Abstract
Crotalaria rosenii (Pax) Milne-Redh. ex Polhill, an endemic species of the mountains of Ethiopia, is reported for the first time as an ornamental species. This taxon has been identified as C. agatiflora Schweinf. since 1952 in Colombia and 1982 in Ecuador, countries where it is continuously cultivated in parks, gardens and even in rural environments, which increases the propagule pressure and promotes a naturalization of this species. Crotalaria rosenii is easily recognized by the presence of bracteoles 1.0–1.2 × 0.2–0.3 cm, standard 5.0–5.5 × 4.0–4.6 cm, with the callosities glabrous, keel 5.8–6.0 cm length, with apex hooked, and ovoid slightly compressed seeds. I present a key to distinguish these two taxa, and comments related to the possible naturalization, distribution, and ecology of C. rosenii and C. agatiflora.
References
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Aronson, M.F.J., La Sorte, F.A., Nilon, C.H., Katti, M., Goddard, M.A., Lepczyk, C.A., Warren, P.S., Williams, N.S.G., Ciliers, S., Clarkson, B., Dobbs, C., Dolan, R., Hedblom, M., Klotz, S., Kooijmans, J.L., Kuhn, I., MacGregor-Fors, I., McDonnell, M., Mörtberg, U., Pys?k, P., Siebert, S., Sushinsky, J., Werner, P. & Winter, M. (2014) A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 281: 20133330. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3330
Bernal, Y. (1986) Flora de Colombia, 4. Crotalaria. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., 118 pp.
Cárdenas, D., Castaño, A. & Cárdenas, J. (2011) Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
Cárdenas, D., Castaño, A. & Cárdenas, J. (2011) Especies introducidas en la Amazonia Colombiana. In: Mora, D. (Ed.) Plantas introducidas, establecidas e invasoras en Amazonia colombiana. Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI, Bogotá D.C., pp. 27–42.
Cadena-Vargas, C.E., Sánchez Callejas, S.D. & Velásquez Niño, J. (2021) Colección Viva del Jardín Botánico de Bogotá, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 22 (2): 163–172. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2021.v22n02a10
Carvajal, E., Gutiérrez, D. & Ledesma, R. (2020) Plantas exóticas naturalizadas con potencial de invasoras en zonas periurbanas del alta Amazonia Ecuatoriana. Ciencias Agrarias 13 (1): 69–79. https://doi.org/10.18779/cyt.v13i1.354
COLPLANTA. (2021) Crotalaria agatiflora Schweinf. Available from: https://colplanta.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:487769-1 (accessed 7 September 2021).
Cufodontis, G. (1947) Die botanisch en Ergebnisse von Fr. J. Bieber’s Reisen in Äthiopien. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abteilung 1 – Biologie 156: 480.
Dehnen-Schmutz, K. (2011) Determining non-invasiveness in ornamental plants to build green lists. Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 1374–1380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02061.x
Edwards, S. (1976) Some wild flowering plants of Ethiopia. AAU Press, Addis Ababa, 61 pp.
Fajardo-Gutiérrez, F., Moreno, D., Medellín-Zabala, D., Rodríguez-Calderón, Ángela, Urbano-Apraez, S., Vargas, C.A., Orejuela, A., Muñoz, J.A., Aguirre-Santoro, J., Jara-Muñoz, O.A., Rivera-Díaz, O., Ávila, F., Valencia-D., J., Marín, C., Montoya-Quiroga, Ángela M., Rivera-Daza, Y.A., Cabrera-Amaya, D.M., Calbi, M., Brokamp, G., Borsch, T., Contreras-Ortiz, N., Castro, C., Ramírez-Narváez, P.N., Reina-E., M., Del Risco, A., Orozco, N., Currea, S., Ruíz, Óscar, Sarmiento, J.C., Ariza, W., Bernal, J., Portillo, A., Paternina, F., Castillo, J., Estrada, D., Canal, D., Diazgranados, M. & Celis, M. (2021) Inventario de la flora vascular de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Pérez-Arbelaezia 21 (1): 17–49.
Etcheverry, A.V., Protomastro, J.J. & Westerkampp, C. (2003) Delayed autonomous self-pollination in the colonizer Crotalaria micans (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae): Structural and functional aspects. Plant Systematics and Evolution 239: 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-002-0244-7
GBIF. (2021) Crotalaria rosenii (Pax) Milne-Redh. ex Polhill. Available from: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/map?taxon_key=2942511 (accessed 7 September 2021).
