Abstract
The genus Trichoglossum belongs to the family Geoglossaceae (Geoglossomycetes) and they are traditionally known as earth tongues. The genus is characterized by black or dark brown club-shaped apothecia, inoperculate asci, with prominent hymenial setae, septate paraphyses, and long septate ascospores. Currently, this genus includes more than 20 species all over the world. The present novel species (Trichoglossum benghalense) was recorded from the lower Gangetic plain of India, which indicates its cosmopolitan distribution range. A detailed morphological description supported by a DNA sequence phylogram based on Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) analysis, photo-illustrations, and line drawings are provided for this interesting species. A comparison with allied accepted species is also summarized.
References
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<p>Cash, E.K. (1958) Some new or rare Discomycetes from South America. <em>Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences</em> 48 (8): 256–259.</p>
<p>Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. <em>Nature Methods </em>9 (8): 772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109</p>
<p>Das, K. (2009) Mushrooms of Sikkim I: Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary. Sikkim State Biodiversity Board, Gangtok and Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. 1–160.</p>
<p>Durand, E.J. (1908) The Geoglossaceae of North America. <em>Annales Mycologici</em> 6: 387–477.</p>
<p>Durand, E.J. (1921) New or noteworthy Geoglossaceae. <em>Mycologia</em> 13: 184–187. https://doi.org/10.2307/3753313</p>
<p>Dutta, A.K., Antonín, V., Barui, R. & Acharya, K. (2018) A new species of (Marasmiaceae) from West Bengal, India. <em>Nova Hedwigia </em>107 (1–2): 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2017/0464</p>
<p>Ekanayaka, A.H., Hyde, K.D., Jones, E.B.G., Zhao, Q., Elgorban, A.M. & Bahkali, A.H. (2017) A new species of <em>Trichoglossum </em>(Geoglossales, Ascomycota) from Thailand. <em>Phytotaxa </em>316 (2): 161–170. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.316.2.5</p>
<p>Fedosova, A.G. & Kovalenko, A.E. (2015) Studies on the geoglossoid fungi of Russia: the genus <em>Leucoglossum</em>. <em>Mycolical Progress</em> 14: 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-015-1050-2</p>
<p>Gardes, M. & Bruns, T.D. (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 2: 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x</p>
<p>Geyer, C.J. (1991) Markov chain Monte Carlo maximum likelihood.<em> In: </em>Keramidas, E.M. (Eds.) <em>Computing Science and Statistics: Proceedings of the 23<sup>rd</sup> Symposium on the Interface.</em> Fairfax Station: Interface Foundation. pp. 156–163.</p>
<p>Hustad, V.P. & Miller, A.N. (2015) Studies in the genus <em>Glutinoglossum</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 107 (3): 647–657. https://doi.org/10.3852/14-328</p>
<p>Hustad, V.P., Miller, A.N., Dentinger, B.T.M. & Cannon, P.F. (2013) Generic circumscriptions in Geoglossomycetes. <em>Persoonia</em> 31: 101–111. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158513X671235</p>
<p>Hustad, V.P., Miller, A.N., Moingeon, J.M. & Priou, J.P. (2011) Inclusion of <em>Nothomitra</em> in Geoglossomycetes. <em>Mycosphere</em> 2: 646–654. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/2/6/5</p>
<p>Imai, S. (1941) Geoglossaceae Japoniae. <em>Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University</em> 45: 155–264.</p>
<p>Jaklitsch, W., Baral, H.O., Lucking, R. & Lumbsch, T.H. (2016) <em>Syllabus of Plant Families</em> Part1/2 Ascomycota. 13<sup>th</sup> Edition. Borntraeger Science Publishers.</p>
<p>Jeewon, R. & Hyde, K.D. (2016) Establishing species boundaries and new taxa among fungi: recommendations to resolve taxonomic ambiguities. <em>Mycosphere</em> 7: 1669–1677. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/4</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution </em>30: 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010</p>
<p>Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) <em>Edition</em>. Eyre Methuen Ltd. Reprint, UK.</p>
<p>Kučera, V., Lizoň, P. & Kautmanová, I. (2010) Geoglossoid fungi in Slovakia II. <em>Trichoglossum octopartitum</em>, a new species for the country. <em>Czech Mycology</em> 62 (1): 13–18.</p>
<p>Mains, E.B. (1940) New and unusual species of the Geoglossaceae. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 27: 322–326. 591. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1940.tb14689.x</p>
