Abstract
Crotalaria rosenii (Pax) Milne-Redh. ex Polhill, an endemic species of the mountains of Ethiopia, is reported for the first time as an ornamental species. This taxon has been identified as C. agatiflora Schweinf. since 1952 in Colombia and 1982 in Ecuador, countries where it is continuously cultivated in parks, gardens and even in rural environments, which increases the propagule pressure and promotes a naturalization of this species. Crotalaria rosenii is easily recognized by the presence of bracteoles 1.0–1.2 × 0.2–0.3 cm, standard 5.0–5.5 × 4.0–4.6 cm, with the callosities glabrous, keel 5.8–6.0 cm length, with apex hooked, and ovoid slightly compressed seeds. I present a key to distinguish these two taxa, and comments related to the possible naturalization, distribution, and ecology of C. rosenii and C. agatiflora.
References
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<p>Carvajal, E., Gutiérrez, D. & Ledesma, R. (2020) Plantas exóticas naturalizadas con potencial de invasoras en zonas periurbanas del alta Amazonia Ecuatoriana. <em>Ciencias Agrarias</em> 13 (1): 69–79. https://doi.org/10.18779/cyt.v13i1.354</p>
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<p>Cufodontis, G. (1947) Die botanisch en Ergebnisse von Fr. J. Bieber’s Reisen in Äthiopien. <em>Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abteilung 1 – Biologie </em>156: 480.</p>
<p>Dehnen-Schmutz, K. (2011) Determining non-invasiveness in ornamental plants to build green lists. <em>Journal of Applied Ecology</em> 48: 1374–1380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02061.x</p>
<p>Edwards, S. (1976) <em>Some wild flowering plants of Ethiopia</em>. AAU Press, Addis Ababa, 61 pp.</p>
<p>Fajardo-Gutiérrez, F., Moreno, D., Medellín-Zabala, D., Rodríguez-Calderón, Ángela, Urbano-Apraez, S., Vargas, C.A., Orejuela, A., Muñoz, J.A., Aguirre-Santoro, J., Jara-Muñoz, O.A., Rivera-Díaz, O., Ávila, F., Valencia-D., J., Marín, C., Montoya-Quiroga, Ángela M., Rivera-Daza, Y.A., Cabrera-Amaya, D.M., Calbi, M., Brokamp, G., Borsch, T., Contreras-Ortiz, N., Castro, C., Ramírez-Narváez, P.N., Reina-E., M., Del Risco, A., Orozco, N., Currea, S., Ruíz, Óscar, Sarmiento, J.C., Ariza, W., Bernal, J., Portillo, A., Paternina, F., Castillo, J., Estrada, D., Canal, D., Diazgranados, M. & Celis, M. (2021) Inventario de la flora vascular de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. <em>Pérez-Arbelaezia </em>21 (1): 17–49.</p>
<p>Etcheverry, A.V., Protomastro, J.J. & Westerkampp, C. (2003) Delayed autonomous self-pollination in the colonizer <em>Crotalaria micans</em> (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae): Structural and functional aspects. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 239: 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-002-0244-7</p>
<p>GBIF. (2021) <em>Crotalaria rosenii</em> (Pax) Milne-Redh. ex Polhill. Available from: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/map?taxon_key=2942511 (accessed 7 September 2021).</p>
<p>Herrera, I., Ordoñez, L., Cruz, C., Freire, E. & Kimberly, R. (2018) Malezas y plantas exóticas en las cercanías de una ciclo-vía en un área protegida y sitio ramsar (isla Santay) en la costa de Ecuador. <em>Investigatio</em> 11: 17–28. https://doi.org/10.31095/investigatio.2018.11.2</p>
<p>Herrera, I., Espinoza, F., Alvarez Solas, S., Gómez Laporta, M., Molineros Ruiz, E., Rodriguez, R, Tejena, N., Narváez, S., Ferri, M. & Pagad, S. (2021) <em>GRIIS Checklist of Introduced and Invasive Species - Ecuador</em>. Version 1.6. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15468/ngh7rj (accessed 7 September 2021). Invasive species Program: EDRR. (2021) <em>Crotalaria agatiflora</em>. Available from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invasives.org.za%2Ffiles%2F80%2FPosters-and-Educational%2F724%2FCrotalaria-agatiflora.pdf&psig=AOvVaw1rWo9kauS7kWuXNkyAnv4s&ust=1630609760227000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAkQjRxqFwoTCMjf2_m83vICFQAAAAAdAAAAABAW (accessed 7 September 2021).</p>