Herrera, I., Ordoñez, L., Cruz, C., Freire, E. & Kimberly, R. (2018) Malezas y plantas exóticas en las cercanías de una ciclo-vía en un área protegida y sitio ramsar (isla Santay) en la costa de Ecuador. Investigatio 11: 17–28. https://doi.org/10.31095/investigatio.2018.11.2
Herrera, I., Espinoza, F., Alvarez Solas, S., Gómez Laporta, M., Molineros Ruiz, E., Rodriguez, R, Tejena, N., Narváez, S., Ferri, M. & Pagad, S. (2021) GRIIS Checklist of Introduced and Invasive Species - Ecuador. Version 1.6. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15468/ngh7rj (accessed 7 September 2021). Invasive species Program: EDRR. (2021) Crotalaria agatiflora. Available from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invasives.org.za%2Ffiles%2F80%2FPosters-and-Educational%2F724%2FCrotalaria-agatiflora.pdf&psig=AOvVaw1rWo9kauS7kWuXNkyAnv4s&ust=1630609760227000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAkQjRxqFwoTCMjf2_m83vICFQAAAAAdAAAAABAW (accessed 7 September 2021).
Jacobi, C.M., Ramalho, M. & Silva, M. (2005) Pollination biology of the exotic rattleweed Crotalaria retusa L. (Fabaceae) in NE Brazil. Biotropica 37: 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00047.x
Jaca, T., Nkonki, T. & Condy, G. (2013) Crotalaria agatiflora subsp. agatiflora. In: A. Grobler, Condy, G.S. (Eds.) Flowering plants of Africa. Pretoria: SANBI biodiversity for life pp. 44–49.
Le Roux, M.M., Boatwright, J.S. & van Wyk, B.E. (2013) A global infrageneric classification system for the genus Crotalaria (Leguminosae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Taxon 62: 957–971. https://doi.org/10.12705/625.1
Le Roux, M.M. & van Wyk, B.E. (2013) A Taxonomic Revision of Amphitrichae, a New Section of Crotalaria (Fabaceae). Systematic Botany 38 (3): 638–652. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X670296
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, vol. 2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 639 pp.
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species; cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus 1, Editio decima. Holmiae, Stockolm, 824 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
Lockwood, J.L., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T. (2005) The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20 (5): 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.004
Milne-Readhead, E. (1950) Crotalaria raffillii. Curtis Botanical Magazine 167: pl. 111.
Moore, L.R. (1978) Seed predation in the legume Crotalaria. Oecologia 34: 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00345166
Naturalista. (2021a) Crotalaria. Available from: https://colombia.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=7196&taxon_id=123472 (accessed 7 September 2021)
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Nehring, S., Kowarik, I., Rabitsch, W. & Essl, F. (2013) Naturschutzfachliche Invasivitätsbewertungen für in Deutschland wild lebende gebietsfremde Gefäßpflanzen. BfN-Skripten 352: 1–202.
Polhill, R.M. (1982) Crotalaria in Africa and Madagascar. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 396 pp.
Plants of the World Online (POWO). (2021) Crotalaria rosenii (Pax) Milne-Redh. ex Polhill. Available from: http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:488789-1 (accessed 7 September 2021)
Prain, D. (1913) Crotalaria agatiflora. Curtis Botanical Magazine 139 (4): 103–106.
Pys?k, P., Jarošík, V., Hulme, P.E., Pergl, J., Hejda, M., Schaffner, U. & Vilà, M. (2012) A global assessment of invasive plant impacts on resident species, communities and ecosystems: the interaction of impact measures, invading species’ traits and environment. Global Change Biology 18: 1725–1737. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02636.x
Pax, F. (1907) Die von Felix Rosen in Abyssinien gesammelten pflazen. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 39: 627.
Phago, T., Van Wyk, B.-E. & Boatwright, J.S. (2013) Towards unravelling the invasive potential of Crotalaria agatiflora (Crotalarieae, Fabaceae) in South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 86: 159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.02.080
Polhill, R.M. (1968) Miscellaneous notes on African species of Crotalaria L. II. Kew Bulletin 22: 169–348. https://doi.org/10.2307/4107767
Quimí Zambrano, M.Y. (2021) Especies exóticas en el ecuador continental: origen, causas y tiempo de residencia de plantas introducidas. Guayaquil, Universidad de Guayaquil, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Carrera de Biología, 50 pp.