<p>Mains, E.B. (1954) North American Species of <em>Geoglossum</em> and <em>Trichoglossum</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 46: 586–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1954.12024398</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. <em>In: 2010 Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE)</em>. New Orleans, LA. pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</p>
<p>Nannfeldt, J.A. (1942) The Geoglossaceae of Sweden. (With regard also to the surrounding countries.). <em>Arkiv for botanik</em> 39A (4): 1– 67.</p>
<p>Patouillard, N. (1909) Champignons de la Nouvelle Caledonie (suite). <em>Bulletin de la Société mycologique de France</em> 35: 129–134.</p>
<p>Prabhugaonkar, A. & Pratibha, J. (2017) New record of <em>Trichoglossum rasum </em>from Asia. <em>Mycosphere</em> 8 (4): 583–591. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/8/4/7</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61 (3): 539–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Schoch, C.L., Wang, Z., Townsend, J.P. & Spatafora, J.W. (2009) Geoglossomycetes cl. nov., Geoglossales ord. nov., and taxa above class rank in the Ascomycota tree of life. <em>Persoonia</em> 22: 129–138. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158509X461486</p>
<p>Sinden, J.W. & Fitzpatrick, H.M. (1930) A new <em>Trichoglossum</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 22: 55–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/3753733</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics </em>22 (21): 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446</p>
<p>Tai, F.L. (1944) Studies in the <em>Geoglossaceae</em> of Yunnan. <em>Lloydia</em> 7: 146–162.</p>
<p>Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution </em>30: 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197</p>
<p>Tennakoon, D.S., Jeewon, R., Kuo, C-H. & Hyde, K.D. (2018) Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of <em>Byssosphaeria macarangae</em> <em>sp. nov.</em>, and <em>B. taiwanense</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> from <em>Macaranga tanarius</em>. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 364: 211–226. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.364.3.1</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J.W. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>In: </em>Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Shinsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Ed.) <em>PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications</em>. Academic Press, San Diego. pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Zhuang, W.Y. & Wang, Z. (1997) Some new species and new records of discomycetes in China. VII. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 63: 307–322.</p>
<p>Altschul, S.F., Madden, T.L., Schaffer, A.A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W. & Lipman, D.J. (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 25: 3389–3402. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.17.3389</p>
<p>Arauzo, S. & Iglesias, P. (2014) La familia Geoglossaceae ss. str. en la península Ibérica y la Macaronesia. <em>Errotari</em> 11: 166–259.</p>
<p>Cash, E.K. (1958) Some new or rare Discomycetes from South America. <em>Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences</em> 48 (8): 256–259.</p>
<p>Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. <em>Nature Methods </em>9 (8): 772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109</p>
<p>Das, K. (2009) Mushrooms of Sikkim I: Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary. Sikkim State Biodiversity Board, Gangtok and Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. 1–160.</p>
<p>Durand, E.J. (1908) The Geoglossaceae of North America. <em>Annales Mycologici</em> 6: 387–477.</p>
<p>Durand, E.J. (1921) New or noteworthy Geoglossaceae. <em>Mycologia</em> 13: 184–187. https://doi.org/10.2307/3753313</p>
<p>Dutta, A.K., Antonín, V., Barui, R. & Acharya, K. (2018) A new species of (Marasmiaceae) from West Bengal, India. <em>Nova Hedwigia </em>107 (1–2): 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2017/0464</p>
<p>Ekanayaka, A.H., Hyde, K.D., Jones, E.B.G., Zhao, Q., Elgorban, A.M. & Bahkali, A.H. (2017) A new species of <em>Trichoglossum </em>(Geoglossales, Ascomycota) from Thailand. <em>Phytotaxa </em>316 (2): 161–170. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.316.2.5</p>
<p>Fedosova, A.G. & Kovalenko, A.E. (2015) Studies on the geoglossoid fungi of Russia: the genus <em>Leucoglossum</em>. <em>Mycolical Progress</em> 14: 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-015-1050-2</p>
<p>Gardes, M. & Bruns, T.D. (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 2: 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x</p>
