Abstract
Lolium rigidum (Poaceae) is important forage and weed species grown in different habitats of Iran. Rigid ryegrass originated from the Mediterranean region. They are very resistant to common herbicides. To investigate the genetic variability of L. rigidum, we studied 81 individuals of 18 natural populations from Iran; four ISSR and four SCoT primers were used. These are reproducible and highly polymorphic markers. We examined their gene flow and genetic variation. Genetic diversity among and within populations was determined through different methods. The Mantel test indicated a significant correlation between these populations’ genetic distance and geographical distance and a high correlation between ISSR and SCoT markers. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) produced high genetic differences among the studied populations for both markers. Structure analysis showed population genetic stratification and identified three genetic groups through ISSR molecular markers for L. rigidum in Iran and indicated restricted gene flow. The current investigation revealed the productivity of ISSR and SCoT molecular markers in evaluating genetic variation and grouping of wild populations of L. rigidum and provides detailed data concerning the genetic structure of its populations. The present finding provided useful information for further conservation, selection, and breeding plans.
References
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<p>Fernández-Moreno, P.T., Travlos, I., Brants, I. & De Prado, R. (2017b) Different levels of glyphosate-resistant <em>Lolium rigidum</em> L. among major crops in southern Spain and France. <em>Scientific Reports </em>7: 1–12.</p>
<p>Friedman, J. & Barrett, S.C. (2009) Wind of change: new insights on the ecology and evolution of pollination and mating in wind-pollinated plants. <em>Annals of Botany</em> 103: 1515–1527.</p>
<p>Ghariani, S., Elazreg, H., Chtourou-Ghorbel, N., Chakroun, M. & Trifi-Farah, N. (2015) Genetic diversity analysis in Tunisian perennial ryegrass germplasm as estimated by RAPD, ISSR, and morpho-agronomical markers. <em>Genetics and Molecular Research</em> 14: 18523-18533. https://doi.org/10.4238/2015.december.23.40</p>
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<p>González-Andújar, J.L. & Fernández-Quintanilla, C. (2004) Modelling the population dynamics of annual ryegrass (<em>Lolium rigidum</em>) under various weed management systems. <em>Crop Protection</em> 23: 723–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2003.12.007</p>
<p>Gorddard, R.J., Pannell, D.J. & Hertzler, G. (1996) Economic evaluation of strategies for management of herbicide resistance. <em>Agricultural Systems</em> 51: 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-521X(95)00047-9</p>
<p>Guan, X., Yuyama, N., Stewart, A., Ding, C., Xu, N., Kiyoshi, T. & Cai, H. (2017) Genetic diversity and structure of <em>Lolium</em> species surveyed on nuclear simple sequence repeat and cytoplasmic markers. <em>Frontiers in Plant Science</em> 8: 584. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00584</p>
<p>Guo, J., Yu, X., Yin, H., Liu, G., Li, A., Wang, H. & Kong, L. (2016) Phylogenetic relationships of <em>Thinopyrum</em> and <em>Triticum </em>species revealed by SCoT and CDDP markers. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 302: 1301–1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-016-1332-4</p>
<p>Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. & Ryan, P.D. (2001) PAST: Paleontological Statistics software package for education and data analysis<em>. Palaeontologia Electronica</em> 4: 1–9.</p>
<p>Huang, C.Q., Liu, G.D., Bai, C.J., Wang, W.Q., Tang, J. & Yu, D.G. (2012) Exploring the genetic diversity of <em>Cynodon radiatus</em> (Poaceae) accessions using ISSR markers. <em>Biochemical Systematics and Ecology</em> 45: 218–223.</p>
<p>Huang, X., Xinquan, Z., Linkai, H., Yingmei, M., Guohua, Y., Samantha, L., Jie, Z. & Huan, L. (2014) Genetic diversity of <em>Hemarthria altissima</em> and its related species by EST-SSR and SCoT markers. <em>Biochemical Systematics and Ecology</em> 57: 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2014.09.016</p>
<p>Hu, T., Li, H., Li, D., Sun, J. & Fu, J. (2011) Assessing genetic diversity of perennial ryegrass (<em>Lolium perenne</em> L.) from four continents by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. <em>African Journal of Biotechnology</em> 10: 19365-19374. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.1575</p>
<p>Inda, L.A., Segarra-Moragues, J.G., Müller, J., Peterson, P.M. & Catalán, P. (2008) Dated historical biogeography of the temperate Loliinae (Poaceae, Pooideae) grasses in the northern and southern hemispheres. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution </em>46: 932–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.022</p>
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