Seebens, H., Blackburn, T.M., Dyer, E.E. Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Pagad, S., Pyšek, P., Winter, M., Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Blasius, B., Brundu, G., Capinha, C., Celesti-Grapow, L., Dawson, W., Dullinger, S., Fuentes, N., Jäger, H., Kartesz, J., Kenis, M., Kreft, H., Kühn,I., Lenzner, B., Liebhold, A., Mosena, A., Moser, D., Nishino, M., Pearman, D., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Rojas-Sandoval, J., Roques, A., Rorke, S., Rossinelli, S., E. Roy, E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Štajerová, K., Tokarska-Guzik, B., van Kleunen, M., Walker, K., Weigelt, P., Yamanaka, T. & Essl, F. (2017) No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. Nature Communications 8: 14435. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14435
Schweinfurth, G.A. (1892) Crotalaria agatiflora. In: Hohne, L.R. Die Forschungsreise Des Grafen Samuel Teleki in Ost-Aequatorial-Afrika. Wien, A. Ho?lder, 877 pp.
Stafleu, F.A. & Cowan, R.S. (1979) Taxonomic literature. A selective guide to botanical publications, colletions with dates, commentaries and types. Volume II:H-Le. Utrecht, Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 1087 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48631
Thulin, M. (1983) Leguminosae of Ethiopia. Opera Botanica 68: 1–223. https://doi.org/10.1093/oq/1.3.223
Tropicos. (2021a) Crotalaria agatiflora Schweinf. Available from: http://legacy.tropicos.org/NamePage.aspx?nameId=13022792&projectId=2 (accessed June 2021).
Tropicos. (2021b) Crotalaria raffillii Milne-Redh. Available from: https://www.tropicos.org/name/13023220 (accessed June 2021).
Turbelin, A.J., Malamud, B.D. & Francis, R.A. (2017) Mapping the global state of invasive alien species: patterns of invasion and policy responses. Global Ecology and Biogeography 26: 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12517
United States Derpartament of Agriculture. (1928) United States Plant material introduced by the office of foreign plant introduction of Boreau of plant industry, january 1 to march 28, 1928, Inventory No 86. Washington, Goverment printed office, 47 pp.
Aronson, M.F.J., La Sorte, F.A., Nilon, C.H., Katti, M., Goddard, M.A., Lepczyk, C.A., Warren, P.S., Williams, N.S.G., Ciliers, S., Clarkson, B., Dobbs, C., Dolan, R., Hedblom, M., Klotz, S., Kooijmans, J.L., Kuhn, I., MacGregor-Fors, I., McDonnell, M., Mörtberg, U., Pys?k, P., Siebert, S., Sushinsky, J., Werner, P. & Winter, M. (2014) A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 281: 20133330. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3330
Bernal, Y. (1986) Flora de Colombia, 4. Crotalaria. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., 118 pp.
Cárdenas, D., Castaño, A. & Cárdenas, J. (2011) Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
Cárdenas, D., Castaño, A. & Cárdenas, J. (2011) Especies introducidas en la Amazonia Colombiana. In: Mora, D. (Ed.) Plantas introducidas, establecidas e invasoras en Amazonia colombiana. Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI, Bogotá D.C., pp. 27–42.
Cadena-Vargas, C.E., Sánchez Callejas, S.D. & Velásquez Niño, J. (2021) Colección Viva del Jardín Botánico de Bogotá, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 22 (2): 163–172. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2021.v22n02a10
Carvajal, E., Gutiérrez, D. & Ledesma, R. (2020) Plantas exóticas naturalizadas con potencial de invasoras en zonas periurbanas del alta Amazonia Ecuatoriana. Ciencias Agrarias 13 (1): 69–79. https://doi.org/10.18779/cyt.v13i1.354
COLPLANTA. (2021) Crotalaria agatiflora Schweinf. Available from: https://colplanta.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:487769-1 (accessed 7 September 2021).
Cufodontis, G. (1947) Die botanisch en Ergebnisse von Fr. J. Bieber’s Reisen in Äthiopien. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abteilung 1 – Biologie 156: 480.
