Abstract
This study investigates morphological and genetic diversity in Rhodocybe mellea, after a new record of this species in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Phylogenetic analysis of molecular data (nrITS and nrLSU) and pairwise genetic distances, provide support for the recognition of cryptic lineages within R. mellea co-occurring in the Neotropics. We propose Rhodocybe mellea var. depressa as morphologically characterized by its depressed pileus, conspicuous sclerobasidia, small flexuous-cylindrical pseudocystidia, and a smooth cutis pileipellis. In addition, we also determine the position of nrITS sequences of some sclerotium-forming fungi collected in the same area, and confirm the genus Rhodocybe as a producer of this survival structure. Our findings provide unique information on Rhodocybe in South America, and highlight the relevance of approaches that address fine-scale diversity for fungal taxonomy.
References
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Del-Prado, R., Cubas, P., Lumbsch, H.T., Divakar, P.K., Blanco, O., de Paz, G.A., Molina, M.C. & Crespo, A. (2010) Genetic distances within and among species in monophyletic lineages of Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) as a tool for taxon delimitation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56 (1): 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.014
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Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (1994) Plano diretor do Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Tabuleiros Costeiros (CPATC). EMBRAPA-SPI, Brasília, 37 pp.
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Fries, E.M. (1838) Epicrisis systematis mycologici seu synopsis Hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Uppsala, Sweden, 610 pp.
Gouy, M., Guindon, S. & Gascuel, O. (2010) SeaView version 4: a multiplatform graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building. Molecular biology and evolution 27 (2): 221–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msp259
Hamming, R.W. (1950) Error detecting and error correcting codes. Bell System Technical Journal 29: 147–160.
Horak, E. (1963) Fungi austroamericani III Rhodogaster gen. nov. a new link from Chile towards the Rhodophyllaceae. Sydowia 17: 190–192.
Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (2003) Plano de Manejo da Reserva Biológica Guaribas. MMA/IBAMA, Brasília, 520 pp.
Jombart, T. (2008) adegenet: a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers. Bioinformatics 24 (11): 1403–1405. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btn129
Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular biology and evolution 30 (4): 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
Kõljalg, U., Nilsson, R.H., Abarenkov, K., Tedersoo, L., Taylor, A.F.S., Bahram, M., Bates, S.T., Bruns, T.D., Bengtsson-Palme, J., Callaghan, T.M., Douglas, B., Drenkhan, T., Eberhardt, U., Dueñas, M., Grebenc, T., Griffith, G.W., Hartmann, M., Kirk, P.M., Kohout, P., Larsson, E., Lindahl, B.D., Lücking, R., Martín, M.P., Matheny, P.B., Nguyen, N.H., Niskanen, T., Oja, J., Peay, K.G., Peintner, U., Peterson, M., Põldmaa, K., Saag, L., Saar, I., Schüßler, A., Scott, J.A., Senés, C., Smith, M.E., Suija, A., Taylor, D.L., Telleria, M.T., Weiß, M. & Larsson, K.-H. (2013) Towards a unified paradigm for sequence-based identification of Fungi. Molecular Ecology 22 (21): 5271–5277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12481
Korshunova, T., Picton, B., Furfaro, G., Mariottini, P., Pontes, M., Prki?, J., Fletcher, K., Malmberg, K., Lundin, K. & Martynov, A. (2019) Multilevel fine-scale diversity challenges the ‘cryptic species’ concept. Scientific Reports 9 (1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42297-5
Kummer, P. (1871) Der Führer in die Pilzkunde. Verlag von E. Luppe’s Buchhandlung, Zerbst, 146 pp.
Largent, D.L. (1986) How to identify mushrooms to genus I: Macroscopic features. Mad River Press, Eureka, California, 166 pp.
Largent, D.L., Johnson, D. & Watling, R. (1977) How to identify mushrooms to genus III: Microscopic features. Mad River Press, Eureka, California, 148 pp.
Lima, R.A.F., Oliveira, A.A., Pitta, G.R., de Gasper, A.L., Vibrans, A.C., Chave, J., ter Steege, H. & Prado, P.I. (2020) The erosion of biodiversity and biomass in the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. Nature communications 11 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20217-w
Lundell, S. & Nannfeldt, J.A. (1942) Fungi Exsiccati Suecici, Fasc. XXXIII-XXXIV. The Herbarium-University of Uppsala, Sweden, 99 pp.
