</em>: 6–19.</p>
<p>Sun, Y., Chen, G.Z., Huang, J., Liu, D.K., Xue, F., Chen, X.L., Chen, S.Q., Liu, C.G., Liu, H., Ma, H., Yuan, Y., Zhang, D., Sun, W.H., Peng, D.H., Wang, Z.W., Lan, S., Zhao, G.Q., Li, F.T. & Liu, Z.J. (2021) The <em>Cymbidium goeringii</em> genome provides insight into organ development and adaptive evolution in orchids. <em>Ornamental Plant Research</em> 1: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.48130/OPR-2021-0010</p>
<p>Swartz, O. (1799) Dionome epidendri generis Linn. <em>Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis</em> 6: 61–88.</p>
<p>Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts.</p>
<p>Xu, X.Y., Ding, C.C., Hu, W.Q., Yu, X., Zheng, Y., Zhang, D.Y., Liao, X.Y., Liu, X.D., Liu, Z.J. & Lan, S.R. (2021) <em>Cymbidium</em> <em>xichouense</em> (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 484: 291–297. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.484.3.4</p>
<p>Yang, F.X., Gao, J., Wei, Y.L., Ren, R., Zhang, G.Q., Lu, C.Q., Jin, J.P., Ai, Y., Wang, Y.Q., Chen, L.J., Ahmad, S., Zhang, D.Y., Sun, W.H., Tsai, W.C., Liu, Z.J. & Zhu, G.F. (2021) The genome of <em>Cymbidium</em> <em>sinense</em> revealed the evolution of orchid traits. <em>Plant Biotechnology Journal</em> 19: 2501–2516. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13676</p>
<p>Yu, X., Zeng, M.Y., Chen, G.Z., Xu, X.Y., Bi, Y.Y., Chen, J.T., Wang, Q.Q., Hu, W.Q., Zhang, D.Y. & Liu, Z.J. (2021) <em>Cymbidium</em> <em>weishanense</em> (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 500: 45–50. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.500.1.6</p>
<p>Zhang, D.Y., Tu, X.D., Liu, B.I.N., Liao, X.Y., Lan, S.R. & Liu, Z.J. (2020) <em>Cymbidium</em> <em>biflorens</em> (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 428: 271–278. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.428.3.8</p>
<p>Zhang, G.Q., Chen, G.Z., Chen, L.J., Zhai, J.W., Huang, J., Wu, X.Y., Li, M.H., Peng, D.H., Rao, W.H., Liu, Z.J. & Lan, S.R. (2021) Phylogenetic incongruence in <em>Cymbidium</em> orchids. <em>Plant Diversity</em> 43: 452–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2021.08.002</p>
<p>Zhou, Z., Zhang, D., Chen, G.Z., Yu, X., Li, C.R., Lan, S.R. & Liu, Z.J. (2020) <em>Cymbidium brevifolium</em> (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 464: 236–242. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.464.3.5</p>