<p>Jacobi, C.M., Ramalho, M. & Silva, M. (2005) Pollination biology of the exotic rattleweed <em>Crotalaria retusa</em> L. (Fabaceae) in NE Brazil. <em>Biotropica</em> 37: 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00047.x</p>
<p>Jaca, T., Nkonki, T. & Condy, G. (2013) <em>Crotalaria agatiflora</em> subsp. <em>agatiflora</em>.<em> In: </em>A. Grobler, Condy, G.S. (Eds.) <em>Flowering plants of</em> <em>Africa</em>. Pretoria: SANBI biodiversity for life pp. 44–49.</p>
<p>Le Roux, M.M., Boatwright, J.S. & van Wyk, B.E. (2013) A global infrageneric classification system for the genus <em>Crotalaria</em> (Leguminosae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. <em>Taxon</em> 62: 957–971. https://doi.org/10.12705/625.1</p>
<p>Le Roux, M.M. & van Wyk, B.E. (2013) A Taxonomic Revision of <em>Amphitrichae</em>, a New Section of <em>Crotalaria</em> (Fabaceae). <em>Systematic Botany</em> 38 (3): 638–652. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X670296</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum, vol. 2</em>. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 639 pp.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1758) <em>Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species; cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus 1, Editio decima. </em>Holmiae, Stockolm, 824 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542</p>
<p>Lockwood, J.L., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T. (2005) The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions. <em>Trends in Ecology & Evolution</em> 20 (5): 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.004</p>
<p>Milne-Readhead, E. (1950) <em>Crotalaria raffillii</em>. <em>Curtis Botanical Magazine</em> 167: pl. 111.</p>
<p>Moore, L.R. (1978) Seed predation in the legume <em>Crotalaria</em>. <em>Oecologia</em> 34: 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00345166</p>
<p>Naturalista. (2021a) <em>Crotalaria</em>. Available from: https://colombia.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=7196&taxon_id=123472 (accessed 7 September 2021)</p>
<p>Naturalista. (2021b) <em>Crotalaria</em>. Available from: https://colombia.inaturalist.org/observations/84502285 (accessed 4 July 2021)</p>
<p>Naturalista. (2021c) <em>Crotalaria</em>. Available from: https://colombia.inaturalist.org/observations/85764709 ((accessed 4 July 2021)</p>
<p>Nehring, S., Kowarik, I., Rabitsch, W. & Essl, F. (2013) Naturschutzfachliche Invasivitätsbewertungen für in Deutschland wild lebende gebietsfremde Gefäßpflanzen. <em>BfN-Skripten</em> 352: 1–202.</p>
<p>Polhill, R.M. (1982) <em>Crotalaria in Africa and Madagascar</em>. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 396 pp.</p>
<p>Plants of the World Online (POWO). (2021)<em> Crotalaria rosenii</em> (Pax) Milne-Redh. ex Polhill. Available from: http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:488789-1 (accessed 7 September 2021)</p>
<p>Prain, D. (1913) <em>Crotalaria agatiflora</em>. <em>Curtis Botanical Magazine</em> 139 (4): 103–106.</p>
<p>Pysěk, P., Jarošík, V., Hulme, P.E., Pergl, J., Hejda, M., Schaffner, U. & Vilà, M. (2012) A global assessment of invasive plant impacts on resident species, communities and ecosystems: the interaction of impact measures, invading species’ traits and environment. <em>Global Change Biology</em> 18: 1725–1737. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02636.x</p>
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