Maire, R. (1926) Études mycologiques (fascicule 2). Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 40 (3): 293–317.
Matheny, P.B., Curtis, J.M., Hofstetter, V., Aime, M.C., Moncalvo, J.-M., Ge, Z.-W., Yang, Z.-L., Slot, J.C., Ammirati, J.F., Baroni, T.J., Bougher, N.L., Hughes, K.W., Lodge, D.J., Kerrigan, R.W., Seidl, M.T., Aanen, D.K., DeNitis, M., Daniele, G.M., Desjardin, D.E., Kropp, B.R., Norvell, L.L., Parker, A., Vellinga, E.C., Vilgalys, R. & Hibbett, D.S. (2006) Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview. Mycologia 98 (6): 982–995. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982
Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2011) The CIPRES science gateway: a community resource for phylogenetic analyses. Proceedings of the 2011 TeraGrid Conference: extreme digital discovery 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/2016741.2016785
Moncalvo, J.M., Lutzoni, F.M., Rehner, S.A., Johnson, J. & Vilgalys, R. (2000) Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Systematic biology 49 (2): 278–305. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/49.2.278
Noordeloos, M.E. (1980) Entoloma subgenus Nolanea in the Netherlands and adjacent regions with a reconnaissance of its remaining taxa in Europe. Persoonia 10 (4): 427–534.
Online Auction Color (2004) The Online Auction Color Chart: the new language of color for buyers and sellers. The Online Auction Color Chart Company, Palo Alto, 12 pp.
Ordynets, A., Liebisch, R., Lysenko, L., Scherf, D., Volobuev, S., Saitta, A., Larsson, K.-H., Yurchenko, E., Buyck, B., Bolshakov, S. & Langer, E. (2020) Morphologically similar but not closely related: the long-spored species of Subulicystidium (Trechisporales, Basidiomycota). Mycological Progress 19 (7): 691–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-020-01587-3
Ovrebo, C.L. & Baroni, T.J. (1988) Three new species of Rhodocybe from Costa Rica. Mycologia 80 (4): 508–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1988.12025572
Pegler, D.N. (1997) The agarics of São Paulo: an account of the agaricoid fungi (Holobasidiomycetes) of São Paulo State, Brazil. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, 68 pp.
Raithelhuber, J. (1990) The genus Clitocybe sensu lato in the countries of Argetina, Brazil and Chile. Metrodiana 18: 1–72.
Raithelhuber, J.H. (2004) Nueva Flora Micológica Argentina. J.H. Reithelhuber, Stuttgart, Germany, 545 pp.
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19 (12): 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
Sesli, E. & Vizzini, A. (2017) Two new Rhodocybe species (sect. Rufobrunnea, Entolomataceae) from the East Black Sea coast of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 41 (2): 200–210.
Shi, L., Dossa, G.G., Paudel, E., Zang, H., Xu, J. & Harrison, R.D. (2019) Changes in fungal communities across a forest disturbance gradient. Applied and environmental microbiology 85 (12): e00080-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00080-19
Shishikura, M., Takemura, Y., Sotome, K., Maekawa, N., Nakagiri, A. & Endo, N. (2021) Four mycelial strains of Entoloma clypeatum species complex form ectomycorrhiza-like roots with Pyrus betulifolia seedlings in vitro, and one develops fruiting bodies 2 months after inoculation. Mycorrhiza 31 (1): 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-020-00994-4
Silva-Filho, A.G.S., Baroni, T.J., Komura, D.L., Moncalvo, J.M., Baseia, I.G. & Wartchow, F. (2020) Rhodocybe fusipes (Entolomataceae), a new species from Amazonian ‘terra-firme’forest of Brazil. Sydowia 72: 163–170. https://doi.org/10.12905/0380.sydowia72-2020-0163
Silva-Filho, A.G.S., Teixeira-Silva, M.A. & Cortez, V.G. (2018) New species, new combination, and notes on Clitocella and Rhodocybe (Entolomataceae) from Paraná state, Brazil. Darwiniana 6 (1): 58–67. https://doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2018.61.775
Singer, R. (1951) The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, 832 pp.
Singer, R. (1962) Diagnoses fungorum novorum agaricalium II. Beihefte zur Sydowia 15: 45–83.
Singer, R. (1973) Diagnoses fungorum novorum agaricalium III. Beihefte zur Sydowia 7: 1–106.
Singer, R. (1986) The Agaricales in modern taxonomy, 4th ed. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, 981 pp.
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