Dehnen-Schmutz, K. (2011) Determining non-invasiveness in ornamental plants to build green lists. Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 1374–1380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02061.x
Edwards, S. (1976) Some wild flowering plants of Ethiopia. AAU Press, Addis Ababa, 61 pp.
Fajardo-Gutiérrez, F., Moreno, D., Medellín-Zabala, D., Rodríguez-Calderón, Ángela, Urbano-Apraez, S., Vargas, C.A., Orejuela, A., Muñoz, J.A., Aguirre-Santoro, J., Jara-Muñoz, O.A., Rivera-Díaz, O., Ávila, F., Valencia-D., J., Marín, C., Montoya-Quiroga, Ángela M., Rivera-Daza, Y.A., Cabrera-Amaya, D.M., Calbi, M., Brokamp, G., Borsch, T., Contreras-Ortiz, N., Castro, C., Ramírez-Narváez, P.N., Reina-E., M., Del Risco, A., Orozco, N., Currea, S., Ruíz, Óscar, Sarmiento, J.C., Ariza, W., Bernal, J., Portillo, A., Paternina, F., Castillo, J., Estrada, D., Canal, D., Diazgranados, M. & Celis, M. (2021) Inventario de la flora vascular de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Pérez-Arbelaezia 21 (1): 17–49.
Etcheverry, A.V., Protomastro, J.J. & Westerkampp, C. (2003) Delayed autonomous self-pollination in the colonizer Crotalaria micans (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae): Structural and functional aspects. Plant Systematics and Evolution 239: 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-002-0244-7
GBIF. (2021) Crotalaria rosenii (Pax) Milne-Redh. ex Polhill. Available from: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/map?taxon_key=2942511 (accessed 7 September 2021).
Herrera, I., Ordoñez, L., Cruz, C., Freire, E. & Kimberly, R. (2018) Malezas y plantas exóticas en las cercanías de una ciclo-vía en un área protegida y sitio ramsar (isla Santay) en la costa de Ecuador. Investigatio 11: 17–28. https://doi.org/10.31095/investigatio.2018.11.2
Herrera, I., Espinoza, F., Alvarez Solas, S., Gómez Laporta, M., Molineros Ruiz, E., Rodriguez, R, Tejena, N., Narváez, S., Ferri, M. & Pagad, S. (2021) GRIIS Checklist of Introduced and Invasive Species - Ecuador. Version 1.6. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15468/ngh7rj (accessed 7 September 2021). Invasive species Program: EDRR. (2021) Crotalaria agatiflora. Available from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invasives.org.za%2Ffiles%2F80%2FPosters-and-Educational%2F724%2FCrotalaria-agatiflora.pdf&psig=AOvVaw1rWo9kauS7kWuXNkyAnv4s&ust=1630609760227000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAkQjRxqFwoTCMjf2_m83vICFQAAAAAdAAAAABAW (accessed 7 September 2021).
Jacobi, C.M., Ramalho, M. & Silva, M. (2005) Pollination biology of the exotic rattleweed Crotalaria retusa L. (Fabaceae) in NE Brazil. Biotropica 37: 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00047.x
Jaca, T., Nkonki, T. & Condy, G. (2013) Crotalaria agatiflora subsp. agatiflora. In: A. Grobler, Condy, G.S. (Eds.) Flowering plants of Africa. Pretoria: SANBI biodiversity for life pp. 44–49.
Le Roux, M.M., Boatwright, J.S. & van Wyk, B.E. (2013) A global infrageneric classification system for the genus Crotalaria (Leguminosae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Taxon 62: 957–971. https://doi.org/10.12705/625.1
Le Roux, M.M. & van Wyk, B.E. (2013) A Taxonomic Revision of Amphitrichae, a New Section of Crotalaria (Fabaceae). Systematic Botany 38 (3): 638–652. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X670296
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, vol. 2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 639 pp.
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species; cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus 1, Editio decima. Holmiae, Stockolm, 824 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
Lockwood, J.L., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T. (2005) The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20 (5): 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.004
Milne-Readhead, E. (1950) Crotalaria raffillii. Curtis Botanical Magazine 167: pl. 111.