<p>Geyer, C.J. (1991) Markov chain Monte Carlo maximum likelihood.<em> In: </em>Keramidas, E.M. (Eds.) <em>Computing Science and Statistics: Proceedings of the 23<sup>rd</sup> Symposium on the Interface.</em> Fairfax Station: Interface Foundation. pp. 156–163.</p>
<p>Hustad, V.P. & Miller, A.N. (2015) Studies in the genus <em>Glutinoglossum</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 107 (3): 647–657. https://doi.org/10.3852/14-328</p>
<p>Hustad, V.P., Miller, A.N., Dentinger, B.T.M. & Cannon, P.F. (2013) Generic circumscriptions in Geoglossomycetes. <em>Persoonia</em> 31: 101–111. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158513X671235</p>
<p>Hustad, V.P., Miller, A.N., Moingeon, J.M. & Priou, J.P. (2011) Inclusion of <em>Nothomitra</em> in Geoglossomycetes. <em>Mycosphere</em> 2: 646–654. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/2/6/5</p>
<p>Imai, S. (1941) Geoglossaceae Japoniae. <em>Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University</em> 45: 155–264.</p>
<p>Jaklitsch, W., Baral, H.O., Lucking, R. & Lumbsch, T.H. (2016) <em>Syllabus of Plant Families</em> Part1/2 Ascomycota. 13<sup>th</sup> Edition. Borntraeger Science Publishers.</p>
<p>Jeewon, R. & Hyde, K.D. (2016) Establishing species boundaries and new taxa among fungi: recommendations to resolve taxonomic ambiguities. <em>Mycosphere</em> 7: 1669–1677. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/4</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution </em>30: 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010</p>
<p>Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) <em>Edition</em>. Eyre Methuen Ltd. Reprint, UK.</p>
<p>Kučera, V., Lizoň, P. & Kautmanová, I. (2010) Geoglossoid fungi in Slovakia II. <em>Trichoglossum octopartitum</em>, a new species for the country. <em>Czech Mycology</em> 62 (1): 13–18.</p>
<p>Mains, E.B. (1940) New and unusual species of the Geoglossaceae. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 27: 322–326. 591. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1940.tb14689.x</p>
<p>Mains, E.B. (1954) North American Species of <em>Geoglossum</em> and <em>Trichoglossum</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 46: 586–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1954.12024398</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. <em>In: 2010 Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE)</em>. New Orleans, LA. pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129</p>
<p>Nannfeldt, J.A. (1942) The Geoglossaceae of Sweden. (With regard also to the surrounding countries.). <em>Arkiv for botanik</em> 39A (4): 1– 67.</p>
<p>Patouillard, N. (1909) Champignons de la Nouvelle Caledonie (suite). <em>Bulletin de la Société mycologique de France</em> 35: 129–134.</p>
<p>Prabhugaonkar, A. & Pratibha, J. (2017) New record of <em>Trichoglossum rasum </em>from Asia. <em>Mycosphere</em> 8 (4): 583–591. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/8/4/7</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61 (3): 539–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Schoch, C.L., Wang, Z., Townsend, J.P. & Spatafora, J.W. (2009) Geoglossomycetes cl. nov., Geoglossales ord. nov., and taxa above class rank in the Ascomycota tree of life. <em>Persoonia</em> 22: 129–138. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158509X461486</p>
<p>Sinden, J.W. & Fitzpatrick, H.M. (1930) A new <em>Trichoglossum</em>. <em>Mycologia</em> 22: 55–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/3753733</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics </em>22 (21): 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446</p>
<p>Tai, F.L. (1944) Studies in the <em>Geoglossaceae</em> of Yunnan. <em>Lloydia</em> 7: 146–162.</p>
<p>Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution </em>30: 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197</p>
<p>Tennakoon, D.S., Jeewon, R., Kuo, C-H. & Hyde, K.D. (2018) Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of <em>Byssosphaeria macarangae</em> <em>sp. nov.</em>, and <em>B. taiwanense</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> from <em>Macaranga tanarius</em>. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 364: 211–226. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.364.3.1</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J.W. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>In: </em>Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Shinsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Ed.) <em>PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications</em>. Academic Press, San Diego. pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Zhuang, W.Y. & Wang, Z. (1997) Some new species and new records of discomycetes in China. VII. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 63: 307–322.</p>