Moore, L.R. (1978) Seed predation in the legume Crotalaria. Oecologia 34: 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00345166
Naturalista. (2021a) Crotalaria. Available from: https://colombia.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=7196&taxon_id=123472 (accessed 7 September 2021)
Naturalista. (2021b) Crotalaria. Available from: https://colombia.inaturalist.org/observations/84502285 (accessed 4 July 2021)
Naturalista. (2021c) Crotalaria. Available from: https://colombia.inaturalist.org/observations/85764709 ((accessed 4 July 2021)
Nehring, S., Kowarik, I., Rabitsch, W. & Essl, F. (2013) Naturschutzfachliche Invasivitätsbewertungen für in Deutschland wild lebende gebietsfremde Gefäßpflanzen. BfN-Skripten 352: 1–202.
Polhill, R.M. (1982) Crotalaria in Africa and Madagascar. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 396 pp.
Plants of the World Online (POWO). (2021) Crotalaria rosenii (Pax) Milne-Redh. ex Polhill. Available from: http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:488789-1 (accessed 7 September 2021)
Prain, D. (1913) Crotalaria agatiflora. Curtis Botanical Magazine 139 (4): 103–106.
Pys?k, P., Jarošík, V., Hulme, P.E., Pergl, J., Hejda, M., Schaffner, U. & Vilà, M. (2012) A global assessment of invasive plant impacts on resident species, communities and ecosystems: the interaction of impact measures, invading species’ traits and environment. Global Change Biology 18: 1725–1737. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02636.x
Pax, F. (1907) Die von Felix Rosen in Abyssinien gesammelten pflazen. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 39: 627.
Phago, T., Van Wyk, B.-E. & Boatwright, J.S. (2013) Towards unravelling the invasive potential of Crotalaria agatiflora (Crotalarieae, Fabaceae) in South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 86: 159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.02.080
Polhill, R.M. (1968) Miscellaneous notes on African species of Crotalaria L. II. Kew Bulletin 22: 169–348. https://doi.org/10.2307/4107767
Quimí Zambrano, M.Y. (2021) Especies exóticas en el ecuador continental: origen, causas y tiempo de residencia de plantas introducidas. Guayaquil, Universidad de Guayaquil, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Carrera de Biología, 50 pp.
Seebens, H., Blackburn, T.M., Dyer, E.E. Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Pagad, S., Pyšek, P., Winter, M., Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Blasius, B., Brundu, G., Capinha, C., Celesti-Grapow, L., Dawson, W., Dullinger, S., Fuentes, N., Jäger, H., Kartesz, J., Kenis, M., Kreft, H., Kühn,I., Lenzner, B., Liebhold, A., Mosena, A., Moser, D., Nishino, M., Pearman, D., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Rojas-Sandoval, J., Roques, A., Rorke, S., Rossinelli, S., E. Roy, E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Štajerová, K., Tokarska-Guzik, B., van Kleunen, M., Walker, K., Weigelt, P., Yamanaka, T. & Essl, F. (2017) No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. Nature Communications 8: 14435. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14435
Schweinfurth, G.A. (1892) Crotalaria agatiflora. In: Hohne, L.R. Die Forschungsreise Des Grafen Samuel Teleki in Ost-Aequatorial-Afrika. Wien, A. Ho?lder, 877 pp.
Stafleu, F.A. & Cowan, R.S. (1979) Taxonomic literature. A selective guide to botanical publications, colletions with dates, commentaries and types. Volume II:H-Le. Utrecht, Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 1087 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48631
Thulin, M. (1983) Leguminosae of Ethiopia. Opera Botanica 68: 1–223. https://doi.org/10.1093/oq/1.3.223
Tropicos. (2021a) Crotalaria agatiflora Schweinf. Available from: http://legacy.tropicos.org/NamePage.aspx?nameId=13022792&projectId=2 (accessed June 2021).
Tropicos. (2021b) Crotalaria raffillii Milne-Redh. Available from: https://www.tropicos.org/name/13023220 (accessed June 2021).
Turbelin, A.J., Malamud, B.D. & Francis, R.A. (2017) Mapping the global state of invasive alien species: patterns of invasion and policy responses. Global Ecology and Biogeography 26: 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12517
United States Derpartament of Agriculture. (1928) United States Plant material introduced by the office of foreign plant introduction of Boreau of plant industry, january 1 to march 28, 1928, Inventory No 86. Washington, Goverment printed office, 47 pp.